WEBVTT

00:00:00.620 --> 00:00:09.519
 Wonderful, thank you. Well, it is our privilege today to have Kevin Hoffman with us to leaven

00:00:09.519 --> 00:00:16.539
 this series by throwing in some seeds from the early Middle Ages. And even though I have

00:00:16.539 --> 00:00:21.879
 heard of these women, you could torture me on the rack and I probably couldn't supply

00:00:21.879 --> 00:00:31.939
 a whole lot. So I am very much looking forward to this. Kevin is a fifth year, you'd think

00:00:31.939 --> 00:00:36.899
 sixth year given all the knowledge he has, but fifth year PhD student here in history.

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 And he with his wife has been part of the fellows program too at Rivendell. So glad to have him

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 here. You will very much enjoy this as I will. We're going to tag team today. So Kevin's going

00:00:50.880 --> 00:00:56.880
 to begin and cover three women, and then I will bring up the caboose with another profile

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 or two, depending upon our time. But please, Kevin, take your time and come on and inform

00:01:03.040 --> 00:01:19.780
 us about some women we should know. Good morning. So last week we were in the world of the Roman

00:01:19.780 --> 00:01:25.939
 Empire in late antiquity, a world which for all its drawbacks was a more civilized world than the

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 world which we will be exploring this morning. The world I'm speaking of is the early Middle Ages.

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 Not only that, we are looking at the earliest of the early Middle Ages. Often called the Dark Ages,

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 I hope to shine a couple of spotlights on some women whose names are almost certainly unfamiliar

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 to most of you, perhaps with the exception of John. If there are times where John has to make

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 heroic leaps and bounds from one source to another to string together a story we can follow, imagine

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 how some parts of the early Middle Ages make one want to throw their hands up in despair at our lost

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 and confusing sources. This world is also strange and foreign to us. It has been said that the past is a

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 foreign country. They do things differently there. Because of our unfamiliarity and the poor survival

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 of our sources, I will perhaps spend a bit more time on context than in previous weeks. But you might say,

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 why, if the Dark Ages are so dark, ought we to study them? Well, this period seems to me to be a good one

00:02:28.319 --> 00:02:34.379
 to investigate for three reasons. First, history is cool and it's my area of research, so you're kind of

00:02:34.379 --> 00:02:39.639
 stuck with me talking about it. Better get used to it. Second, this period is not well known and is

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 helpful to explore all the periods of the church. Because the church of the past is the heritage of

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 the church present. Third, we are in the church formerly known as St. Bonifaces, about whom I would

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 be happy to talk at some point, but that's for a different discussion. He has a wonderful letter that

00:02:57.560 --> 00:03:03.259
 he wrote about being a missionary in pagan lands of Europe, essentially saying, it's cold, rainy, dark.

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 Please send books. He, like these women I am going to talk about, were early medieval Christians.

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 But to make sense of the world of barbarians, we will need to briefly explore the end of the mighty

00:03:15.840 --> 00:03:25.579
 Roman Empire. Just before 300, the Roman Empire was split down the middle into two main administrative

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 regions. Each with two emperors. Right here is the split. Although these divisions were often ignored,

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 on the whole, the system lasted until the end of the western half of the empire. Due to a series of

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 civil wars, great power competition to the east, barbarian incursions, plague, climate change, and

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 collapsing central authority, the western half of the Roman Empire broke apart, while the eastern half

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 managed to stick around until the 15th century. And finally, by 476, there was no emperor in the west.

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 There were, however, lots of barbarians in what was Roman territory. Now, I think we have an image in

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 our mind of barbarians. They probably look a bit like this. They have become quite popular in, well,

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 pop culture. This is from a recent video game, actually. Big hairy men dressed in dirty furs,

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 smelling of stale sweat and beer, worshipping pagan gods. Well, some of that might be true. But this

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 doesn't capture one thing. The barbarians wanted to be Roman. In fact, the office of the commander of all

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 the Roman armies was often held by a Romanized barbarian. Look at this image. So this guy actually is a

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 Romanized barbarian. He's the head of all the Roman armies in the end of the fourth century, and he is the

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 picture of late antique Roman general. Part of that's because the Romans had begun adopting barbarian

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 styles. He's wearing pants. And partially, the barbarians have adopted a lot of Roman-ness.

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 But back to barbarians. A major difference between the Romans and these barbarians was their faith.

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 When the fourth century began, Christianity was not a legal religion. In a little over a decade,

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 it was a tolerated religion. And by the late fourth century, Christianity was the only legal religion

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 within the empire. The barbarians, however, were not Christians. When they arrived in contact with

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 the Romans, they were, without exception, pagan. Once they reached the borders of the empire, they often

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 converted to Arianism rather than Orthodox Christianity. Now, when I say the name Arian, I don't want you

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 thinking 1930s and 40s Germany in racial politics. This Arianism doesn't imply anything about race.

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 It is named after a man called Arius. For those not up on their fourth century church controversies,

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 Arians believed that the son was created, not begotten. In other words, Christ isn't God in the

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 same way the father is. This was a major controversy of the fourth century. And now we recognize this as

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 problematic, as did the church of the period. But if that weren't enough, the issue went deeper than

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 heresy. Deeper than heresy? How is that possible? Well, Arianism had become not only the religion of

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 these barbarians, but also a cultural marker. Once religion passes into culture, it becomes almost

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 impossible to disentangle. To these barbarians, their Arianism was bound up with their German-ness,

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 and vice versa. They couldn't abandon their German-ness, so too they couldn't abandon their

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 Arianism. And this is where our story begins. You see where it was divided? That's actually the last

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 bit of the Western Roman Empire. He dies in exile. We begin our story in what is modern France.

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 While Southern Europe was ruled mostly by Arian tribes, so these were Arians, these were Arians,

00:07:25.240 --> 00:07:33.900
 these were Arians, these were Arians, some of these were Arians, these were Arians. Everybody except

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 these guys and these guys, who were pagans, were Arians. Orthodox Christianity was not a barbarian

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 religion at this time. The Franks arrive in the north of France over the Rhine River. That's right over

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 here.

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 We don't really know much about their early history, but their kings claim to be descended from a sea

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 monster. I take this to mean he was a pirate, but make of it what you will.

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 When the Franks enter onto the scene, they had not yet abandoned their old gods, and when they came

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 into the Roman Empire, they arrived in a world of mainly Christians. Perhaps it is understandable,

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 but the Romans living in France didn't feel overly inclined to evangelize to the angry-looking,

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 long-haired kings of the Franks. Remember, hairy barbarians. The Franks began to expand all

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 throughout France, destroying little kingdom after little kingdom. This doesn't even capture the

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 number of little, little kingdoms and petty kings that existed at this time.

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 And eventually, the Franks had expanded to most of France.

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 But rather than destroy the little kingdom of the Burgundians, the king, Clovis, married a Burgundian

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 princess named Clotilda. This marriage dramatically altered the course of European history, for you see,

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 Clotilda was an Orthodox Christian. And by Orthodox, I mean mainly here that she was not an Arian.

00:09:10.039 --> 00:09:15.000
 As with most individuals in the pre-modern world, we aren't quite sure when Clotilda was born.

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 Given that she was born at her father's new capital, where he took up residence in 473,

00:09:20.539 --> 00:09:24.939
 we can guess that she was born sometime after that. So let's say around 474.

00:09:25.819 --> 00:09:30.639
 Likewise, it isn't really clear how or when she became a Christian. Perhaps it was part of her

00:09:30.639 --> 00:09:36.399
 father's submission to the dying Roman Empire in 475, two years before the last Roman Emperor was

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 kicked out. We don't entirely know. What we do know is that in the late 480s and early 490s,

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 the Burgundian kingdom descended into a civil war between four brothers, and Clotilda's father was

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 killed by one of his brothers in 493. She fled to a different brother of her father's. A little

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 confusing, I recognize. Clovis, the king of the Franks, took advantage of the civil war.

00:10:00.799 --> 00:10:07.219
 In marrying Clotilda in 493, he joined in on this civil war. Clovis thus became a major power player

00:10:07.219 --> 00:10:13.000
 in the former territories of the Western Roman Empire. But unknown to him, or at least not

00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:19.079
 understood by him, there was an ongoing war for his soul. Clotilda vigorously sought the conversion

00:10:19.080 --> 00:10:24.879
 of her husband. Soon after their marriage, their first son was born, and Clovis, perhaps surprisingly,

00:10:25.400 --> 00:10:31.300
 allowed his son to be baptized into the Catholic faith. Sadly, the son fell ill and passed away soon

00:10:31.300 --> 00:10:39.960
 afterwards. Clovis, perhaps understandably, blamed Clotilda's god. But he allowed her to have their

00:10:39.960 --> 00:10:46.220
 second son baptized. Clearly, the conviction of Clotilda was such that it was persuasive to a barbarian

00:10:46.220 --> 00:10:53.639
 king. And a little grace from God could help her, please. But an intense moment of our story, this

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 son, the second, also fell ill. But he recovered. The future kings of the Franks would be raised in

00:11:00.779 --> 00:11:07.360
 their mother's faith, rather than that of their father. But Clotilda was unable to reach her husband

00:11:07.360 --> 00:11:16.200
 yet. The warrior king continued pushing southwards, doing his warrior thing. In either 496 or 507,

00:11:16.220 --> 00:11:20.320
 depending on which battle it was, Clovis found himself in a difficult military situation,

00:11:20.700 --> 00:11:27.139
 and the battle was going poorly. Our historian from the period says that he called on God,

00:11:27.279 --> 00:11:30.860
 the God of his wife, when the battle was going poorly. And after winning the battle,

00:11:31.279 --> 00:11:37.240
 he was baptized. Perhaps he was looking for support from the Catholic clergy that still were around in

00:11:37.240 --> 00:11:40.920
 France. Or perhaps he was hoping that the Eastern Romans

00:11:40.919 --> 00:11:46.199
 might come and help them against the other barbarian tribes.

00:11:49.479 --> 00:11:56.240
 Maybe it was actually a true change of heart. We don't know. But this meant that the Frankish

00:11:56.240 --> 00:12:01.479
 leadership moved from paganism straight to Orthodox Christianity, unlike all the others that went to

00:12:01.480 --> 00:12:11.379
 Arianism first. We do know that Clovis had Arian family members. And he certainly had pagan family

00:12:11.379 --> 00:12:16.920
 members. But he didn't turn to them. The faith of Clotilda was his closest tether to Catholicism.

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 This not only meant that the Franks had Christian leadership, but it made it acceptable to be a

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 Christian at all levels of society. One king becoming a Christian among many wouldn't have been

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 significant on its own. But as it happens, the Franks became the most powerful kingdom in Europe,

00:12:33.220 --> 00:12:37.740
 thereby assuring Christian Orthodoxy would supplant Arianism across all of Europe.

00:12:38.860 --> 00:12:44.399
 The church hierarchy soon would not be looking east to the Roman Empire, but to France to protect

00:12:44.399 --> 00:12:50.799
 them from the Arian barbarians. All of this goes back to Clotilda. Moving forward from this point,

00:12:50.799 --> 00:12:56.539
 it would be Catholic Orthodoxy which spread to the new barbarians. This brings us to our second woman.

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 Bertha was a Frankish princess, and we know even less about her than we did about, well, Clotilda.

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 She was the great-granddaughter of Clovis and Clotilda, who was engaged to be married to a barbarian

00:13:17.159 --> 00:13:21.919
 king from England. Now, in the end of the 6th century, there were somewhere between

00:13:21.919 --> 00:13:29.459
 seven and ten kingdoms in England, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England. That's ignoring all the

00:13:29.459 --> 00:13:34.979
 British, that is, Celtic-speaking kingdoms. It may come as a bit of a surprise, but it is really hard

00:13:34.979 --> 00:13:39.319
 to find good maps of places we aren't quite sure of the borders of for a time we aren't entirely certain

00:13:39.319 --> 00:13:47.579
 of from about 1,500 years ago. The man that Bertha was engaged to was Ethelbert. Great name. Let's bring it back.

00:13:47.580 --> 00:13:54.340
 The King of Kent down here, right next to France, about as close as you can get.

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 Now, we don't have any lifetime depictions of him or her. However, this one's pretty close. This is a

00:14:04.980 --> 00:14:12.280
 depiction of him from, I think, the 8th or 9th century, so a couple hundred years off, but that's as close as we can get sometimes.

00:14:12.279 --> 00:14:25.860
 However, we do have some depictions or things of lifetime contemporaries. So, I study coins mainly, and this is a wonderful coin.

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 This is not Ethelbert, but his son, Eadbald, another wonderful name. The Anglo-Saxons could name them.

00:14:34.100 --> 00:14:39.300
 So, see the legend above his head? Yes, those are, in fact, letters.

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 Aud, Wald, Re.

00:14:43.540 --> 00:14:45.779
 Eadbald. Kind of close.

00:14:49.820 --> 00:14:51.019
 On the next slide,

00:14:51.879 --> 00:14:55.800
 we see the next-door neighbor to Kent,

00:14:56.659 --> 00:14:57.720
 the Kingdom of East Anglia.

00:14:57.720 --> 00:15:03.399
 If you saw the recent movie, The Dig, about the excavation of the Sutton Hoo ship,

00:15:04.120 --> 00:15:05.700
 this is what the site looked like.

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 And this is the reconstruction of the helmet found there,

00:15:11.139 --> 00:15:12.139
 in the boat burial.

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 Just looking at the helmet and the type of burial,

00:15:15.300 --> 00:15:17.340
 it's clear that if we are in a Christian world,

00:15:17.860 --> 00:15:21.800
 it is a Christian world which is very attached to its pagan past.

00:15:22.440 --> 00:15:23.460
 But in all likelihood,

00:15:23.840 --> 00:15:25.660
 England was almost entirely pagan.

00:15:25.659 --> 00:15:28.059
 I think we should be reminding ourselves here

00:15:28.059 --> 00:15:29.860
 of the hairy barbarian image.

00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:33.079
 This is perhaps a little surprising,

00:15:33.579 --> 00:15:34.500
 that England was pagan,

00:15:34.819 --> 00:15:35.980
 not that barbarians are hairy.

00:15:36.959 --> 00:15:38.279
 England was part of the Roman Empire,

00:15:38.639 --> 00:15:41.759
 but when the Roman military left the island in 409,

00:15:42.219 --> 00:15:44.639
 there were definitely still Christians there.

00:15:45.379 --> 00:15:47.199
 I'll tell you a story you might know.

00:15:47.919 --> 00:15:48.959
 There was a British boy,

00:15:49.199 --> 00:15:51.620
 who was born a little before the Romans left.

00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:54.299
 He was picked up by slavers and sold in Ireland.

00:15:54.299 --> 00:15:57.599
 Slavery will be a recurrent theme in this talk,

00:15:57.699 --> 00:15:58.620
 so keep that in mind.

00:15:59.259 --> 00:16:01.000
 This boy would escape and find freedom

00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:02.219
 before going back to Ireland

00:16:02.219 --> 00:16:03.799
 and becoming their patron saint.

00:16:05.079 --> 00:16:07.059
 Yes, I am talking of St. Patrick.

00:16:08.099 --> 00:16:12.500
 The world of Celtic Christianity was alive at this time,

00:16:12.740 --> 00:16:15.059
 but the Anglo-Saxons seem not to have noticed.

00:16:15.919 --> 00:16:17.759
 Just like with the Romans in France,

00:16:17.899 --> 00:16:19.719
 the British were none too keen to evangelize

00:16:19.719 --> 00:16:21.179
 to their axe-wielding, fur-wearing,

00:16:21.339 --> 00:16:23.059
 Thor-worshipping barbarian neighbors.

00:16:23.059 --> 00:16:25.079
 In the coming century,

00:16:25.239 --> 00:16:28.259
 once Christianity became firmly ensconced in Ireland,

00:16:28.599 --> 00:16:30.239
 they began sending missionaries to England.

00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:33.679
 A country which had never been part of the Roman Empire

00:16:33.679 --> 00:16:36.539
 became Christian before the rest of those regions

00:16:36.539 --> 00:16:39.039
 that had been a part of the Roman Empire.

00:16:41.279 --> 00:16:42.500
 But I digress.

00:16:42.500 --> 00:16:51.259
 Enter Bertha.

00:16:51.899 --> 00:16:55.120
 You remember the legacy of faith that Clotilda left to her sons?

00:16:56.259 --> 00:16:57.440
 Bertha was a Christian,

00:16:57.860 --> 00:17:01.059
 and she insisted that if she were to marry this pagan king,

00:17:01.539 --> 00:17:03.879
 that she be allowed to worship her god.

00:17:03.879 --> 00:17:08.839
 Sorry.

00:17:11.420 --> 00:17:13.299
 That she be allowed to worship her god.

00:17:13.839 --> 00:17:15.599
 She brought her chaplain with her,

00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:17.420
 a bishop, Lüthard.

00:17:20.579 --> 00:17:22.859
 There we go.

00:17:25.420 --> 00:17:26.339
 Isn't he handsome?

00:17:26.339 --> 00:17:31.659
 We can see his name right here.

00:17:32.659 --> 00:17:35.139
 Well, if you can't make Lüthard,

00:17:35.559 --> 00:17:36.480
 however that's spelled,

00:17:36.799 --> 00:17:38.299
 out of this word soup,

00:17:38.379 --> 00:17:40.159
 I can't really blame you.

00:17:42.859 --> 00:17:43.459
 Yeah.

00:17:44.459 --> 00:17:45.379
 That's an L.

00:17:46.059 --> 00:17:46.759
 Looks like an X.

00:17:46.759 --> 00:17:47.680
 E.

00:17:47.879 --> 00:17:48.859
 Only has two arms.

00:17:49.400 --> 00:17:53.220
 U-D-A-R-U-S.

00:17:54.119 --> 00:17:55.059
 Lüthard.

00:17:55.200 --> 00:17:55.859
 Oh, there's a D here.

00:17:56.519 --> 00:17:56.920
 Düs.

00:17:57.759 --> 00:17:58.599
 E-P-S.

00:17:58.819 --> 00:17:59.039
 Bishop.

00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:00.879
 So, yeah.

00:18:02.039 --> 00:18:03.660
 This isn't a very literate world.

00:18:03.759 --> 00:18:07.119
 In fact, it's a very, very illiterate world.

00:18:09.339 --> 00:18:10.299
 But anyways.

00:18:11.240 --> 00:18:13.019
 Bertha made sure that she had a chapel

00:18:13.019 --> 00:18:15.299
 in which to worship,

00:18:15.500 --> 00:18:16.359
 right in Canterbury,

00:18:16.359 --> 00:18:17.459
 the capital of Kent.

00:18:18.159 --> 00:18:19.059
 Although, again,

00:18:19.579 --> 00:18:20.759
 the stubborn husband

00:18:20.759 --> 00:18:22.079
 refused to acknowledge

00:18:22.079 --> 00:18:23.359
 his wife was correct.

00:18:23.740 --> 00:18:24.439
 And it would take another

00:18:24.439 --> 00:18:25.659
 historical happenstance

00:18:25.659 --> 00:18:26.619
 for him to be converted.

00:18:27.819 --> 00:18:30.199
 Over 1,000 miles away in Rome,

00:18:30.699 --> 00:18:31.579
 Pope Gregory the Great

00:18:31.579 --> 00:18:32.559
 noticed two boys

00:18:32.559 --> 00:18:33.719
 being sold as slaves.

00:18:34.299 --> 00:18:35.279
 It is reported that

00:18:35.279 --> 00:18:36.579
 when he asked where they were from,

00:18:36.679 --> 00:18:37.819
 he was told they were Angli.

00:18:38.379 --> 00:18:40.039
 Angles, English.

00:18:40.719 --> 00:18:41.699
 His response was,

00:18:41.979 --> 00:18:43.939
 Non sunt Angli, said Angli.

00:18:44.399 --> 00:18:45.419
 They aren't Angles.

00:18:45.419 --> 00:18:46.259
 They're angels.

00:18:47.359 --> 00:18:48.319
 Presumably, Gregory

00:18:48.319 --> 00:18:49.019
 wasn't very familiar

00:18:49.019 --> 00:18:50.139
 with those with blonde hair.

00:18:50.399 --> 00:18:51.119
 Or perhaps they had

00:18:51.119 --> 00:18:52.240
 particularly nice voices.

00:18:52.899 --> 00:18:53.740
 In any case,

00:18:54.079 --> 00:18:54.839
 it spurred the Pope

00:18:54.839 --> 00:18:55.519
 to send a mission

00:18:55.519 --> 00:18:57.039
 to these angels in the north.

00:18:57.479 --> 00:18:57.879
 Remember,

00:18:58.399 --> 00:18:59.419
 hairy barbarians.

00:19:00.379 --> 00:19:02.159
 Gregory sent for a couple of monks

00:19:02.159 --> 00:19:03.559
 to be apostles to the English.

00:19:04.079 --> 00:19:05.219
 Augustine of Canterbury,

00:19:05.539 --> 00:19:06.859
 not his more famous namesake,

00:19:07.059 --> 00:19:08.859
 who was from North Africa.

00:19:09.659 --> 00:19:10.539
 This Augustine

00:19:10.539 --> 00:19:11.839
 led the mission to England.

00:19:11.839 --> 00:19:14.240
 When they arrived,

00:19:14.619 --> 00:19:15.279
 you can guess

00:19:15.279 --> 00:19:16.000
 which kingdom

00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:16.859
 they set up in.

00:19:17.799 --> 00:19:18.039
 Yep,

00:19:18.299 --> 00:19:19.599
 they arrived in Kent

00:19:19.599 --> 00:19:20.980
 and set up their new church

00:19:20.980 --> 00:19:22.619
 right next to Bertha's Chapel,

00:19:22.919 --> 00:19:24.059
 which is the oldest

00:19:24.059 --> 00:19:25.740
 continuous place

00:19:25.740 --> 00:19:27.179
 of Christian worship

00:19:27.179 --> 00:19:28.079
 in England.

00:19:28.079 --> 00:19:32.599
 Now, I don't doubt

00:19:32.599 --> 00:19:33.919
 that God could have orchestrated

00:19:33.919 --> 00:19:34.960
 a favorable reception

00:19:34.960 --> 00:19:36.720
 even among the pagans.

00:19:37.539 --> 00:19:38.419
 But surely,

00:19:38.819 --> 00:19:39.799
 Queen Bertha's faith

00:19:39.799 --> 00:19:40.599
 made her husband

00:19:40.599 --> 00:19:41.839
 more naturally inclined

00:19:41.839 --> 00:19:43.099
 to accept these foreign leave,

00:19:43.099 --> 00:19:43.819
 that he would have viewed

00:19:43.819 --> 00:19:44.439
 these foreigners

00:19:44.439 --> 00:19:45.219
 as representatives

00:19:45.219 --> 00:19:46.359
 of a foreign power.

00:19:48.059 --> 00:19:48.939
 Now, it is usually

00:19:48.939 --> 00:19:49.719
 Gregory the Great

00:19:49.719 --> 00:19:50.299
 and Augustine

00:19:50.299 --> 00:19:50.799
 who get credit

00:19:50.799 --> 00:19:51.339
 for the conversion

00:19:51.339 --> 00:19:51.859
 of the English,

00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:53.039
 and on one level,

00:19:53.119 --> 00:19:53.719
 they do deserve

00:19:53.719 --> 00:19:54.579
 considerable credit.

00:19:55.240 --> 00:19:55.980
 But the English

00:19:55.980 --> 00:19:56.839
 had a bad habit

00:19:56.839 --> 00:19:57.719
 of civil wars

00:19:57.719 --> 00:19:58.899
 and one kingdom

00:19:58.899 --> 00:19:59.839
 taking over another

00:19:59.839 --> 00:20:00.500
 and missionaries

00:20:00.500 --> 00:20:01.279
 getting kicked out

00:20:01.279 --> 00:20:02.219
 repeatedly,

00:20:02.419 --> 00:20:03.359
 sometimes the same one.

00:20:04.439 --> 00:20:05.339
 The church

00:20:05.339 --> 00:20:06.559
 had a beachhead

00:20:06.559 --> 00:20:07.099
 in England

00:20:07.099 --> 00:20:07.839
 with Bertha,

00:20:08.179 --> 00:20:09.359
 and it wasn't going

00:20:09.359 --> 00:20:10.099
 to be pushed back

00:20:10.099 --> 00:20:10.899
 across the channel.

00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:12.699
 Then again,

00:20:12.700 --> 00:20:13.759
 that doesn't mean

00:20:13.759 --> 00:20:14.180
 that England

00:20:14.180 --> 00:20:15.080
 didn't start sending

00:20:15.080 --> 00:20:16.279
 their own missionaries,

00:20:16.559 --> 00:20:17.559
 like Boniface,

00:20:17.640 --> 00:20:18.299
 for whom this church

00:20:18.299 --> 00:20:19.360
 used to be named.

00:20:19.720 --> 00:20:21.240
 But some of those missionaries

00:20:21.240 --> 00:20:22.340
 weren't sent to France

00:20:22.340 --> 00:20:23.000
 with the intention

00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:23.640
 of preaching.

00:20:33.039 --> 00:20:34.460
 With the intention

00:20:34.460 --> 00:20:34.940
 of preaching,

00:20:35.700 --> 00:20:36.840
 some of them

00:20:36.840 --> 00:20:38.440
 arrived in,

00:20:39.059 --> 00:20:39.880
 like St. Patrick,

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:40.580
 as slaves.

00:20:40.579 --> 00:20:42.779
 A woman named

00:20:42.779 --> 00:20:43.579
 Baltild arrived

00:20:43.579 --> 00:20:44.179
 in France

00:20:44.179 --> 00:20:45.159
 as a slave.

00:20:46.259 --> 00:20:46.619
 Now,

00:20:46.659 --> 00:20:47.019
 I said I would

00:20:47.019 --> 00:20:47.819
 come back to this,

00:20:47.839 --> 00:20:48.319
 and here seems

00:20:48.319 --> 00:20:48.859
 like a good place

00:20:48.859 --> 00:20:49.379
 to do so.

00:20:49.960 --> 00:20:51.139
 Slavery was common

00:20:51.139 --> 00:20:51.599
 in the ancient

00:20:51.599 --> 00:20:52.480
 and medieval worlds.

00:20:52.899 --> 00:20:53.619
 While it was certainly

00:20:53.619 --> 00:20:54.899
 the case that the economy

00:20:54.899 --> 00:20:56.019
 of the early Middle Ages

00:20:56.019 --> 00:20:57.720
 was not slave-based,

00:20:57.779 --> 00:20:59.099
 like the ancient world,

00:20:59.699 --> 00:21:01.619
 at some times

00:21:01.619 --> 00:21:02.599
 and in some regions,

00:21:02.919 --> 00:21:04.059
 there were a considerable

00:21:04.059 --> 00:21:05.419
 number of slaves.

00:21:05.960 --> 00:21:06.539
 Some have argued

00:21:06.539 --> 00:21:07.159
 that the slavery

00:21:07.159 --> 00:21:07.899
 was the basis

00:21:07.899 --> 00:21:09.299
 of the early medieval economy,

00:21:09.299 --> 00:21:11.180
 with the barbarian kings

00:21:11.180 --> 00:21:12.079
 selling what they had

00:21:12.079 --> 00:21:12.619
 lots of,

00:21:12.940 --> 00:21:13.259
 people,

00:21:13.799 --> 00:21:14.659
 in exchange for what

00:21:14.659 --> 00:21:15.460
 they had none of,

00:21:15.940 --> 00:21:16.319
 gold,

00:21:17.919 --> 00:21:19.819
 to North Africa,

00:21:20.099 --> 00:21:21.139
 the Eastern Roman Empire,

00:21:21.720 --> 00:21:22.539
 and the Middle East.

00:21:24.139 --> 00:21:25.359
 Slavery in the ancient world

00:21:25.359 --> 00:21:26.659
 didn't have the same

00:21:26.659 --> 00:21:27.539
 racial connotation

00:21:27.539 --> 00:21:28.200
 it has today.

00:21:28.940 --> 00:21:29.419
 Typically,

00:21:29.680 --> 00:21:30.700
 most were prisoners of war

00:21:30.700 --> 00:21:31.480
 from the next-door

00:21:31.480 --> 00:21:32.099
 little kingdom.

00:21:33.099 --> 00:21:34.399
 Another category of slave

00:21:34.399 --> 00:21:35.059
 were those who were

00:21:35.059 --> 00:21:35.579
 temporarily,

00:21:36.079 --> 00:21:36.519
 usually,

00:21:36.519 --> 00:21:37.799
 sold themselves

00:21:37.799 --> 00:21:38.480
 into slavery

00:21:38.480 --> 00:21:39.539
 to receive protection

00:21:39.539 --> 00:21:40.579
 or to pay off a debt

00:21:40.579 --> 00:21:41.980
 or a bit of both.

00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:43.859
 So what was

00:21:43.859 --> 00:21:44.839
 Baltild's status?

00:21:45.879 --> 00:21:46.839
 There seems to be

00:21:46.839 --> 00:21:47.639
 some debate.

00:21:48.220 --> 00:21:49.200
 The earliest sources

00:21:49.200 --> 00:21:49.619
 we have

00:21:49.619 --> 00:21:50.139
 don't mention

00:21:50.139 --> 00:21:51.039
 her status at all.

00:21:51.980 --> 00:21:52.980
 But about a century

00:21:52.980 --> 00:21:53.759
 after her death,

00:21:53.819 --> 00:21:54.379
 it was said that

00:21:54.379 --> 00:21:55.259
 she was aristocratic

00:21:55.259 --> 00:21:56.119
 or royal.

00:21:57.279 --> 00:21:58.319
 We can't be certain,

00:21:58.660 --> 00:21:59.460
 but I think there are

00:21:59.460 --> 00:22:00.079
 good indications

00:22:00.079 --> 00:22:00.859
 that she was actually

00:22:00.859 --> 00:22:01.339
 low-born.

00:22:02.639 --> 00:22:03.900
 Born around 626,

00:22:04.379 --> 00:22:04.940
 she was sold

00:22:04.940 --> 00:22:05.480
 into the house

00:22:05.480 --> 00:22:06.480
 of the most powerful man

00:22:06.480 --> 00:22:06.920
 in one of the

00:22:06.920 --> 00:22:07.700
 Frankish kingdoms

00:22:07.700 --> 00:22:08.819
 after the king.

00:22:09.480 --> 00:22:10.420
 At some point,

00:22:11.000 --> 00:22:11.240
 he,

00:22:11.559 --> 00:22:12.620
 the second most powerful man,

00:22:12.660 --> 00:22:13.440
 wanted to marry her.

00:22:13.839 --> 00:22:14.680
 But apparently,

00:22:14.900 --> 00:22:15.740
 he had competition.

00:22:17.099 --> 00:22:18.079
 So did the king.

00:22:18.799 --> 00:22:19.660
 One might immediately

00:22:19.660 --> 00:22:20.120
 suspect,

00:22:20.279 --> 00:22:20.539
 aha,

00:22:20.839 --> 00:22:21.860
 proof that she was royal.

00:22:22.079 --> 00:22:23.000
 Why else would a king

00:22:23.000 --> 00:22:23.860
 want to marry her

00:22:23.860 --> 00:22:24.819
 except to solidify

00:22:24.819 --> 00:22:25.599
 an alliance?

00:22:27.059 --> 00:22:28.079
 And there are

00:22:28.079 --> 00:22:29.759
 other things

00:22:29.759 --> 00:22:30.200
 that might

00:22:30.200 --> 00:22:32.559
 indicate that

00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:34.200
 she was royal.

00:22:35.480 --> 00:22:37.380
 there you go.

00:22:38.140 --> 00:22:39.799
 This is a

00:22:39.799 --> 00:22:41.220
 seal matrix.

00:22:41.900 --> 00:22:43.519
 So the part

00:22:43.519 --> 00:22:44.120
 that's inserted

00:22:44.120 --> 00:22:45.000
 into wax

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:46.339
 to create

00:22:46.339 --> 00:22:47.120
 the image.

00:22:47.279 --> 00:22:47.960
 These are actually

00:22:47.960 --> 00:22:50.980
 concave.

00:22:51.480 --> 00:22:52.900
 So this would have

00:22:52.900 --> 00:22:53.799
 been pressed into that.

00:22:53.980 --> 00:22:54.579
 But this was actually

00:22:54.579 --> 00:22:55.220
 found in England,

00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:56.420
 not in France.

00:22:57.019 --> 00:22:58.360
 And again,

00:22:58.500 --> 00:22:59.559
 this is more literate

00:22:59.559 --> 00:22:59.980
 than some,

00:23:00.079 --> 00:23:00.599
 although the A

00:23:00.599 --> 00:23:02.000
 is in fact upside down,

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:02.880
 as is the L,

00:23:03.380 --> 00:23:04.660
 B,

00:23:04.920 --> 00:23:05.220
 A,

00:23:05.380 --> 00:23:05.579
 L,

00:23:05.740 --> 00:23:05.940
 D,

00:23:06.160 --> 00:23:06.819
 Balde,

00:23:06.819 --> 00:23:08.859
 Hildes.

00:23:09.559 --> 00:23:10.000
 Baldehild.

00:23:15.460 --> 00:23:16.579
 But the Frankish kings

00:23:16.579 --> 00:23:17.339
 are a bit odd.

00:23:18.140 --> 00:23:18.680
 No fewer than

00:23:18.680 --> 00:23:19.319
 three kings

00:23:19.319 --> 00:23:19.799
 and perhaps

00:23:19.799 --> 00:23:21.339
 four married slaves

00:23:21.339 --> 00:23:21.960
 who then rose

00:23:21.960 --> 00:23:22.519
 to be queen.

00:23:23.079 --> 00:23:23.759
 And sometimes,

00:23:23.900 --> 00:23:24.740
 after the king's death,

00:23:24.799 --> 00:23:25.759
 ruled in their own name.

00:23:27.039 --> 00:23:27.740
 A source

00:23:27.740 --> 00:23:28.720
 about a hundred years

00:23:28.720 --> 00:23:29.359
 after these events

00:23:29.359 --> 00:23:30.160
 describes the king

00:23:30.160 --> 00:23:31.220
 as descending to insanity

00:23:31.220 --> 00:23:32.120
 before his death

00:23:32.120 --> 00:23:33.220
 at the age of only 18.

00:23:34.620 --> 00:23:35.640
 It is possible

00:23:35.640 --> 00:23:36.400
 that he was considered

00:23:36.400 --> 00:23:37.060
 unstable

00:23:37.060 --> 00:23:37.900
 and was thus married

00:23:37.900 --> 00:23:38.680
 off to a slave.

00:23:39.060 --> 00:23:39.759
 This happened

00:23:39.759 --> 00:23:40.779
 in the Frankish world

00:23:40.779 --> 00:23:43.620
 that feeble-minded kings

00:23:43.620 --> 00:23:44.440
 were often married

00:23:44.440 --> 00:23:45.580
 to slaves.

00:23:46.060 --> 00:23:47.640
 Perhaps they were seen

00:23:47.640 --> 00:23:47.960
 to be able

00:23:47.960 --> 00:23:49.019
 to control the king

00:23:49.019 --> 00:23:50.040
 sufficiently

00:23:50.040 --> 00:23:51.100
 for the second

00:23:51.100 --> 00:23:52.080
 most powerful person

00:23:52.080 --> 00:23:52.840
 to be able

00:23:52.840 --> 00:23:53.420
 to actually do

00:23:53.420 --> 00:23:54.100
 the real running

00:23:54.100 --> 00:23:54.759
 of the country.

00:23:55.800 --> 00:23:56.900
 But this,

00:23:57.160 --> 00:23:58.960
 the fact that he dies

00:23:58.960 --> 00:24:00.059
 or that he descends

00:24:00.059 --> 00:24:00.640
 into insanity

00:24:00.640 --> 00:24:01.440
 before he's dying

00:24:01.440 --> 00:24:02.720
 might imply

00:24:02.720 --> 00:24:03.620
 that she was just

00:24:03.620 --> 00:24:05.000
 a run-of-the-mill slave

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:07.400
 with no aristocratic background.

00:24:08.279 --> 00:24:08.980
 With the death

00:24:08.980 --> 00:24:09.460
 of her husband

00:24:09.460 --> 00:24:10.059
 and her sons

00:24:10.059 --> 00:24:10.640
 in minority,

00:24:10.860 --> 00:24:12.360
 she took sole rulership

00:24:12.360 --> 00:24:12.799
 of the kingdom

00:24:12.799 --> 00:24:13.460
 as regent

00:24:13.460 --> 00:24:14.779
 on behalf of her son.

00:24:20.420 --> 00:24:22.039
 She had a powerful coalition

00:24:22.039 --> 00:24:22.700
 backing her,

00:24:22.980 --> 00:24:23.920
 including the man

00:24:23.920 --> 00:24:25.539
 who purchased her

00:24:25.539 --> 00:24:26.819
 and a bishop

00:24:26.819 --> 00:24:28.019
 named Eligius.

00:24:28.960 --> 00:24:33.480
 So,

00:24:33.920 --> 00:24:34.660
 I thought this was

00:24:34.660 --> 00:24:35.180
 kind of cool.

00:24:38.620 --> 00:24:41.779
 E-L-I-G-I-L-E-G

00:24:41.779 --> 00:24:43.640
 of Eligius.

00:24:45.519 --> 00:24:46.740
 And here's a modern one.

00:24:47.779 --> 00:24:48.779
 He is a saint,

00:24:49.240 --> 00:24:50.380
 he is a bishop,

00:24:50.700 --> 00:24:52.559
 and he was also

00:24:52.559 --> 00:24:53.640
 the king's monnier

00:24:53.640 --> 00:24:55.000
 for a period.

00:24:55.340 --> 00:24:56.700
 That's pretty rare

00:24:56.700 --> 00:24:57.519
 that we actually know

00:24:57.519 --> 00:24:58.559
 who the monniers are.

00:24:58.559 --> 00:24:59.879
 They usually aren't bishops.

00:25:00.619 --> 00:25:01.839
 He's lowborn.

00:25:02.059 --> 00:25:03.419
 He's not an aristocrat.

00:25:05.879 --> 00:25:07.139
 This coalition

00:25:07.139 --> 00:25:08.119
 that she established

00:25:08.119 --> 00:25:10.700
 actually was fairly successful.

00:25:10.839 --> 00:25:13.059
 She had a very successful regency.

00:25:14.740 --> 00:25:16.379
 And her son

00:25:16.379 --> 00:25:17.919
 eventually ascended

00:25:17.919 --> 00:25:18.559
 to the throne,

00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:20.879
 a success

00:25:20.879 --> 00:25:21.779
 in times

00:25:21.779 --> 00:25:22.879
 where assassination

00:25:22.879 --> 00:25:23.819
 was the norm.

00:25:23.819 --> 00:25:27.759
 during her time

00:25:27.759 --> 00:25:28.259
 as regent,

00:25:28.359 --> 00:25:29.200
 she sent missionaries

00:25:29.200 --> 00:25:29.720
 to Germany,

00:25:30.200 --> 00:25:30.899
 fought simony,

00:25:31.139 --> 00:25:32.019
 the buying or selling

00:25:32.019 --> 00:25:32.839
 of church offices

00:25:32.839 --> 00:25:33.980
 in the church,

00:25:33.980 --> 00:25:35.819
 and founded numerous monasteries

00:25:35.819 --> 00:25:36.379
 for the preservation

00:25:36.379 --> 00:25:37.000
 of knowledge.

00:25:37.659 --> 00:25:38.299
 One scholar

00:25:38.299 --> 00:25:38.980
 has contended

00:25:38.980 --> 00:25:39.679
 that she was

00:25:39.679 --> 00:25:40.980
 the last competent monarch

00:25:40.980 --> 00:25:41.779
 of the dynasty

00:25:41.779 --> 00:25:43.539
 that began with Clovis

00:25:43.539 --> 00:25:45.179
 in the 470s.

00:25:45.859 --> 00:25:47.679
 This is 130 years later,

00:25:47.740 --> 00:25:49.279
 the last competent monarch

00:25:49.279 --> 00:25:50.119
 of this dynasty.

00:25:50.119 --> 00:25:53.079
 Her husband

00:25:53.079 --> 00:25:54.139
 is sometimes thought of

00:25:54.139 --> 00:25:55.319
 as the first of the,

00:25:55.439 --> 00:25:56.179
 they're called

00:25:56.179 --> 00:25:57.519
 the Roi Fainel,

00:25:58.059 --> 00:25:59.939
 meaning the do-nothing kings,

00:26:00.319 --> 00:26:03.619
 which seems

00:26:03.619 --> 00:26:05.219
 particularly harsh.

00:26:07.599 --> 00:26:08.739
 But if that is all

00:26:08.739 --> 00:26:09.339
 she had done,

00:26:09.399 --> 00:26:10.479
 been a successful regent,

00:26:10.919 --> 00:26:11.479
 she would have been

00:26:11.479 --> 00:26:12.139
 really interesting.

00:26:12.140 --> 00:26:14.780
 In the 19th century,

00:26:15.040 --> 00:26:16.660
 jumping many centuries here,

00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:18.740
 in the Luxembourg gardens

00:26:18.740 --> 00:26:19.400
 in Paris,

00:26:19.640 --> 00:26:21.020
 a series of 20 sculptures

00:26:21.020 --> 00:26:22.080
 of the Queens of France

00:26:22.080 --> 00:26:22.640
 were commissioned.

00:26:23.480 --> 00:26:24.000
 Among these,

00:26:24.080 --> 00:26:24.340
 20,

00:26:24.460 --> 00:26:26.220
 Baltild is represented.

00:26:28.640 --> 00:26:29.560
 Why her?

00:26:34.180 --> 00:26:34.740
 Well,

00:26:35.180 --> 00:26:36.240
 she might be considered

00:26:36.240 --> 00:26:37.460
 an abolitionist.

00:26:38.100 --> 00:26:38.600
 It is perhaps

00:26:38.600 --> 00:26:39.140
 no coincidence

00:26:39.140 --> 00:26:40.040
 that the promulgation

00:26:40.040 --> 00:26:41.000
 of a new decree

00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:42.000
 ending slavery

00:26:42.000 --> 00:26:43.160
 in the French colonies

00:26:43.160 --> 00:26:44.640
 where it remained.

00:26:44.740 --> 00:26:45.740
 It had already been removed

00:26:45.740 --> 00:26:46.720
 in some of the colonies

00:26:46.720 --> 00:26:47.880
 and then added back

00:26:47.880 --> 00:26:49.660
 during the Napoleonic period.

00:26:52.740 --> 00:26:53.759
 A promulgation

00:26:53.759 --> 00:26:54.460
 of a new decree

00:26:54.460 --> 00:26:55.559
 ending slavery

00:26:55.559 --> 00:26:57.119
 in the French colonies

00:26:57.119 --> 00:26:57.700
 where it remained

00:26:57.700 --> 00:26:59.259
 was from the same year

00:26:59.259 --> 00:27:00.359
 as the statue.

00:27:01.480 --> 00:27:02.279
 France had actually been

00:27:02.279 --> 00:27:02.940
 at the leading end

00:27:02.940 --> 00:27:05.740
 of abolition

00:27:05.740 --> 00:27:06.759
 in the modern era,

00:27:07.339 --> 00:27:07.880
 but also

00:27:07.880 --> 00:27:08.779
 in the pre-modern.

00:27:08.779 --> 00:27:11.259
 Baltild made huge reforms

00:27:11.259 --> 00:27:11.839
 in France,

00:27:12.000 --> 00:27:13.180
 including making

00:27:13.180 --> 00:27:13.720
 the purchasing

00:27:13.720 --> 00:27:14.839
 of slaves illegal.

00:27:16.920 --> 00:27:17.799
 Much in the way

00:27:17.799 --> 00:27:19.299
 that the Atlantic slave trade

00:27:19.299 --> 00:27:20.619
 was made illegal

00:27:20.619 --> 00:27:21.660
 before the extirpation

00:27:21.660 --> 00:27:22.339
 of slavery

00:27:22.339 --> 00:27:24.599
 within the boundaries

00:27:24.599 --> 00:27:25.559
 of the U.S.,

00:27:25.559 --> 00:27:26.899
 Baltild could not go

00:27:26.899 --> 00:27:28.119
 so far as to free slaves

00:27:28.119 --> 00:27:29.000
 within France.

00:27:29.160 --> 00:27:29.779
 Her position

00:27:29.779 --> 00:27:30.899
 was far too precarious

00:27:30.899 --> 00:27:31.500
 for something

00:27:31.500 --> 00:27:33.119
 so wide-sweeping.

00:27:33.119 --> 00:27:35.959
 She promulgated

00:27:35.959 --> 00:27:36.399
 a law

00:27:36.399 --> 00:27:37.259
 that made slaves

00:27:37.259 --> 00:27:38.519
 free upon arrival

00:27:38.519 --> 00:27:39.239
 in France.

00:27:39.679 --> 00:27:40.979
 This would be reiterated

00:27:40.979 --> 00:27:42.079
 in 1315

00:27:42.079 --> 00:27:42.879
 by a subsequent

00:27:42.879 --> 00:27:43.639
 French king.

00:27:44.559 --> 00:27:45.759
 Could her experience

00:27:45.759 --> 00:27:46.879
 of being a slave

00:27:46.879 --> 00:27:48.219
 have led to this result?

00:27:48.979 --> 00:27:49.839
 I think so.

00:27:50.419 --> 00:27:51.239
 But let's tie up

00:27:51.239 --> 00:27:51.599
 the story

00:27:51.599 --> 00:27:52.539
 I've been telling today

00:27:52.539 --> 00:27:53.419
 in a nice,

00:27:54.019 --> 00:27:55.139
 neat bow.

00:27:56.579 --> 00:27:57.639
 Returning to the map

00:27:57.639 --> 00:27:58.419
 we began with,

00:27:58.639 --> 00:27:59.239
 maps are great,

00:27:59.240 --> 00:28:01.019
 we follow the story

00:28:01.019 --> 00:28:03.559
 of a Burgundian princess.

00:28:04.460 --> 00:28:05.299
 Here we are.

00:28:06.299 --> 00:28:07.539
 A Burgundian princess

00:28:07.539 --> 00:28:08.539
 named Clotilde

00:28:08.539 --> 00:28:09.579
 who married

00:28:09.579 --> 00:28:11.759
 the Frankish king.

00:28:14.480 --> 00:28:15.259
 Brought him

00:28:15.259 --> 00:28:16.440
 not only to Christ,

00:28:16.900 --> 00:28:17.819
 but kept the kingdom

00:28:17.819 --> 00:28:18.720
 of France away

00:28:18.720 --> 00:28:19.380
 from denying

00:28:19.380 --> 00:28:20.720
 the divinity of Christ.

00:28:21.160 --> 00:28:22.680
 That legacy of faith

00:28:22.680 --> 00:28:23.900
 left by Clotilde

00:28:23.900 --> 00:28:24.940
 was picked up

00:28:24.940 --> 00:28:26.099
 by her great-granddaughter,

00:28:26.279 --> 00:28:26.599
 Bertha,

00:28:26.799 --> 00:28:27.299
 who married

00:28:27.299 --> 00:28:28.160
 an English king.

00:28:29.240 --> 00:28:29.920
 From over here.

00:28:33.279 --> 00:28:34.099
 Insisting that she

00:28:34.099 --> 00:28:34.559
 be allowed

00:28:34.559 --> 00:28:35.579
 to practice her faith

00:28:35.579 --> 00:28:36.500
 in the pagan land

00:28:36.500 --> 00:28:36.920
 of England.

00:28:37.500 --> 00:28:38.339
 When missionaries

00:28:38.339 --> 00:28:39.220
 were sent from Rome

00:28:39.220 --> 00:28:39.740
 to England,

00:28:40.039 --> 00:28:41.220
 they found a home

00:28:41.220 --> 00:28:42.120
 in this little kingdom

00:28:42.120 --> 00:28:42.640
 of Kent.

00:28:43.180 --> 00:28:43.819
 And from there,

00:28:44.019 --> 00:28:44.940
 Christianity would spread

00:28:44.940 --> 00:28:45.599
 throughout England.

00:28:46.579 --> 00:28:47.339
 Decades later,

00:28:47.460 --> 00:28:48.240
 an English slave

00:28:48.240 --> 00:28:48.960
 would be sold

00:28:48.960 --> 00:28:49.740
 into France.

00:28:50.319 --> 00:28:51.220
 She would become queen

00:28:51.220 --> 00:28:51.940
 and would begin

00:28:51.940 --> 00:28:52.779
 the long fight

00:28:52.779 --> 00:28:54.019
 to extirpate slavery

00:28:54.019 --> 00:28:54.819
 from Christendom.

00:28:56.059 --> 00:28:56.980
 Perhaps we don't have

00:28:56.980 --> 00:28:57.559
 all the details

00:28:57.559 --> 00:28:58.079
 of the lives

00:28:58.079 --> 00:28:58.599
 of these women,

00:28:58.599 --> 00:28:59.859
 but their impact

00:28:59.859 --> 00:29:00.719
 is clear.

00:29:01.719 --> 00:29:02.240
 Thank you.

00:29:02.240 --> 00:29:03.240
 Thank you.

00:29:10.240 --> 00:29:13.119
 Any questions?

00:29:13.919 --> 00:29:14.539
 Comments?

00:29:14.539 --> 00:29:26.079
 Kevin, is there

00:29:26.079 --> 00:29:27.480
 any evidence

00:29:27.480 --> 00:29:32.539
 that the abolition

00:29:32.539 --> 00:29:35.799
 of the slave trade,

00:29:35.920 --> 00:29:37.319
 I guess purchasing slaves,

00:29:37.700 --> 00:29:38.480
 do we notice

00:29:38.480 --> 00:29:39.420
 any sort of effect?

00:29:39.420 --> 00:29:39.820
 did it,

00:29:40.480 --> 00:29:41.200
 or is it just,

00:29:41.320 --> 00:29:42.700
 is it just in,

00:29:42.900 --> 00:29:44.580
 in legislation

00:29:44.580 --> 00:29:45.580
 or we're aware

00:29:45.580 --> 00:29:46.740
 of that

00:29:46.740 --> 00:29:47.900
 or is there

00:29:47.900 --> 00:29:48.820
 a way to trace

00:29:48.820 --> 00:29:49.560
 or pick up

00:29:49.560 --> 00:29:51.500
 any effects

00:29:51.500 --> 00:29:52.340
 of this?

00:29:52.339 --> 00:29:53.059
 So,

00:29:53.059 --> 00:29:57.019
 on the extirpation

00:29:57.019 --> 00:29:57.459
 of slavery,

00:29:57.459 --> 00:29:58.259
 did it have

00:29:58.259 --> 00:29:58.839
 an impact?

00:29:59.399 --> 00:29:59.839
 Actually,

00:30:00.220 --> 00:30:01.500
 the Merovingian period,

00:30:01.599 --> 00:30:02.359
 so that's the period

00:30:02.359 --> 00:30:03.599
 in Frankish history

00:30:03.599 --> 00:30:04.279
 we're looking at,

00:30:04.759 --> 00:30:05.939
 is at a low point

00:30:05.939 --> 00:30:06.379
 for finds

00:30:06.379 --> 00:30:07.299
 of slave shackles.

00:30:07.579 --> 00:30:07.799
 So,

00:30:08.179 --> 00:30:09.039
 archaeologically speaking,

00:30:09.139 --> 00:30:10.279
 in the late antique period,

00:30:10.619 --> 00:30:11.159
 slave shackles

00:30:11.159 --> 00:30:11.459
 are found

00:30:11.459 --> 00:30:12.319
 all across Europe

00:30:12.319 --> 00:30:14.720
 in the ruins

00:30:14.720 --> 00:30:16.519
 of Roman-style villas

00:30:16.519 --> 00:30:17.099
 all over.

00:30:17.639 --> 00:30:18.899
 In the Merovingian period,

00:30:19.099 --> 00:30:20.299
 it's at an all-time low

00:30:20.299 --> 00:30:23.659
 that it drops precipitously.

00:30:23.859 --> 00:30:24.039
 Now,

00:30:24.079 --> 00:30:24.519
 I don't remember

00:30:24.519 --> 00:30:25.559
 exactly when the dating

00:30:25.559 --> 00:30:26.859
 of it dropping is,

00:30:27.279 --> 00:30:28.879
 but it is in this period.

00:30:29.699 --> 00:30:30.980
 And subsequently,

00:30:31.339 --> 00:30:33.959
 after the Merovingian period,

00:30:34.079 --> 00:30:35.379
 when the second

00:30:35.379 --> 00:30:36.419
 most powerful people,

00:30:37.799 --> 00:30:39.259
 the mayors of the palace,

00:30:39.339 --> 00:30:39.939
 as they were called,

00:30:40.339 --> 00:30:41.240
 they rise up

00:30:41.240 --> 00:30:42.240
 and create their own dynasty,

00:30:42.379 --> 00:30:43.879
 kicking out the do-nothing kings,

00:30:44.399 --> 00:30:46.139
 they actually re-institute slavery

00:30:46.139 --> 00:30:46.879
 and you start finding

00:30:46.880 --> 00:30:47.840
 slave shackles again

00:30:47.840 --> 00:30:48.600
 on the periphery

00:30:48.600 --> 00:30:49.060
 of the kingdom,

00:30:49.460 --> 00:30:50.260
 but not within

00:30:50.260 --> 00:30:51.460
 the heartlands of France.

00:30:52.200 --> 00:30:52.480
 So,

00:30:53.160 --> 00:30:54.740
 we do see impacts.

00:30:56.140 --> 00:30:56.460
 Now,

00:30:57.160 --> 00:30:58.440
 to what extent

00:30:58.440 --> 00:30:58.960
 is it just,

00:30:59.280 --> 00:30:59.760
 they just had

00:30:59.760 --> 00:31:00.620
 the Scandinavians

00:31:00.620 --> 00:31:01.720
 sell the slaves,

00:31:02.080 --> 00:31:03.220
 let them pass through,

00:31:03.680 --> 00:31:04.360
 they weren't keeping

00:31:04.360 --> 00:31:04.820
 the slaves,

00:31:04.920 --> 00:31:05.760
 but picking up

00:31:05.760 --> 00:31:06.620
 some tolls?

00:31:06.700 --> 00:31:06.840
 Well,

00:31:06.860 --> 00:31:07.880
 we don't entirely know,

00:31:08.060 --> 00:31:08.240
 but

00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:11.380
 there seems to be

00:31:11.380 --> 00:31:11.760
 an impact,

00:31:11.880 --> 00:31:13.040
 at least archaeologically speaking.

00:31:13.040 --> 00:31:13.400
 Yeah.

00:31:16.880 --> 00:31:34.980
 John,

00:31:35.200 --> 00:31:35.980
 would you like to...

00:31:35.980 --> 00:31:36.780
 Yes, yes.

00:31:39.260 --> 00:31:40.080
 All right,

00:31:40.160 --> 00:31:40.540
 thank you.

00:31:40.539 --> 00:31:52.460
 One thing

00:31:52.460 --> 00:31:54.139
 was absolutely

00:31:54.139 --> 00:31:55.059
 certain.

00:31:55.899 --> 00:31:57.599
 She would not

00:31:57.599 --> 00:31:59.180
 be staying in India.

00:31:59.980 --> 00:32:01.680
 And she was not

00:32:01.680 --> 00:32:02.359
 going to become

00:32:02.359 --> 00:32:02.839
 a missionary.

00:32:03.220 --> 00:32:03.720
 Never.

00:32:04.460 --> 00:32:05.779
 India was altogether

00:32:05.779 --> 00:32:06.740
 too hot,

00:32:07.079 --> 00:32:07.879
 too dusty,

00:32:07.880 --> 00:32:09.860
 too overcrowded,

00:32:10.320 --> 00:32:11.240
 with most

00:32:11.240 --> 00:32:12.520
 of its seething

00:32:12.520 --> 00:32:13.520
 masses dirty

00:32:13.520 --> 00:32:14.600
 or destitute,

00:32:15.220 --> 00:32:15.760
 leprous

00:32:15.760 --> 00:32:16.920
 or lice-ridden.

00:32:18.140 --> 00:32:18.780
 Besides,

00:32:19.480 --> 00:32:21.120
 a missionary bungalow

00:32:21.120 --> 00:32:22.340
 was no place

00:32:22.340 --> 00:32:23.400
 for a blossoming

00:32:23.400 --> 00:32:24.160
 young lady

00:32:24.160 --> 00:32:26.140
 fresh out of college.

00:32:26.560 --> 00:32:27.420
 There she is.

00:32:28.020 --> 00:32:29.020
 With dreams

00:32:29.020 --> 00:32:29.900
 of balls

00:32:29.900 --> 00:32:30.780
 and bows,

00:32:31.240 --> 00:32:31.720
 dresses

00:32:31.720 --> 00:32:32.620
 and dances,

00:32:33.220 --> 00:32:33.940
 and eventual

00:32:33.940 --> 00:32:34.920
 marriage to a millionaire.

00:32:34.920 --> 00:32:37.100
 neither

00:32:37.100 --> 00:32:39.180
 would the expectation

00:32:39.180 --> 00:32:40.519
 generated by

00:32:40.519 --> 00:32:41.740
 the Scudder family

00:32:41.740 --> 00:32:42.580
 tradition

00:32:42.580 --> 00:32:43.800
 sway her.

00:32:44.759 --> 00:32:45.480
 What if

00:32:45.480 --> 00:32:47.039
 her grandfather,

00:32:47.259 --> 00:32:47.620
 John,

00:32:48.039 --> 00:32:49.100
 was America's

00:32:49.100 --> 00:32:50.560
 first foreign

00:32:50.560 --> 00:32:51.640
 medical missionary?

00:32:52.480 --> 00:32:53.400
 What if

00:32:53.400 --> 00:32:55.460
 all his sons

00:32:55.460 --> 00:32:56.060
 had followed

00:32:56.060 --> 00:32:56.860
 in his footsteps?

00:32:57.759 --> 00:32:58.580
 What if

00:32:58.580 --> 00:33:00.380
 all the other

00:33:00.380 --> 00:33:01.120
 grandchildren

00:33:01.120 --> 00:33:01.820
 were planning

00:33:01.820 --> 00:33:03.080
 on doing the same?

00:33:03.079 --> 00:33:04.839
 not

00:33:04.839 --> 00:33:06.439
 Ida Scudder.

00:33:07.039 --> 00:33:07.659
 She

00:33:07.659 --> 00:33:08.859
 would not

00:33:08.859 --> 00:33:09.519
 be forced

00:33:09.519 --> 00:33:10.259
 into the family

00:33:10.259 --> 00:33:10.679
 mold.

00:33:11.799 --> 00:33:12.740
 She had only

00:33:12.740 --> 00:33:14.319
 returned to India

00:33:14.319 --> 00:33:15.299
 to nurse

00:33:15.299 --> 00:33:16.399
 her ailing mother

00:33:16.399 --> 00:33:17.399
 back to health.

00:33:18.059 --> 00:33:18.519
 Then

00:33:18.519 --> 00:33:20.159
 it would be back

00:33:20.159 --> 00:33:21.679
 to the good life

00:33:21.679 --> 00:33:22.659
 in America.

00:33:23.460 --> 00:33:24.639
 That much

00:33:24.639 --> 00:33:25.819
 was certain.

00:33:27.139 --> 00:33:28.199
 Or so

00:33:28.199 --> 00:33:29.220
 she was quite

00:33:29.220 --> 00:33:29.819
 sure

00:33:29.819 --> 00:33:30.960
 until

00:33:30.960 --> 00:33:32.879
 all suddenly

00:33:32.879 --> 00:33:33.779
 changed

00:33:33.779 --> 00:33:35.039
 that one

00:33:35.039 --> 00:33:35.939
 terrible

00:33:35.939 --> 00:33:37.000
 night.

00:33:38.099 --> 00:33:38.919
 She was up

00:33:38.919 --> 00:33:39.159
 late

00:33:39.159 --> 00:33:40.319
 in her bungalow

00:33:40.319 --> 00:33:41.659
 when her

00:33:41.659 --> 00:33:42.259
 reading was

00:33:42.259 --> 00:33:42.899
 interrupted

00:33:42.899 --> 00:33:43.819
 by a knock.

00:33:44.859 --> 00:33:45.519
 It was a

00:33:45.519 --> 00:33:46.139
 high-class

00:33:46.139 --> 00:33:46.679
 Brahmin.

00:33:47.679 --> 00:33:48.139
 Amal,

00:33:48.599 --> 00:33:49.819
 I desperately

00:33:49.819 --> 00:33:50.720
 need your help.

00:33:51.299 --> 00:33:51.939
 My wife,

00:33:52.619 --> 00:33:53.339
 a young girl

00:33:53.339 --> 00:33:54.099
 of 14,

00:33:54.799 --> 00:33:55.480
 is dying

00:33:55.480 --> 00:33:56.299
 in childbirth.

00:33:56.299 --> 00:33:57.899
 Oh,

00:33:58.319 --> 00:33:58.839
 exclaimed

00:33:58.839 --> 00:33:59.180
 Ida

00:33:59.180 --> 00:34:00.220
 in swift

00:34:00.220 --> 00:34:00.599
 sympathy.

00:34:00.839 --> 00:34:01.359
 It's my

00:34:01.359 --> 00:34:02.119
 father you

00:34:02.119 --> 00:34:02.559
 want.

00:34:03.159 --> 00:34:03.720
 He's the

00:34:03.720 --> 00:34:04.180
 doctor.

00:34:04.899 --> 00:34:05.480
 He's right

00:34:05.480 --> 00:34:06.180
 next door.

00:34:06.440 --> 00:34:06.899
 I'll take

00:34:06.899 --> 00:34:07.480
 you to him.

00:34:08.259 --> 00:34:08.679
 What?

00:34:09.599 --> 00:34:10.259
 exclaimed

00:34:10.259 --> 00:34:10.860
 the Brahmin

00:34:10.860 --> 00:34:11.980
 in haughty

00:34:11.980 --> 00:34:12.659
 outrage.

00:34:13.300 --> 00:34:13.779
 Permit

00:34:13.779 --> 00:34:14.579
 a man

00:34:14.579 --> 00:34:15.119
 to look

00:34:15.119 --> 00:34:15.759
 upon my

00:34:15.759 --> 00:34:16.279
 wife.

00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:17.380
 It is

00:34:17.380 --> 00:34:17.759
 better

00:34:17.759 --> 00:34:18.219
 that she

00:34:18.219 --> 00:34:19.039
 should die.

00:34:20.519 --> 00:34:20.860
 Ida

00:34:20.860 --> 00:34:22.159
 was aghast.

00:34:22.159 --> 00:34:24.599
 There's

00:34:24.599 --> 00:34:25.079
 nothing you

00:34:25.079 --> 00:34:25.579
 can do,

00:34:26.079 --> 00:34:26.500
 explained

00:34:26.500 --> 00:34:27.039
 her father.

00:34:27.679 --> 00:34:28.199
 It's the

00:34:28.199 --> 00:34:28.639
 custom.

00:34:29.659 --> 00:34:30.079
 It would

00:34:30.079 --> 00:34:30.699
 violate

00:34:30.699 --> 00:34:31.420
 his caste

00:34:31.420 --> 00:34:31.899
 law.

00:34:33.739 --> 00:34:34.179
 Shaking,

00:34:35.039 --> 00:34:35.759
 she returned

00:34:35.759 --> 00:34:36.219
 to her

00:34:36.219 --> 00:34:36.599
 book.

00:34:38.039 --> 00:34:38.420
 Then,

00:34:38.960 --> 00:34:39.460
 again,

00:34:40.359 --> 00:34:40.719
 footsteps

00:34:40.719 --> 00:34:42.139
 sounded on

00:34:42.139 --> 00:34:42.719
 the veranda,

00:34:43.599 --> 00:34:44.319
 this time

00:34:44.319 --> 00:34:45.480
 a Mohammedan.

00:34:46.799 --> 00:34:47.519
 Salaam,

00:34:48.039 --> 00:34:48.339
 madam,

00:34:48.940 --> 00:34:49.399
 may Allah

00:34:49.399 --> 00:34:49.759
 give you

00:34:49.759 --> 00:34:50.219
 peace.

00:34:50.219 --> 00:34:51.779
 if you

00:34:51.779 --> 00:34:52.419
 could help

00:34:52.419 --> 00:34:52.679
 me.

00:34:53.480 --> 00:34:53.819
 It is

00:34:53.819 --> 00:34:54.439
 my wife.

00:34:55.159 --> 00:34:55.679
 The child

00:34:55.679 --> 00:34:56.099
 will not

00:34:56.099 --> 00:34:56.379
 come.

00:34:57.480 --> 00:34:58.159
 I am

00:34:58.159 --> 00:34:58.659
 afraid she

00:34:58.659 --> 00:34:59.199
 is dying.

00:35:00.819 --> 00:35:01.059
 Ida

00:35:01.059 --> 00:35:01.500
 gasped.

00:35:01.980 --> 00:35:02.619
 My father

00:35:02.619 --> 00:35:03.059
 will help.

00:35:03.299 --> 00:35:04.379
 He's...

00:35:04.379 --> 00:35:04.719
 Madam,

00:35:05.719 --> 00:35:06.500
 the voice

00:35:06.500 --> 00:35:07.539
 was apologetic

00:35:07.539 --> 00:35:08.519
 but firm.

00:35:09.259 --> 00:35:09.980
 You don't

00:35:09.980 --> 00:35:10.679
 understand our

00:35:10.679 --> 00:35:11.159
 ways.

00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:12.779
 Only men

00:35:12.779 --> 00:35:13.059
 of the

00:35:13.059 --> 00:35:13.459
 immediate

00:35:13.459 --> 00:35:14.079
 family

00:35:14.079 --> 00:35:15.419
 enter a

00:35:15.419 --> 00:35:15.779
 Muslim

00:35:15.779 --> 00:35:16.359
 woman's

00:35:16.359 --> 00:35:16.759
 room.

00:35:18.059 --> 00:35:18.659
 It is

00:35:18.659 --> 00:35:19.079
 you,

00:35:19.079 --> 00:35:20.599
 a woman

00:35:20.599 --> 00:35:21.480
 whose

00:35:21.480 --> 00:35:21.900
 help I

00:35:21.900 --> 00:35:22.219
 seek,

00:35:22.759 --> 00:35:23.279
 not a

00:35:23.279 --> 00:35:23.860
 man's.

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:25.840
 But I

00:35:25.840 --> 00:35:26.599
 can't

00:35:26.599 --> 00:35:26.980
 help,

00:35:27.500 --> 00:35:27.880
 sputtered

00:35:27.880 --> 00:35:28.059
 Ida.

00:35:28.299 --> 00:35:29.239
 I'm not

00:35:29.239 --> 00:35:29.679
 even a

00:35:29.679 --> 00:35:30.199
 nurse.

00:35:31.460 --> 00:35:32.299
 Then my

00:35:32.299 --> 00:35:33.019
 wife must

00:35:33.019 --> 00:35:33.519
 die,

00:35:34.400 --> 00:35:35.019
 returned the

00:35:35.019 --> 00:35:35.619
 Muslim in

00:35:35.619 --> 00:35:35.980
 stalled

00:35:35.980 --> 00:35:36.719
 resignation.

00:35:37.679 --> 00:35:38.099
 It is

00:35:38.099 --> 00:35:38.440
 the will

00:35:38.440 --> 00:35:38.920
 of Allah.

00:35:41.000 --> 00:35:41.440
 Ida

00:35:41.440 --> 00:35:41.920
 was left

00:35:41.920 --> 00:35:42.259
 with her

00:35:42.259 --> 00:35:43.299
 book but

00:35:43.299 --> 00:35:43.779
 could not

00:35:43.779 --> 00:35:44.179
 read.

00:35:45.179 --> 00:35:45.759
 She lay

00:35:45.759 --> 00:35:46.299
 awake on

00:35:46.299 --> 00:35:46.759
 her bed.

00:35:46.760 --> 00:35:48.280
 It was

00:35:48.280 --> 00:35:49.980
 then the

00:35:49.980 --> 00:35:50.400
 third

00:35:50.400 --> 00:35:51.480
 knock

00:35:51.480 --> 00:35:52.400
 came.

00:35:53.440 --> 00:35:54.300
 To her

00:35:54.300 --> 00:35:54.660
 horror,

00:35:55.540 --> 00:35:56.060
 another

00:35:56.060 --> 00:35:57.480
 with the

00:35:57.480 --> 00:35:58.180
 same

00:35:58.180 --> 00:35:58.900
 plea.

00:35:59.560 --> 00:36:00.440
 He too

00:36:00.440 --> 00:36:01.200
 had a

00:36:01.200 --> 00:36:01.760
 young wife

00:36:01.760 --> 00:36:02.380
 dying in

00:36:02.380 --> 00:36:02.680
 labor.

00:36:03.320 --> 00:36:03.840
 Would I

00:36:03.840 --> 00:36:04.320
 to come?

00:36:05.580 --> 00:36:06.300
 Don't you

00:36:06.300 --> 00:36:07.260
 understand?

00:36:07.800 --> 00:36:08.440
 There is

00:36:08.440 --> 00:36:09.400
 nothing I

00:36:09.400 --> 00:36:10.060
 can do.

00:36:10.059 --> 00:36:12.940
 I could

00:36:12.940 --> 00:36:13.519
 not sleep

00:36:13.519 --> 00:36:14.119
 that night.

00:36:14.659 --> 00:36:15.320
 It was

00:36:15.320 --> 00:36:16.039
 too terrible,

00:36:16.739 --> 00:36:16.940
 Ida

00:36:16.940 --> 00:36:17.699
 later recalled.

00:36:18.619 --> 00:36:19.259
 Here

00:36:19.259 --> 00:36:20.279
 were three

00:36:20.279 --> 00:36:21.699
 young girls

00:36:21.699 --> 00:36:22.799
 dying

00:36:22.799 --> 00:36:24.679
 because

00:36:24.679 --> 00:36:26.159
 there was

00:36:26.159 --> 00:36:26.759
 no woman

00:36:26.759 --> 00:36:27.299
 to help

00:36:27.299 --> 00:36:27.539
 them.

00:36:28.599 --> 00:36:29.099
 I spent

00:36:29.099 --> 00:36:29.460
 the night

00:36:29.460 --> 00:36:30.059
 in anguish

00:36:30.059 --> 00:36:30.559
 and prayer.

00:36:31.659 --> 00:36:32.400
 I think

00:36:32.400 --> 00:36:33.219
 that it

00:36:33.219 --> 00:36:33.679
 was the

00:36:33.679 --> 00:36:34.440
 first time

00:36:34.440 --> 00:36:34.980
 I ever

00:36:34.980 --> 00:36:35.759
 met God

00:36:35.759 --> 00:36:36.739
 face to

00:36:36.739 --> 00:36:37.199
 face.

00:36:37.199 --> 00:36:39.659
 with the

00:36:39.659 --> 00:36:40.619
 first light

00:36:40.619 --> 00:36:41.339
 came the

00:36:41.339 --> 00:36:41.819
 beating of

00:36:41.819 --> 00:36:42.259
 the tom

00:36:42.259 --> 00:36:42.819
 toms,

00:36:43.480 --> 00:36:43.960
 the death

00:36:43.960 --> 00:36:44.739
 message.

00:36:45.460 --> 00:36:46.039
 For all

00:36:46.039 --> 00:36:46.960
 three girls

00:36:46.960 --> 00:36:47.899
 had died

00:36:47.899 --> 00:36:48.539
 that night.

00:36:50.539 --> 00:36:50.699
 Ida

00:36:50.699 --> 00:36:51.239
 remained in

00:36:51.239 --> 00:36:51.659
 a room

00:36:51.659 --> 00:36:52.139
 wrestling

00:36:52.139 --> 00:36:52.819
 with God.

00:36:53.719 --> 00:36:54.139
 When she

00:36:54.139 --> 00:36:55.079
 finally emerged,

00:36:55.399 --> 00:36:55.919
 she found

00:36:55.919 --> 00:36:56.379
 her father

00:36:56.379 --> 00:36:56.859
 and mother

00:36:56.859 --> 00:36:57.639
 and resolutely

00:36:57.639 --> 00:36:58.259
 announced,

00:36:58.260 --> 00:37:00.920
 I'm going

00:37:00.920 --> 00:37:01.520
 to America

00:37:01.520 --> 00:37:02.820
 to study

00:37:02.820 --> 00:37:03.200
 to be a

00:37:03.200 --> 00:37:03.500
 doctor

00:37:03.500 --> 00:37:05.320
 so I

00:37:05.320 --> 00:37:05.660
 can come

00:37:05.660 --> 00:37:06.220
 back here

00:37:06.220 --> 00:37:07.280
 and help

00:37:07.280 --> 00:37:08.000
 the women

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:08.440
 of India.

00:37:09.720 --> 00:37:10.600
 And that's

00:37:10.600 --> 00:37:11.140
 just what

00:37:11.140 --> 00:37:11.580
 she did.

00:37:13.300 --> 00:37:13.640
 Cornell

00:37:13.640 --> 00:37:14.460
 Medical

00:37:14.460 --> 00:37:15.040
 College

00:37:15.040 --> 00:37:22.220
 had just

00:37:22.220 --> 00:37:23.100
 opened its

00:37:23.100 --> 00:37:24.000
 doors to

00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:24.280
 women.

00:37:24.280 --> 00:37:26.240
 and Ida

00:37:26.240 --> 00:37:27.000
 was among

00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:27.700
 the first

00:37:27.700 --> 00:37:28.480
 of its

00:37:28.480 --> 00:37:28.940
 graduating

00:37:28.940 --> 00:37:29.560
 class,

00:37:29.920 --> 00:37:30.519
 the class

00:37:30.519 --> 00:37:32.019
 of 1899.

00:37:33.280 --> 00:37:33.940
 The Cornell

00:37:33.940 --> 00:37:34.540
 Quarterly

00:37:34.540 --> 00:37:35.560
 tells us

00:37:35.560 --> 00:37:36.080
 that when

00:37:36.080 --> 00:37:36.480
 the women

00:37:36.480 --> 00:37:37.080
 entered the

00:37:37.080 --> 00:37:37.700
 class or

00:37:37.700 --> 00:37:38.260
 the operating

00:37:38.260 --> 00:37:38.700
 theater,

00:37:39.160 --> 00:37:39.480
 the men

00:37:39.480 --> 00:37:40.140
 students would

00:37:40.140 --> 00:37:40.900
 stamp their

00:37:40.900 --> 00:37:41.460
 feet and

00:37:41.460 --> 00:37:42.080
 blow kisses.

00:37:42.780 --> 00:37:43.380
 I suppose

00:37:43.380 --> 00:37:44.000
 some things

00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:44.780
 never change.

00:37:46.460 --> 00:37:47.540
 And that

00:37:47.540 --> 00:37:48.080
 was not

00:37:48.080 --> 00:37:48.640
 the only

00:37:48.640 --> 00:37:49.180
 thing that

00:37:49.180 --> 00:37:49.580
 the men

00:37:49.580 --> 00:37:50.180
 did to

00:37:50.180 --> 00:37:50.680
 harry

00:37:50.680 --> 00:37:51.640
 the poor

00:37:51.640 --> 00:37:51.940
 women.

00:37:53.019 --> 00:37:53.560
 Ida

00:37:53.560 --> 00:37:54.160
 received

00:37:54.159 --> 00:37:54.440
 a

00:37:54.440 --> 00:37:54.859
 marriage

00:37:54.859 --> 00:37:55.480
 proposal

00:37:55.480 --> 00:37:56.359
 just

00:37:56.359 --> 00:37:57.099
 before

00:37:57.099 --> 00:37:57.539
 she had

00:37:57.539 --> 00:37:57.899
 to take

00:37:57.899 --> 00:37:58.500
 her final

00:37:58.500 --> 00:37:59.099
 round of

00:37:59.099 --> 00:37:59.599
 exams.

00:38:00.799 --> 00:38:01.859
 She passed

00:38:01.859 --> 00:38:02.420
 the exams

00:38:02.420 --> 00:38:03.239
 and she

00:38:03.239 --> 00:38:03.899
 passed on

00:38:03.899 --> 00:38:04.460
 the proposal.

00:38:05.579 --> 00:38:06.259
 As for

00:38:06.259 --> 00:38:06.899
 her residency,

00:38:07.799 --> 00:38:08.719
 she determined

00:38:08.719 --> 00:38:09.719
 to fulfill it

00:38:09.719 --> 00:38:10.259
 under her

00:38:10.259 --> 00:38:10.679
 father.

00:38:11.199 --> 00:38:12.039
 Who better

00:38:12.039 --> 00:38:13.019
 to prepare

00:38:13.019 --> 00:38:13.899
 her for

00:38:13.899 --> 00:38:14.599
 the peculiar

00:38:14.599 --> 00:38:15.519
 challenges

00:38:15.519 --> 00:38:16.579
 India would

00:38:16.579 --> 00:38:17.019
 afford?

00:38:18.339 --> 00:38:19.440
 One week

00:38:19.440 --> 00:38:20.139
 away from

00:38:20.139 --> 00:38:20.559
 sailing,

00:38:20.899 --> 00:38:21.299
 it was

00:38:21.299 --> 00:38:21.879
 suggested

00:38:21.879 --> 00:38:22.940
 she ought

00:38:22.940 --> 00:38:23.559
 to raise

00:38:23.559 --> 00:38:25.000
 $8,000

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:26.200
 to build

00:38:26.200 --> 00:38:26.820
 a women's

00:38:26.820 --> 00:38:27.340
 hospital

00:38:27.340 --> 00:38:27.960
 in India.

00:38:28.800 --> 00:38:29.980
 Not a

00:38:29.980 --> 00:38:30.380
 lot of

00:38:30.380 --> 00:38:31.079
 time,

00:38:31.500 --> 00:38:32.099
 but she

00:38:32.099 --> 00:38:32.900
 threw herself

00:38:32.900 --> 00:38:33.300
 into the

00:38:33.300 --> 00:38:33.780
 task,

00:38:34.539 --> 00:38:35.179
 calling on

00:38:35.179 --> 00:38:36.659
 anyone she

00:38:36.659 --> 00:38:37.139
 could think

00:38:37.139 --> 00:38:37.480
 of.

00:38:38.519 --> 00:38:38.960
 But

00:38:38.960 --> 00:38:40.039
 dollars

00:38:40.039 --> 00:38:41.099
 came in

00:38:41.099 --> 00:38:41.760
 at a

00:38:41.760 --> 00:38:42.300
 trickle,

00:38:43.019 --> 00:38:43.760
 an ounce

00:38:43.760 --> 00:38:44.659
 of water

00:38:44.659 --> 00:38:45.639
 to quench

00:38:45.639 --> 00:38:46.579
 an elephant's

00:38:46.579 --> 00:38:47.139
 thirst,

00:38:47.679 --> 00:38:48.400
 as she put

00:38:48.400 --> 00:38:48.599
 it.

00:38:50.160 --> 00:38:50.559
 Hopes

00:38:50.559 --> 00:38:51.440
 were pinned

00:38:51.440 --> 00:38:53.320
 on one

00:38:53.320 --> 00:38:54.440
 final interview

00:38:54.440 --> 00:38:55.480
 where Ida

00:38:55.480 --> 00:38:56.519
 poured out

00:38:56.519 --> 00:38:57.180
 her heart

00:38:57.180 --> 00:38:58.139
 and told

00:38:58.139 --> 00:38:58.840
 of that

00:38:58.840 --> 00:38:59.559
 terrible

00:38:59.559 --> 00:39:00.139
 night

00:39:00.139 --> 00:39:01.000
 of the

00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:01.340
 three

00:39:01.340 --> 00:39:01.920
 knocks.

00:39:02.920 --> 00:39:03.559
 Yet no

00:39:03.559 --> 00:39:04.000
 commitment

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:04.519
 came,

00:39:05.639 --> 00:39:06.280
 and it

00:39:06.280 --> 00:39:07.019
 seemed there

00:39:07.019 --> 00:39:07.720
 would be no

00:39:07.720 --> 00:39:08.180
 women's

00:39:08.180 --> 00:39:08.639
 hospital.

00:39:09.400 --> 00:39:09.880
 But,

00:39:10.220 --> 00:39:11.619
 by chance,

00:39:12.240 --> 00:39:13.000
 there sat

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:13.440
 in an

00:39:13.440 --> 00:39:14.019
 adjacent

00:39:14.019 --> 00:39:15.720
 room a

00:39:15.720 --> 00:39:16.380
 man who

00:39:16.380 --> 00:39:17.519
 overheard

00:39:17.519 --> 00:39:18.099
 Ida's

00:39:18.099 --> 00:39:18.480
 plea.

00:39:19.280 --> 00:39:19.680
 Much

00:39:19.680 --> 00:39:20.140
 moved,

00:39:20.519 --> 00:39:20.820
 the man

00:39:20.820 --> 00:39:21.500
 came forward.

00:39:22.619 --> 00:39:23.200
 Name

00:39:23.200 --> 00:39:24.360
 the hospital

00:39:24.360 --> 00:39:25.619
 in memory

00:39:25.619 --> 00:39:26.059
 of my

00:39:26.059 --> 00:39:26.380
 beloved

00:39:26.380 --> 00:39:26.900
 wife,

00:39:27.059 --> 00:39:27.400
 Mary

00:39:27.400 --> 00:39:27.940
 Tabor

00:39:27.940 --> 00:39:28.300
 Schell,

00:39:28.720 --> 00:39:29.099
 said the

00:39:29.099 --> 00:39:29.480
 stranger,

00:39:29.820 --> 00:39:30.599
 and handed

00:39:30.599 --> 00:39:31.019
 her a

00:39:31.019 --> 00:39:32.099
 check for

00:39:32.099 --> 00:39:34.400
 $10,000.

00:39:36.559 --> 00:39:37.360
 Ida

00:39:37.360 --> 00:39:37.840
 had her

00:39:37.840 --> 00:39:38.300
 hospital,

00:39:39.099 --> 00:39:39.640
 but there

00:39:39.640 --> 00:39:40.160
 was one

00:39:40.160 --> 00:39:40.900
 more thing

00:39:40.900 --> 00:39:41.900
 she would

00:39:41.900 --> 00:39:42.460
 not leave

00:39:42.460 --> 00:39:43.320
 for India

00:39:43.320 --> 00:39:43.920
 without.

00:39:44.539 --> 00:39:45.200
 A woman

00:39:45.200 --> 00:39:46.039
 evangelist

00:39:46.039 --> 00:39:46.659
 who could

00:39:46.659 --> 00:39:47.460
 labor with

00:39:47.460 --> 00:39:48.259
 her to

00:39:48.259 --> 00:39:48.519
 bring

00:39:48.519 --> 00:39:49.719
 gospel to

00:39:49.719 --> 00:39:50.119
 the women

00:39:50.119 --> 00:39:50.719
 within the

00:39:50.719 --> 00:39:51.119
 dark,

00:39:51.340 --> 00:39:51.759
 secluding

00:39:51.759 --> 00:39:52.500
 walls.

00:39:53.599 --> 00:39:54.000
 November

00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:54.779
 22nd,

00:39:54.840 --> 00:39:55.719
 1899,

00:39:56.259 --> 00:39:57.239
 Ida set

00:39:57.239 --> 00:39:57.619
 sail.

00:39:58.059 --> 00:39:58.599
 With her

00:39:58.599 --> 00:39:59.460
 was her

00:39:59.460 --> 00:39:59.920
 girlhood

00:39:59.920 --> 00:40:00.360
 friend,

00:40:00.480 --> 00:40:00.759
 Annie

00:40:00.759 --> 00:40:01.420
 Hancock,

00:40:01.679 --> 00:40:02.159
 to labor

00:40:02.159 --> 00:40:03.039
 at her

00:40:03.039 --> 00:40:04.079
 side as

00:40:04.079 --> 00:40:04.860
 an evangelist.

00:40:05.639 --> 00:40:06.619
 It was

00:40:06.619 --> 00:40:07.619
 a challenging

00:40:07.619 --> 00:40:08.360
 start.

00:40:09.239 --> 00:40:09.360
 Her

00:40:09.360 --> 00:40:09.960
 father,

00:40:10.440 --> 00:40:11.059
 from whom

00:40:11.059 --> 00:40:11.980
 she expected

00:40:11.980 --> 00:40:12.759
 to receive

00:40:12.759 --> 00:40:13.619
 her residency,

00:40:14.400 --> 00:40:15.779
 died just

00:40:15.780 --> 00:40:17.160
 months after

00:40:17.160 --> 00:40:18.019
 her return.

00:40:18.780 --> 00:40:19.780
 Her first

00:40:19.780 --> 00:40:20.500
 patient,

00:40:21.060 --> 00:40:22.000
 so far

00:40:22.000 --> 00:40:23.140
 gone by

00:40:23.140 --> 00:40:23.560
 the time

00:40:23.560 --> 00:40:24.000
 she was

00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:24.360
 summoned,

00:40:25.280 --> 00:40:25.720
 died,

00:40:26.300 --> 00:40:27.200
 as did

00:40:27.200 --> 00:40:28.220
 the next.

00:40:29.300 --> 00:40:30.120
 Scarcely a

00:40:30.120 --> 00:40:31.040
 good commendation

00:40:31.040 --> 00:40:31.720
 for her medical

00:40:31.720 --> 00:40:32.840
 skills for the

00:40:32.840 --> 00:40:33.180
 locals.

00:40:34.480 --> 00:40:35.180
 But finally,

00:40:35.680 --> 00:40:36.360
 after a

00:40:36.360 --> 00:40:37.060
 successful

00:40:37.060 --> 00:40:38.200
 conjunctivitis

00:40:38.200 --> 00:40:38.920
 case,

00:40:39.680 --> 00:40:40.780
 her miraculous

00:40:40.780 --> 00:40:41.980
 healing powers

00:40:41.980 --> 00:40:43.160
 were proclaimed.

00:40:43.159 --> 00:40:44.299
 and the

00:40:44.299 --> 00:40:45.339
 veranda of

00:40:45.339 --> 00:40:46.440
 her 8-by-10-foot

00:40:46.440 --> 00:40:46.879
 room,

00:40:47.039 --> 00:40:47.500
 which served

00:40:47.500 --> 00:40:47.899
 as her

00:40:47.899 --> 00:40:48.679
 dispensary,

00:40:49.179 --> 00:40:50.399
 was thronged

00:40:50.399 --> 00:40:51.579
 from dawn

00:40:51.579 --> 00:40:52.719
 to dusk.

00:40:53.920 --> 00:40:54.839
 One day,

00:40:55.259 --> 00:40:55.719
 a mother

00:40:55.719 --> 00:40:56.379
 came in,

00:40:56.460 --> 00:40:57.579
 too terrified

00:40:57.579 --> 00:40:58.259
 to hold

00:40:58.259 --> 00:40:59.039
 her diseased

00:40:59.039 --> 00:40:59.480
 baby.

00:41:00.679 --> 00:41:01.259
 Ida called

00:41:01.259 --> 00:41:02.399
 upon Salome,

00:41:02.960 --> 00:41:03.859
 the cook.

00:41:05.299 --> 00:41:05.679
 Salome

00:41:05.679 --> 00:41:06.279
 appeared,

00:41:06.819 --> 00:41:07.339
 sporting

00:41:07.339 --> 00:41:08.539
 spotless

00:41:08.539 --> 00:41:09.639
 hands and

00:41:09.639 --> 00:41:10.299
 a smile

00:41:10.300 --> 00:41:11.840
 of unmistakable

00:41:11.840 --> 00:41:12.420
 eagerness.

00:41:13.200 --> 00:41:13.420
 See,

00:41:13.539 --> 00:41:13.880
 Missy?

00:41:14.500 --> 00:41:15.019
 Scrubbed

00:41:15.019 --> 00:41:15.620
 with soap.

00:41:16.180 --> 00:41:16.660
 Don't have

00:41:16.660 --> 00:41:17.080
 to tell

00:41:17.080 --> 00:41:17.519
 Salome.

00:41:18.560 --> 00:41:19.440
 She held

00:41:19.440 --> 00:41:19.840
 the baby

00:41:19.840 --> 00:41:20.560
 firmly,

00:41:20.980 --> 00:41:21.660
 but gently.

00:41:22.460 --> 00:41:22.860
 Then,

00:41:23.080 --> 00:41:23.620
 while Ida

00:41:23.620 --> 00:41:24.140
 attended to

00:41:24.140 --> 00:41:24.500
 the mother,

00:41:25.120 --> 00:41:25.480
 Salome

00:41:25.480 --> 00:41:26.560
 turned to

00:41:26.560 --> 00:41:26.940
 the next

00:41:26.940 --> 00:41:27.400
 patient.

00:41:28.840 --> 00:41:29.340
 Parvati

00:41:29.340 --> 00:41:30.420
 wishes more

00:41:30.420 --> 00:41:31.240
 medicine for

00:41:31.240 --> 00:41:31.880
 her baby's

00:41:31.880 --> 00:41:32.760
 sore eyes.

00:41:33.300 --> 00:41:33.660
 Shall I

00:41:33.660 --> 00:41:33.900
 give her

00:41:33.900 --> 00:41:34.280
 some of

00:41:34.280 --> 00:41:35.100
 this?

00:41:35.840 --> 00:41:36.539
 Pointing to

00:41:36.539 --> 00:41:37.000
 the bottle

00:41:37.000 --> 00:41:37.720
 of boric

00:41:37.720 --> 00:41:38.800
 acid solution.

00:41:38.800 --> 00:41:40.680
 Why,

00:41:41.320 --> 00:41:41.920
 yes,

00:41:42.519 --> 00:41:43.000
 Salome,

00:41:43.240 --> 00:41:44.380
 but how

00:41:44.380 --> 00:41:44.700
 did you

00:41:44.700 --> 00:41:45.019
 know?

00:41:45.600 --> 00:41:46.480
 I know.

00:41:47.039 --> 00:41:47.660
 I have

00:41:47.660 --> 00:41:48.280
 been watching

00:41:48.280 --> 00:41:48.740
 Missy.

00:41:50.220 --> 00:41:50.660
 Ida's

00:41:50.660 --> 00:41:51.420
 eyes lit

00:41:51.420 --> 00:41:51.720
 up.

00:41:52.060 --> 00:41:52.800
 Yes,

00:41:53.280 --> 00:41:54.420
 of course,

00:41:54.940 --> 00:41:55.760
 I will

00:41:55.760 --> 00:41:56.600
 start a

00:41:56.600 --> 00:41:57.480
 nursing school

00:41:57.480 --> 00:41:59.320
 and Salome

00:41:59.320 --> 00:42:00.539
 will be

00:42:00.539 --> 00:42:01.100
 the first

00:42:01.100 --> 00:42:01.519
 pupil.

00:42:02.400 --> 00:42:02.760
 And so

00:42:02.760 --> 00:42:03.320
 it was.

00:42:06.340 --> 00:42:07.080
 There's

00:42:07.080 --> 00:42:07.420
 an old

00:42:07.420 --> 00:42:08.140
 photo of

00:42:08.139 --> 00:42:08.920
 the first

00:42:08.920 --> 00:42:10.339
 nurses she

00:42:10.339 --> 00:42:10.779
 had in

00:42:10.779 --> 00:42:11.259
 her school.

00:42:13.539 --> 00:42:13.859
 Am I

00:42:13.859 --> 00:42:14.179
 right in

00:42:14.179 --> 00:42:14.379
 front of

00:42:14.379 --> 00:42:14.659
 this?

00:42:14.859 --> 00:42:15.199
 This is

00:42:15.199 --> 00:42:15.920
 being seen

00:42:15.920 --> 00:42:16.339
 at all.

00:42:19.199 --> 00:42:19.679
 Okay,

00:42:19.960 --> 00:42:20.279
 okay.

00:42:20.879 --> 00:42:21.519
 Don't want

00:42:21.519 --> 00:42:21.719
 you to

00:42:21.719 --> 00:42:22.079
 miss the

00:42:22.079 --> 00:42:22.440
 pictures.

00:42:26.239 --> 00:42:27.599
 But soon,

00:42:27.819 --> 00:42:28.259
 Dr.

00:42:28.259 --> 00:42:29.879
 Ida had

00:42:29.879 --> 00:42:30.719
 set her

00:42:30.719 --> 00:42:31.379
 sights

00:42:31.379 --> 00:42:32.440
 higher.

00:42:32.440 --> 00:42:34.579
 If she

00:42:34.579 --> 00:42:35.320
 could train

00:42:35.320 --> 00:42:36.320
 nurses,

00:42:37.099 --> 00:42:38.519
 why not

00:42:38.519 --> 00:42:39.659
 doctors?

00:42:40.780 --> 00:42:42.220
 The inspiration

00:42:42.220 --> 00:42:43.200
 met with

00:42:43.200 --> 00:42:44.400
 incredulity

00:42:44.400 --> 00:42:45.280
 all around.

00:42:46.720 --> 00:42:47.059
 Indian

00:42:47.059 --> 00:42:47.679
 women

00:42:47.679 --> 00:42:48.960
 become

00:42:48.960 --> 00:42:49.760
 doctors

00:42:49.760 --> 00:42:51.500
 and compete

00:42:51.500 --> 00:42:52.579
 against men

00:42:52.579 --> 00:42:53.940
 from India's

00:42:53.940 --> 00:42:54.820
 seven medical

00:42:54.820 --> 00:42:55.420
 schools?

00:42:55.420 --> 00:42:55.480
 girls?

00:42:56.700 --> 00:42:57.780
 But you

00:42:57.780 --> 00:42:59.220
 scarcely had

00:42:59.220 --> 00:42:59.559
 to be

00:42:59.559 --> 00:43:00.480
 sexist to

00:43:00.480 --> 00:43:00.980
 think the

00:43:00.980 --> 00:43:01.619
 situation

00:43:01.619 --> 00:43:02.579
 implausible.

00:43:03.480 --> 00:43:04.579
 With Dr.

00:43:04.700 --> 00:43:05.320
 Ida, the

00:43:05.320 --> 00:43:05.900
 sole

00:43:05.900 --> 00:43:06.599
 instructor

00:43:06.599 --> 00:43:07.220
 at a

00:43:07.220 --> 00:43:08.180
 school

00:43:08.180 --> 00:43:09.380
 that possessed

00:43:09.380 --> 00:43:10.460
 only two

00:43:10.460 --> 00:43:11.180
 books,

00:43:11.680 --> 00:43:12.079
 one

00:43:12.079 --> 00:43:12.740
 microscope

00:43:12.740 --> 00:43:13.960
 and one

00:43:13.960 --> 00:43:14.599
 skeleton?

00:43:18.019 --> 00:43:19.039
 There she

00:43:19.039 --> 00:43:19.380
 goes,

00:43:19.480 --> 00:43:20.019
 training them.

00:43:20.019 --> 00:43:24.900
 But Ida

00:43:24.900 --> 00:43:25.320
 was

00:43:25.320 --> 00:43:26.219
 indomitable.

00:43:27.400 --> 00:43:27.900
 She didn't

00:43:27.900 --> 00:43:28.360
 cut her

00:43:28.360 --> 00:43:29.119
 clinics,

00:43:29.420 --> 00:43:29.860
 there she

00:43:29.860 --> 00:43:30.079
 is,

00:43:30.139 --> 00:43:30.460
 some of

00:43:30.460 --> 00:43:30.599
 her

00:43:30.599 --> 00:43:30.980
 clinics,

00:43:31.500 --> 00:43:32.219
 or her

00:43:32.219 --> 00:43:33.340
 roadside

00:43:33.340 --> 00:43:34.500
 peripatetic

00:43:34.500 --> 00:43:35.259
 dispensary.

00:43:35.679 --> 00:43:36.099
 She'd have

00:43:36.099 --> 00:43:36.739
 this ox

00:43:36.739 --> 00:43:37.019
 cart,

00:43:37.139 --> 00:43:37.400
 well here

00:43:37.400 --> 00:43:37.840
 it is,

00:43:38.659 --> 00:43:39.380
 this ox

00:43:39.380 --> 00:43:39.820
 cart that

00:43:39.820 --> 00:43:40.099
 would go

00:43:40.099 --> 00:43:40.599
 around into

00:43:40.599 --> 00:43:41.320
 the countryside

00:43:41.320 --> 00:43:42.280
 where she

00:43:42.280 --> 00:43:43.019
 would bring

00:43:43.019 --> 00:43:43.920
 her medical

00:43:43.920 --> 00:43:44.940
 expertise and

00:43:44.940 --> 00:43:45.980
 aid to

00:43:45.980 --> 00:43:46.659
 the locals.

00:43:46.920 --> 00:43:47.380
 So kind

00:43:47.380 --> 00:43:47.599
 of a

00:43:47.599 --> 00:43:48.179
 traveling

00:43:48.179 --> 00:43:49.039
 dispensary.

00:43:49.039 --> 00:43:49.800
 that she

00:43:49.800 --> 00:43:50.840
 is there.

00:43:51.960 --> 00:43:52.599
 She's

00:43:52.599 --> 00:43:53.480
 the one

00:43:53.480 --> 00:43:54.019
 in her

00:43:54.019 --> 00:43:55.059
 clear medical

00:43:55.059 --> 00:43:55.699
 garb of

00:43:55.699 --> 00:43:56.179
 the time.

00:43:59.779 --> 00:44:00.440
 No,

00:44:00.539 --> 00:44:01.159
 she continued

00:44:01.159 --> 00:44:01.659
 all those

00:44:01.659 --> 00:44:02.079
 things,

00:44:02.440 --> 00:44:03.440
 but added

00:44:03.440 --> 00:44:04.960
 teaching the

00:44:04.960 --> 00:44:06.259
 entire medical

00:44:06.259 --> 00:44:07.539
 school curriculum

00:44:07.539 --> 00:44:08.539
 to her

00:44:08.539 --> 00:44:10.239
 14 lambs,

00:44:10.719 --> 00:44:11.099
 as she

00:44:11.099 --> 00:44:11.559
 called them.

00:44:13.880 --> 00:44:14.599
 Widespread

00:44:14.599 --> 00:44:16.360
 prediction was

00:44:16.360 --> 00:44:17.039
 that not

00:44:17.039 --> 00:44:18.199
 one of her

00:44:18.199 --> 00:44:18.800
 girls,

00:44:19.039 --> 00:44:19.840
 would pass

00:44:19.840 --> 00:44:20.440
 their board

00:44:20.440 --> 00:44:21.059
 exams.

00:44:22.279 --> 00:44:23.179
 As the

00:44:23.179 --> 00:44:23.980
 results were

00:44:23.980 --> 00:44:24.500
 announced,

00:44:25.279 --> 00:44:25.860
 stress

00:44:25.860 --> 00:44:26.480
 mounted,

00:44:27.219 --> 00:44:28.739
 for 80%

00:44:28.739 --> 00:44:29.519
 of the

00:44:29.519 --> 00:44:30.519
 men across

00:44:30.519 --> 00:44:31.159
 India had

00:44:31.159 --> 00:44:31.539
 failed.

00:44:32.699 --> 00:44:33.579
 The women's

00:44:33.579 --> 00:44:34.179
 scores were

00:44:34.179 --> 00:44:35.099
 revealed last.

00:44:36.219 --> 00:44:37.159
 Every one

00:44:37.159 --> 00:44:37.579
 of them

00:44:37.579 --> 00:44:38.659
 had passed,

00:44:39.059 --> 00:44:39.960
 and several

00:44:39.960 --> 00:44:40.420
 of them

00:44:40.420 --> 00:44:41.759
 in the top

00:44:41.759 --> 00:44:42.360
 rank,

00:44:43.420 --> 00:44:44.639
 placing Ida's

00:44:44.639 --> 00:44:45.380
 Women's

00:44:45.380 --> 00:44:46.340
 Medical College

00:44:46.340 --> 00:44:47.180
 at the

00:44:47.180 --> 00:44:47.620
 head of

00:44:47.620 --> 00:44:48.160
 all the

00:44:48.160 --> 00:44:48.460
 medical

00:44:48.460 --> 00:44:48.980
 schools

00:44:48.980 --> 00:44:49.539
 of India.

00:44:53.140 --> 00:44:56.140
 There are

00:44:56.140 --> 00:44:56.559
 some of the

00:44:56.559 --> 00:44:57.079
 first women

00:44:57.079 --> 00:44:57.660
 graduates.

00:45:01.660 --> 00:45:02.640
 Teaching the

00:45:02.640 --> 00:45:04.059
 girls is

00:45:04.059 --> 00:45:05.160
 no headache

00:45:05.160 --> 00:45:06.000
 in comparison

00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:06.720
 to feeding

00:45:06.720 --> 00:45:07.079
 them,

00:45:07.079 --> 00:45:07.699
 joked

00:45:07.699 --> 00:45:08.059
 Ida.

00:45:08.059 --> 00:45:09.099
 For with

00:45:09.099 --> 00:45:09.799
 Christian,

00:45:10.360 --> 00:45:10.840
 Hindu,

00:45:11.199 --> 00:45:11.299
 and

00:45:11.299 --> 00:45:11.840
 Mohammedan

00:45:11.840 --> 00:45:12.380
 students,

00:45:12.719 --> 00:45:13.440
 many with

00:45:13.440 --> 00:45:14.739
 caste or

00:45:14.739 --> 00:45:15.420
 religious

00:45:15.420 --> 00:45:16.099
 culinary

00:45:16.099 --> 00:45:16.920
 obligations,

00:45:17.380 --> 00:45:17.900
 there was

00:45:17.900 --> 00:45:18.819
 no simple

00:45:18.819 --> 00:45:19.940
 ladling out

00:45:19.940 --> 00:45:20.360
 of the

00:45:20.360 --> 00:45:21.019
 same pot

00:45:21.019 --> 00:45:21.699
 of stew.

00:45:22.960 --> 00:45:23.519
 Finally,

00:45:23.659 --> 00:45:24.099
 she divided

00:45:24.099 --> 00:45:24.420
 them into

00:45:24.420 --> 00:45:25.099
 three menu

00:45:25.099 --> 00:45:25.559
 groups,

00:45:26.199 --> 00:45:26.960
 vegetarians,

00:45:27.699 --> 00:45:28.980
 meatarians,

00:45:29.539 --> 00:45:29.699
 and

00:45:29.699 --> 00:45:30.400
 agarians,

00:45:30.639 --> 00:45:31.059
 she called

00:45:31.059 --> 00:45:31.239
 them.

00:45:31.239 --> 00:45:33.959
 A great

00:45:33.959 --> 00:45:34.459
 day of

00:45:34.459 --> 00:45:35.139
 rejoicing

00:45:35.139 --> 00:45:36.959
 was the

00:45:36.959 --> 00:45:38.179
 long-awaited

00:45:38.179 --> 00:45:39.599
 opening of

00:45:39.599 --> 00:45:40.059
 the Mary

00:45:40.059 --> 00:45:40.500
 Tabor

00:45:40.500 --> 00:45:40.959
 Shell

00:45:40.959 --> 00:45:41.599
 Memorial

00:45:41.599 --> 00:45:42.339
 Hospital.

00:45:45.079 --> 00:45:46.079
 There it

00:45:46.079 --> 00:45:46.359
 is.

00:45:49.019 --> 00:45:49.859
 Although,

00:45:50.459 --> 00:45:51.259
 the new

00:45:51.259 --> 00:45:52.559
 white iron

00:45:52.559 --> 00:45:53.359
 beds,

00:45:53.659 --> 00:45:54.039
 as you can

00:45:54.039 --> 00:45:54.439
 see,

00:45:54.739 --> 00:45:56.000
 were objects

00:45:56.000 --> 00:45:57.119
 of terror

00:45:57.119 --> 00:45:58.559
 as well

00:45:58.559 --> 00:45:59.439
 as wonder

00:45:59.439 --> 00:46:00.079
 to the first

00:46:00.079 --> 00:46:00.699
 patients.

00:46:01.899 --> 00:46:02.779
 Accustomed

00:46:02.779 --> 00:46:03.779
 to sleeping

00:46:03.779 --> 00:46:04.599
 on mats

00:46:04.599 --> 00:46:06.179
 at floor

00:46:06.179 --> 00:46:06.699
 level,

00:46:07.099 --> 00:46:07.859
 the frightened

00:46:07.859 --> 00:46:08.839
 occupants

00:46:08.839 --> 00:46:09.699
 felt as if

00:46:09.699 --> 00:46:09.939
 they were

00:46:09.939 --> 00:46:10.599
 being placed

00:46:10.599 --> 00:46:11.639
 on dangerously

00:46:11.639 --> 00:46:12.919
 high shelves.

00:46:13.839 --> 00:46:14.199
 Ida would

00:46:14.199 --> 00:46:14.779
 regularly

00:46:14.779 --> 00:46:15.339
 discover

00:46:15.339 --> 00:46:15.859
 patients

00:46:15.859 --> 00:46:16.459
 wrapped

00:46:16.459 --> 00:46:17.279
 carefully

00:46:17.279 --> 00:46:18.019
 in their

00:46:18.019 --> 00:46:18.419
 sheets

00:46:18.419 --> 00:46:18.819
 lying

00:46:18.819 --> 00:46:19.639
 under

00:46:19.639 --> 00:46:20.459
 the bed

00:46:20.459 --> 00:46:21.219
 instead

00:46:21.219 --> 00:46:21.659
 of on

00:46:21.659 --> 00:46:21.819
 them.

00:46:23.379 --> 00:46:23.839
 Well,

00:46:23.899 --> 00:46:24.539
 if only

00:46:24.539 --> 00:46:25.579
 all the

00:46:25.579 --> 00:46:26.099
 trials

00:46:26.099 --> 00:46:26.959
 were that

00:46:26.959 --> 00:46:27.500
 trivial.

00:46:28.819 --> 00:46:29.279
 Keeping

00:46:29.279 --> 00:46:30.039
 the hospital

00:46:30.039 --> 00:46:31.099
 funded

00:46:31.099 --> 00:46:32.279
 and supplied

00:46:32.279 --> 00:46:33.099
 proved a

00:46:33.099 --> 00:46:33.799
 Herculean

00:46:33.799 --> 00:46:34.380
 task,

00:46:35.579 --> 00:46:36.639
 especially

00:46:36.639 --> 00:46:37.259
 in the

00:46:37.259 --> 00:46:38.460
 years coinciding

00:46:38.460 --> 00:46:38.860
 with the

00:46:38.860 --> 00:46:39.559
 two world

00:46:39.559 --> 00:46:40.699
 wars and

00:46:40.699 --> 00:46:41.440
 the depression.

00:46:42.779 --> 00:46:43.319
 Thankfully,

00:46:43.759 --> 00:46:44.639
 Ida found a

00:46:44.639 --> 00:46:45.279
 Scotch

00:46:45.279 --> 00:46:46.339
 administrator,

00:46:46.480 --> 00:46:47.019
 literally from

00:46:47.019 --> 00:46:47.440
 Scotland,

00:46:47.579 --> 00:46:48.519
 but also Scotch,

00:46:48.960 --> 00:46:49.599
 who could

00:46:49.599 --> 00:46:50.239
 stretch a

00:46:50.239 --> 00:46:50.819
 rupee to

00:46:50.819 --> 00:46:51.559
 Rangoon,

00:46:51.559 --> 00:46:52.239
 and the

00:46:52.239 --> 00:46:53.179
 hospital never

00:46:53.179 --> 00:46:53.639
 had to

00:46:53.639 --> 00:46:54.159
 close its

00:46:54.159 --> 00:46:54.559
 doors.

00:46:56.000 --> 00:46:56.420
 Neither

00:46:56.420 --> 00:46:57.559
 were these

00:46:57.559 --> 00:46:58.599
 years always

00:46:58.599 --> 00:46:59.760
 free from

00:46:59.760 --> 00:47:00.340
 political

00:47:00.340 --> 00:47:01.039
 turbulence.

00:47:01.900 --> 00:47:02.480
 Once,

00:47:02.880 --> 00:47:03.659
 during a

00:47:03.659 --> 00:47:04.539
 tense time

00:47:04.539 --> 00:47:05.180
 of martial

00:47:05.180 --> 00:47:05.720
 law,

00:47:06.240 --> 00:47:06.619
 Ida,

00:47:06.980 --> 00:47:07.639
 in order

00:47:07.639 --> 00:47:08.220
 to visit

00:47:08.220 --> 00:47:08.860
 a critically

00:47:08.860 --> 00:47:09.440
 ill

00:47:09.440 --> 00:47:10.280
 Mohammedan

00:47:10.280 --> 00:47:10.780
 patient,

00:47:11.320 --> 00:47:11.940
 donned a

00:47:11.940 --> 00:47:13.220
 disguise and

00:47:13.220 --> 00:47:14.000
 countervened

00:47:14.000 --> 00:47:14.700
 the curfew.

00:47:15.700 --> 00:47:16.579
 Another

00:47:16.579 --> 00:47:18.180
 experience she

00:47:18.180 --> 00:47:18.659
 would never

00:47:18.659 --> 00:47:20.000
 forget involved

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:21.480
 delivering a

00:47:21.480 --> 00:47:22.400
 wealthy young

00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:23.380
 Muslim woman

00:47:23.380 --> 00:47:24.240
 of a

00:47:24.240 --> 00:47:24.720
 beautifully

00:47:24.720 --> 00:47:25.559
 formed,

00:47:25.760 --> 00:47:26.039
 but

00:47:26.039 --> 00:47:27.500
 precariously

00:47:27.500 --> 00:47:28.320
 delicate

00:47:28.320 --> 00:47:29.640
 baby girl.

00:47:31.119 --> 00:47:31.800
 Day and

00:47:31.800 --> 00:47:32.140
 night,

00:47:32.619 --> 00:47:32.860
 Ida

00:47:32.860 --> 00:47:33.680
 wrestled

00:47:33.680 --> 00:47:34.420
 to keep

00:47:34.420 --> 00:47:35.119
 the infant

00:47:35.119 --> 00:47:35.940
 alive,

00:47:36.360 --> 00:47:37.099
 and did

00:47:37.099 --> 00:47:38.260
 not rest

00:47:38.260 --> 00:47:39.400
 till she

00:47:39.400 --> 00:47:39.960
 was sure

00:47:39.960 --> 00:47:40.780
 the tiny

00:47:40.780 --> 00:47:41.440
 life was

00:47:41.440 --> 00:47:41.880
 out of

00:47:41.880 --> 00:47:42.360
 danger.

00:47:43.340 --> 00:47:43.920
 But the

00:47:43.920 --> 00:47:45.380
 family regarded

00:47:45.380 --> 00:47:46.019
 the might

00:47:46.019 --> 00:47:47.340
 with glum

00:47:47.340 --> 00:47:48.160
 disfavor,

00:47:49.220 --> 00:47:50.019
 not only

00:47:50.019 --> 00:47:50.480
 for her

00:47:50.480 --> 00:47:50.920
 gender,

00:47:51.440 --> 00:47:52.119
 but her

00:47:52.119 --> 00:47:52.579
 birth,

00:47:52.579 --> 00:47:53.380
 they said,

00:47:53.819 --> 00:47:54.500
 had occurred

00:47:54.500 --> 00:47:55.179
 on an

00:47:55.179 --> 00:47:56.139
 inauspicious

00:47:56.139 --> 00:47:56.860
 day.

00:47:58.239 --> 00:47:58.659
 Ida was

00:47:58.659 --> 00:47:59.119
 confident,

00:47:59.299 --> 00:47:59.500
 however,

00:47:59.779 --> 00:48:00.319
 that given

00:48:00.319 --> 00:48:01.139
 little time,

00:48:01.559 --> 00:48:02.039
 the child

00:48:02.039 --> 00:48:02.480
 would win

00:48:02.480 --> 00:48:03.139
 their hearts.

00:48:04.199 --> 00:48:04.759
 Sometime

00:48:04.759 --> 00:48:05.159
 later,

00:48:05.779 --> 00:48:06.500
 while about

00:48:06.500 --> 00:48:07.299
 other things,

00:48:07.599 --> 00:48:08.519
 Ida suddenly

00:48:08.519 --> 00:48:09.400
 felt a

00:48:09.400 --> 00:48:10.719
 strong impulse

00:48:10.719 --> 00:48:11.599
 to check

00:48:11.599 --> 00:48:12.139
 on the

00:48:12.139 --> 00:48:12.500
 baby.

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:15.199
 She flew

00:48:15.199 --> 00:48:15.819
 through the

00:48:15.819 --> 00:48:17.219
 hospital to

00:48:17.219 --> 00:48:18.059
 S-ward.

00:48:18.900 --> 00:48:19.900
 All was

00:48:19.900 --> 00:48:21.500
 quiet behind

00:48:21.500 --> 00:48:22.280
 the screen

00:48:22.280 --> 00:48:23.119
 concealing

00:48:23.119 --> 00:48:23.820
 the bed.

00:48:24.880 --> 00:48:25.579
 Too

00:48:25.579 --> 00:48:26.519
 quiet.

00:48:27.679 --> 00:48:28.139
 Pulling

00:48:28.139 --> 00:48:28.739
 aside

00:48:28.739 --> 00:48:29.539
 the

00:48:29.539 --> 00:48:29.860
 curtain,

00:48:30.340 --> 00:48:31.139
 she saw

00:48:31.139 --> 00:48:32.760
 a pillow

00:48:32.760 --> 00:48:33.619
 being pressed

00:48:33.619 --> 00:48:34.599
 hard against

00:48:34.599 --> 00:48:35.280
 the surface

00:48:35.280 --> 00:48:36.019
 of the bed.

00:48:36.780 --> 00:48:37.480
 Snatching it

00:48:37.480 --> 00:48:37.960
 away,

00:48:38.820 --> 00:48:40.619
 there was

00:48:40.619 --> 00:48:41.139
 the baby,

00:48:41.840 --> 00:48:42.800
 already blue

00:48:42.800 --> 00:48:43.500
 in the face,

00:48:44.039 --> 00:48:45.239
 only moments

00:48:45.239 --> 00:48:46.940
 short of

00:48:46.940 --> 00:48:47.780
 being smothered.

00:48:48.800 --> 00:48:50.139
 How could

00:48:50.139 --> 00:48:50.519
 you?

00:48:52.000 --> 00:48:53.000
 Born on

00:48:53.000 --> 00:48:53.460
 unlucky

00:48:53.460 --> 00:48:53.880
 day,

00:48:54.780 --> 00:48:55.119
 will of

00:48:55.119 --> 00:48:55.619
 Allah she

00:48:55.619 --> 00:48:55.960
 die?

00:48:56.780 --> 00:48:57.559
 You don't

00:48:57.559 --> 00:48:58.000
 want her

00:48:58.000 --> 00:48:58.760
 to die,

00:48:59.200 --> 00:48:59.840
 you take

00:48:59.840 --> 00:49:00.019
 her.

00:49:01.480 --> 00:49:02.099
 All right,

00:49:02.360 --> 00:49:02.800
 said Ida,

00:49:02.980 --> 00:49:03.740
 I will.

00:49:05.800 --> 00:49:06.599
 And she

00:49:06.599 --> 00:49:07.000
 named the

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:07.300
 girl

00:49:07.300 --> 00:49:09.559
 Mary Tabor

00:49:09.559 --> 00:49:10.599
 after the

00:49:10.599 --> 00:49:11.019
 hospital,

00:49:11.659 --> 00:49:12.619
 the first

00:49:12.619 --> 00:49:13.819
 of what

00:49:13.819 --> 00:49:14.480
 would become

00:49:14.480 --> 00:49:15.619
 a great

00:49:15.619 --> 00:49:17.139
 number of

00:49:17.139 --> 00:49:17.679
 unwanted

00:49:17.679 --> 00:49:18.420
 daughters,

00:49:18.920 --> 00:49:19.380
 Ida took

00:49:19.380 --> 00:49:19.940
 under wing.

00:49:21.079 --> 00:49:21.719
 Never

00:49:21.719 --> 00:49:22.179
 married,

00:49:23.119 --> 00:49:23.839
 she had

00:49:23.839 --> 00:49:24.480
 children

00:49:24.480 --> 00:49:25.380
 galore.

00:49:27.380 --> 00:49:28.420
 It was

00:49:28.420 --> 00:49:29.179
 not just

00:49:29.179 --> 00:49:30.679
 love her

00:49:30.679 --> 00:49:31.699
 patients received,

00:49:32.039 --> 00:49:32.679
 it was

00:49:32.679 --> 00:49:33.619
 Christian

00:49:33.619 --> 00:49:34.279
 love.

00:49:35.339 --> 00:49:35.619
 And

00:49:35.619 --> 00:49:36.279
 according to

00:49:36.279 --> 00:49:37.079
 her earnest

00:49:37.079 --> 00:49:37.659
 prayer,

00:49:38.159 --> 00:49:38.960
 none would

00:49:38.960 --> 00:49:40.099
 linger long

00:49:40.099 --> 00:49:41.299
 without learning

00:49:41.300 --> 00:49:42.080
 something of

00:49:42.080 --> 00:49:42.320
 it.

00:49:43.740 --> 00:49:44.600
 Once a

00:49:44.600 --> 00:49:45.180
 Muslim woman

00:49:45.180 --> 00:49:46.340
 recovering from

00:49:46.340 --> 00:49:46.760
 a sudden

00:49:46.760 --> 00:49:47.360
 attack of

00:49:47.360 --> 00:49:47.820
 acute

00:49:47.820 --> 00:49:48.680
 malarial

00:49:48.680 --> 00:49:49.400
 mania

00:49:49.400 --> 00:49:50.460
 seized

00:49:50.460 --> 00:49:51.039
 Ida's

00:49:51.039 --> 00:49:51.480
 hand.

00:49:52.600 --> 00:49:53.160
 Tell me

00:49:53.160 --> 00:49:53.640
 why you

00:49:53.640 --> 00:49:53.980
 did not

00:49:53.980 --> 00:49:54.460
 lose your

00:49:54.460 --> 00:49:55.039
 temper with

00:49:55.039 --> 00:49:55.840
 me when

00:49:55.840 --> 00:49:56.180
 I was

00:49:56.180 --> 00:49:56.820
 quite out

00:49:56.820 --> 00:49:57.120
 of my

00:49:57.120 --> 00:49:57.600
 mind.

00:49:58.940 --> 00:49:59.580
 Before

00:49:59.580 --> 00:50:00.680
 Ida could

00:50:00.680 --> 00:50:01.240
 answer,

00:50:01.860 --> 00:50:02.720
 a Hindu

00:50:02.720 --> 00:50:03.460
 woman in

00:50:03.460 --> 00:50:03.920
 the next

00:50:03.920 --> 00:50:05.060
 bed responded,

00:50:06.000 --> 00:50:07.039
 don't you

00:50:07.039 --> 00:50:07.640
 know why?

00:50:08.519 --> 00:50:09.200
 That's what

00:50:09.200 --> 00:50:10.160
 their god

00:50:10.160 --> 00:50:10.900
 is like.

00:50:11.300 --> 00:50:11.960
 Long

00:50:11.960 --> 00:50:12.539
 suffering

00:50:12.539 --> 00:50:13.539
 and slow

00:50:13.539 --> 00:50:13.740
 to

00:50:13.740 --> 00:50:14.100
 anger.

00:50:17.100 --> 00:50:17.800
 Well,

00:50:18.500 --> 00:50:21.640
 on her

00:50:21.640 --> 00:50:22.800
 88th

00:50:22.800 --> 00:50:23.440
 birthday,

00:50:25.039 --> 00:50:25.340
 Cornell

00:50:25.340 --> 00:50:26.800
 University

00:50:26.800 --> 00:50:27.420
 Medical

00:50:27.420 --> 00:50:28.019
 College

00:50:28.019 --> 00:50:29.180
 conferred

00:50:29.180 --> 00:50:29.700
 upon its

00:50:29.700 --> 00:50:30.460
 first woman

00:50:30.460 --> 00:50:31.039
 graduate

00:50:31.039 --> 00:50:32.300
 its highest

00:50:32.300 --> 00:50:33.200
 honor,

00:50:33.880 --> 00:50:34.460
 the award

00:50:34.460 --> 00:50:35.620
 of distinction.

00:50:36.519 --> 00:50:37.160
 The usual

00:50:37.160 --> 00:50:38.120
 requirement of

00:50:38.119 --> 00:50:38.900
 receiving the

00:50:38.900 --> 00:50:40.099
 award in

00:50:40.099 --> 00:50:41.339
 person was

00:50:41.339 --> 00:50:42.279
 kindly waived,

00:50:42.599 --> 00:50:43.559
 for Dr.

00:50:43.659 --> 00:50:44.259
 Ida was

00:50:44.259 --> 00:50:44.980
 loathe to

00:50:44.980 --> 00:50:45.460
 leave her

00:50:45.460 --> 00:50:45.819
 beloved

00:50:45.819 --> 00:50:46.440
 hospital,

00:50:47.239 --> 00:50:48.079
 a hospital

00:50:48.079 --> 00:50:49.619
 so much

00:50:49.619 --> 00:50:50.659
 more now

00:50:50.659 --> 00:50:52.099
 than even

00:50:52.099 --> 00:50:53.880
 she could

00:50:53.880 --> 00:50:54.559
 ever have

00:50:54.559 --> 00:50:56.239
 imagined that

00:50:56.239 --> 00:50:57.500
 night of

00:50:57.500 --> 00:50:57.859
 the three

00:50:57.859 --> 00:50:58.319
 knocks.

00:50:58.320 --> 00:50:58.380
 beds.

00:51:00.480 --> 00:51:01.380
 The one

00:51:01.380 --> 00:51:03.180
 bed for

00:51:03.180 --> 00:51:03.580
 healing

00:51:03.580 --> 00:51:05.780
 in her

00:51:05.780 --> 00:51:06.420
 father's

00:51:06.420 --> 00:51:07.500
 mission

00:51:07.500 --> 00:51:08.160
 bungalow

00:51:08.160 --> 00:51:09.940
 had now

00:51:09.940 --> 00:51:10.559
 become

00:51:10.559 --> 00:51:11.780
 more than

00:51:11.780 --> 00:51:12.880
 1,000

00:51:12.880 --> 00:51:13.380
 beds.

00:51:14.660 --> 00:51:15.620
 The first

00:51:15.620 --> 00:51:16.300
 class of

00:51:16.300 --> 00:51:17.780
 14 lambs

00:51:17.780 --> 00:51:19.100
 had swelled

00:51:19.100 --> 00:51:20.100
 to

00:51:20.100 --> 00:51:21.920
 900

00:51:21.920 --> 00:51:24.300
 each year.

00:51:24.300 --> 00:51:26.960
 the staff

00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:27.360
 of two,

00:51:28.100 --> 00:51:29.080
 herself and

00:51:29.080 --> 00:51:29.700
 a cook

00:51:29.700 --> 00:51:30.580
 turned nurse

00:51:30.580 --> 00:51:31.180
 Salome,

00:51:31.860 --> 00:51:32.539
 had multiplied

00:51:32.539 --> 00:51:33.580
 to include

00:51:33.580 --> 00:51:35.300
 380

00:51:35.300 --> 00:51:36.000
 doctors,

00:51:37.400 --> 00:51:38.080
 400

00:51:38.080 --> 00:51:38.720
 nurses,

00:51:39.460 --> 00:51:41.140
 and 270

00:51:41.140 --> 00:51:42.260
 paramedical

00:51:42.260 --> 00:51:42.740
 workers,

00:51:43.440 --> 00:51:43.840
 serving

00:51:43.840 --> 00:51:44.440
 nearly

00:51:44.440 --> 00:51:47.019
 2,500

00:51:47.019 --> 00:51:48.000
 patients

00:51:48.000 --> 00:51:49.039
 in a

00:51:49.039 --> 00:51:49.320
 single

00:51:49.320 --> 00:51:49.680
 day.

00:51:49.680 --> 00:51:49.740
 Okay.

00:51:54.300 --> 00:51:55.800
 I wonder

00:51:55.800 --> 00:51:56.680
 what we

00:51:56.680 --> 00:51:57.039
 might

00:51:57.039 --> 00:51:57.680
 undertake

00:51:57.680 --> 00:51:58.900
 that is

00:51:58.900 --> 00:51:59.440
 worthy of

00:51:59.440 --> 00:51:59.980
 our life

00:51:59.980 --> 00:52:01.180
 investment.

00:52:03.000 --> 00:52:04.120
 Have we

00:52:04.120 --> 00:52:05.280
 heard any

00:52:05.280 --> 00:52:06.180
 knocks

00:52:06.180 --> 00:52:07.260
 in the

00:52:07.260 --> 00:52:07.539
 night

00:52:07.539 --> 00:52:08.860
 which might

00:52:08.860 --> 00:52:09.400
 serve as

00:52:09.400 --> 00:52:09.780
 a clue?

00:52:11.600 --> 00:52:12.860
 How far

00:52:12.860 --> 00:52:13.820
 we have

00:52:13.820 --> 00:52:14.220
 come,

00:52:14.760 --> 00:52:15.300
 said the

00:52:15.300 --> 00:52:15.740
 aged

00:52:15.740 --> 00:52:16.720
 Ida

00:52:16.720 --> 00:52:17.420
 at the

00:52:17.420 --> 00:52:17.840
 last.

00:52:18.780 --> 00:52:19.060
 Oh,

00:52:19.060 --> 00:52:19.740
 God has

00:52:19.740 --> 00:52:20.200
 been so

00:52:20.200 --> 00:52:20.640
 very good

00:52:20.640 --> 00:52:21.200
 to us.

00:52:22.500 --> 00:52:23.260
 Indeed.

00:52:24.300 --> 00:52:25.580
 Well,

00:52:25.620 --> 00:52:25.820
 let me

00:52:25.820 --> 00:52:26.400
 stop there

00:52:26.400 --> 00:52:28.180
 and open

00:52:28.180 --> 00:52:28.480
 it up

00:52:28.480 --> 00:52:30.060
 for any

00:52:30.060 --> 00:52:30.620
 questions.

00:52:36.060 --> 00:52:37.460
 Look at

00:52:37.460 --> 00:52:38.320
 that smile.

00:52:39.280 --> 00:52:39.660
 Isn't

00:52:39.660 --> 00:52:40.640
 that a

00:52:40.640 --> 00:52:41.039
 wonderful

00:52:41.039 --> 00:52:41.700
 expression

00:52:41.700 --> 00:52:42.840
 of a

00:52:42.840 --> 00:52:45.320
 good

00:52:45.320 --> 00:52:45.980
 life

00:52:45.980 --> 00:52:47.880
 well

00:52:47.880 --> 00:52:48.680
 lived?

00:52:51.680 --> 00:52:52.400
 What

00:52:52.400 --> 00:52:53.200
 paramedia

00:52:53.200 --> 00:52:53.740
 was she?

00:52:54.300 --> 00:52:54.900
 It was

00:52:54.900 --> 00:52:55.360
 in

00:52:55.360 --> 00:52:56.680
 Velour.

00:52:58.460 --> 00:52:58.620
 So,

00:52:59.140 --> 00:53:01.000
 yeah,

00:53:01.100 --> 00:53:01.340
 I should

00:53:01.340 --> 00:53:02.660
 have had

00:53:02.660 --> 00:53:03.320
 maps.

00:53:03.640 --> 00:53:04.000
 I should

00:53:04.000 --> 00:53:04.380
 have had

00:53:04.380 --> 00:53:05.140
 maps.

00:53:07.300 --> 00:53:09.960
 It is.

00:53:10.140 --> 00:53:10.800
 It is.

00:53:11.460 --> 00:53:12.260
 In fact,

00:53:12.460 --> 00:53:13.800
 I had a

00:53:13.800 --> 00:53:14.120
 couple of

00:53:14.120 --> 00:53:14.519
 these from

00:53:14.519 --> 00:53:14.760
 old

00:53:14.760 --> 00:53:15.620
 transparencies,

00:53:15.760 --> 00:53:15.980
 but I

00:53:15.980 --> 00:53:16.500
 jumped on

00:53:16.500 --> 00:53:16.840
 Google,

00:53:17.300 --> 00:53:17.720
 and you

00:53:17.720 --> 00:53:18.340
 can actually

00:53:18.340 --> 00:53:18.960
 Google,

00:53:19.180 --> 00:53:19.519
 like they've

00:53:19.519 --> 00:53:19.860
 got this

00:53:19.860 --> 00:53:20.280
 thing called

00:53:20.280 --> 00:53:20.720
 Google

00:53:20.720 --> 00:53:21.380
 image,

00:53:21.380 --> 00:53:22.860
 and you

00:53:22.860 --> 00:53:23.220
 can go

00:53:23.220 --> 00:53:23.619
 there.

00:53:24.380 --> 00:53:24.579
 And

00:53:24.579 --> 00:53:26.240
 they had

00:53:26.240 --> 00:53:26.760
 pictures,

00:53:27.400 --> 00:53:28.059
 some old

00:53:28.059 --> 00:53:28.480
 ones,

00:53:28.539 --> 00:53:29.079
 of her,

00:53:29.820 --> 00:53:30.300
 and they

00:53:30.300 --> 00:53:30.860
 have pictures

00:53:30.860 --> 00:53:31.099
 of the

00:53:31.099 --> 00:53:31.440
 hospital.

00:53:31.440 --> 00:53:31.720
 Now,

00:53:31.800 --> 00:53:32.300
 I had a

00:53:32.300 --> 00:53:32.820
 missionary

00:53:32.820 --> 00:53:33.079
 friend.

00:53:33.160 --> 00:53:33.220
 Well,

00:53:33.440 --> 00:53:33.900
 you remember

00:53:33.900 --> 00:53:34.220
 Dan

00:53:34.220 --> 00:53:34.559
 Nicholas.

00:53:34.920 --> 00:53:35.539
 He had

00:53:35.539 --> 00:53:35.880
 gone over

00:53:35.880 --> 00:53:36.039
 and he

00:53:36.039 --> 00:53:36.400
 had visited

00:53:36.400 --> 00:53:36.920
 the hospital

00:53:36.920 --> 00:53:37.200
 and he

00:53:37.200 --> 00:53:37.539
 sent me

00:53:37.539 --> 00:53:37.760
 some

00:53:37.760 --> 00:53:38.059
 wonderful

00:53:38.059 --> 00:53:38.500
 pictures

00:53:38.500 --> 00:53:38.800
 of it,

00:53:38.820 --> 00:53:39.140
 and it's

00:53:39.140 --> 00:53:40.300
 still going

00:53:40.300 --> 00:53:40.980
 strong.

00:53:40.980 --> 00:53:46.139
 still there,

00:53:46.500 --> 00:53:47.039
 a wonderful

00:53:47.039 --> 00:53:47.559
 heritage.

00:53:50.840 --> 00:53:51.360
 There's

00:53:51.360 --> 00:53:52.719
 Dorothy

00:53:52.719 --> 00:53:53.619
 Clark has

00:53:53.619 --> 00:53:54.000
 written a

00:53:54.000 --> 00:53:54.400
 wonderful

00:53:54.400 --> 00:53:55.880
 biography of

00:53:55.880 --> 00:53:56.179
 her.

00:53:56.440 --> 00:53:56.960
 It's a fun

00:53:56.960 --> 00:53:57.780
 one if you

00:53:57.780 --> 00:53:58.079
 want to

00:53:58.079 --> 00:53:58.420
 read it.

00:53:58.820 --> 00:53:59.139
 And there's

00:53:59.139 --> 00:54:02.059
 also one

00:54:02.059 --> 00:54:03.340
 that kind

00:54:03.340 --> 00:54:03.880
 of chronicles

00:54:03.880 --> 00:54:04.360
 the history

00:54:04.360 --> 00:54:04.619
 of the

00:54:04.619 --> 00:54:05.079
 entire

00:54:05.079 --> 00:54:05.539
 Scudder

00:54:05.539 --> 00:54:06.059
 family.

00:54:06.519 --> 00:54:06.820
 It's

00:54:06.820 --> 00:54:07.119
 called

00:54:07.119 --> 00:54:08.380
 A Thousand

00:54:08.380 --> 00:54:08.900
 Years in

00:54:08.900 --> 00:54:09.559
 Thy Sight,

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:10.400
 because they

00:54:10.400 --> 00:54:10.960
 totaled

00:54:10.960 --> 00:54:12.019
 up all

00:54:12.019 --> 00:54:12.599
 of the

00:54:12.599 --> 00:54:14.019
 years of

00:54:14.019 --> 00:54:14.920
 medical

00:54:14.920 --> 00:54:16.000
 labor that

00:54:16.000 --> 00:54:16.900
 was done

00:54:16.900 --> 00:54:17.639
 in India

00:54:17.639 --> 00:54:18.300
 by all

00:54:18.300 --> 00:54:18.539
 of the

00:54:18.539 --> 00:54:18.940
 family,

00:54:19.460 --> 00:54:19.679
 and it

00:54:19.679 --> 00:54:20.179
 totaled up

00:54:20.179 --> 00:54:20.820
 to about

00:54:20.820 --> 00:54:21.260
 a thousand

00:54:21.260 --> 00:54:21.940
 years.

00:54:22.539 --> 00:54:22.980
 It's a

00:54:22.980 --> 00:54:23.360
 wonderful

00:54:23.360 --> 00:54:23.840
 title.

00:54:24.500 --> 00:54:25.119
 A thousand

00:54:25.119 --> 00:54:25.619
 years in

00:54:25.619 --> 00:54:26.260
 thy sight.

00:54:27.539 --> 00:54:27.940
 And in

00:54:27.940 --> 00:54:28.659
 that hospital

00:54:28.659 --> 00:54:29.019
 and from

00:54:29.019 --> 00:54:29.240
 some of

00:54:29.240 --> 00:54:29.820
 that family,

00:54:30.480 --> 00:54:31.139
 some of

00:54:31.139 --> 00:54:32.579
 the cutting

00:54:32.579 --> 00:54:34.280
 edge research

00:54:34.280 --> 00:54:35.440
 globally,

00:54:35.679 --> 00:54:36.300
 worldwide,

00:54:36.679 --> 00:54:37.099
 has been

00:54:37.099 --> 00:54:37.519
 done,

00:54:37.699 --> 00:54:38.099
 apparently,

00:54:38.860 --> 00:54:39.320
 on things

00:54:39.320 --> 00:54:40.380
 like leprosy

00:54:40.380 --> 00:54:41.400
 and other

00:54:41.400 --> 00:54:41.920
 things,

00:54:42.320 --> 00:54:42.720
 really,

00:54:42.720 --> 00:54:43.059
 really

00:54:43.059 --> 00:54:43.720
 remarkable

00:54:43.720 --> 00:54:44.680
 accomplishments

00:54:44.680 --> 00:54:46.200
 from there.

00:54:46.920 --> 00:54:47.059
 So,

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:48.660
 yes.

00:54:49.500 --> 00:54:50.360
 All right.

00:54:50.880 --> 00:54:51.180
 Well,

00:54:51.340 --> 00:54:51.640
 team,

00:54:51.800 --> 00:54:52.440
 it looks like

00:54:52.440 --> 00:54:53.240
 we're at

00:54:53.240 --> 00:54:54.340
 time,

00:54:55.000 --> 00:54:56.079
 so I

00:54:56.079 --> 00:54:56.559
 will not

00:54:56.559 --> 00:54:56.780
 do,

00:54:56.880 --> 00:54:57.420
 but maybe

00:54:57.420 --> 00:54:57.980
 sometime in

00:54:57.980 --> 00:54:58.380
 the future,

00:54:58.720 --> 00:54:59.160
 we'll just

00:54:59.160 --> 00:54:59.500
 have to

00:54:59.500 --> 00:54:59.900
 pick up

00:54:59.900 --> 00:55:00.500
 this series

00:55:00.500 --> 00:55:01.140
 again,

00:55:01.740 --> 00:55:02.700
 because we

00:55:02.700 --> 00:55:03.220
 have by

00:55:03.220 --> 00:55:04.660
 no means

00:55:04.660 --> 00:55:05.539
 exhausted

00:55:05.539 --> 00:55:06.239
 the

00:55:06.239 --> 00:55:07.159
 extraordinary

00:55:07.159 --> 00:55:07.759
 women

00:55:07.759 --> 00:55:08.519
 whose

00:55:08.519 --> 00:55:09.300
 names and

00:55:09.300 --> 00:55:10.079
 lives we

00:55:10.079 --> 00:55:10.719
 should know

00:55:10.719 --> 00:55:11.679
 and honor.

00:55:12.179 --> 00:55:12.300
 So,

00:55:12.360 --> 00:55:12.639
 hopefully,

00:55:12.759 --> 00:55:13.039
 there can

00:55:13.039 --> 00:55:13.340
 be a

00:55:13.340 --> 00:55:13.960
 part B

00:55:13.960 --> 00:55:14.460
 sometime,

00:55:14.639 --> 00:55:14.900
 because I

00:55:14.900 --> 00:55:16.420
 even have

00:55:16.420 --> 00:55:17.539
 more prepared,

00:55:17.719 --> 00:55:18.500
 ready to go

00:55:18.500 --> 00:55:19.619
 at some point.

00:55:20.159 --> 00:55:21.139
 It would be

00:55:21.139 --> 00:55:22.219
 lots of fun

00:55:22.219 --> 00:55:22.619
 to do,

00:55:22.820 --> 00:55:23.440
 but thank you

00:55:23.440 --> 00:55:24.519
 for your

00:55:24.519 --> 00:55:24.980
 time,

00:55:25.219 --> 00:55:26.759
 and hopefully,

00:55:27.360 --> 00:55:28.139
 this will be

00:55:28.139 --> 00:55:29.500
 an inspiration

00:55:29.500 --> 00:55:30.300
 to us all.

00:55:30.300 --> 00:55:30.860
 I think of

00:55:30.860 --> 00:55:32.340
 how Paul

00:55:32.340 --> 00:55:33.060
 said,

00:55:33.140 --> 00:55:33.800
 imitate me

00:55:33.800 --> 00:55:34.160
 as I

00:55:34.160 --> 00:55:35.140
 imitate Christ,

00:55:35.840 --> 00:55:36.720
 and what

00:55:36.720 --> 00:55:37.680
 makes these

00:55:37.680 --> 00:55:38.660
 women such

00:55:38.660 --> 00:55:39.640
 extraordinary

00:55:39.640 --> 00:55:42.039
 leaders is

00:55:42.039 --> 00:55:42.800
 what makes

00:55:42.800 --> 00:55:43.660
 any leader

00:55:43.660 --> 00:55:45.000
 an extraordinary

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:45.680
 leader,

00:55:46.080 --> 00:55:46.800
 which is

00:55:46.800 --> 00:55:47.700
 simply this,

00:55:48.360 --> 00:55:48.740
 that they

00:55:48.740 --> 00:55:49.180
 are good

00:55:49.180 --> 00:55:50.100
 followers of

00:55:50.100 --> 00:55:50.560
 Christ.

00:55:51.100 --> 00:55:51.600
 They are

00:55:51.600 --> 00:55:52.280
 exemplary

00:55:52.280 --> 00:55:53.000
 followers of

00:55:53.000 --> 00:55:53.400
 Christ.

00:55:53.980 --> 00:55:54.320
 So,

00:55:54.460 --> 00:55:54.680
 if you

00:55:54.680 --> 00:55:55.440
 follow Christ

00:55:55.440 --> 00:55:55.860
 well,

00:55:56.740 --> 00:55:57.640
 you are

00:55:57.640 --> 00:55:58.380
 a leader.

00:55:59.240 --> 00:55:59.960
 You are

00:55:59.960 --> 00:56:00.740
 exemplary

00:56:00.740 --> 00:56:01.480
 in that,

00:56:02.019 --> 00:56:02.639
 and you

00:56:02.639 --> 00:56:03.159
 can be a

00:56:03.159 --> 00:56:03.559
 great

00:56:03.559 --> 00:56:04.199
 blessing

00:56:04.199 --> 00:56:05.179
 to those

00:56:05.179 --> 00:56:05.619
 of us

00:56:05.619 --> 00:56:06.000
 that can

00:56:06.000 --> 00:56:06.420
 look and

00:56:06.420 --> 00:56:07.179
 be inspired

00:56:07.179 --> 00:56:08.139
 by your

00:56:08.139 --> 00:56:08.740
 lives as

00:56:08.740 --> 00:56:09.179
 we seek

00:56:09.179 --> 00:56:09.599
 to follow

00:56:09.599 --> 00:56:09.980
 Christ

00:56:09.980 --> 00:56:10.519
 faithfully

00:56:10.519 --> 00:56:12.019
 to both

00:56:12.019 --> 00:56:12.500
 women and

00:56:12.500 --> 00:56:12.740
 men.

00:56:13.659 --> 00:56:14.059
 Well,

00:56:14.099 --> 00:56:14.480
 thank you.

00:56:15.079 --> 00:56:15.659
 We will

00:56:15.659 --> 00:56:15.980
 see you

00:56:15.980 --> 00:56:16.619
 next time

00:56:16.619 --> 00:56:17.519
 as we

00:56:17.519 --> 00:56:17.699
 have

00:56:17.699 --> 00:56:18.059
 occasion

00:56:18.059 --> 00:56:18.400
 to do

00:56:18.400 --> 00:56:18.699
 so.

00:56:29.960 --> 00:56:31.300
 Ming

00:56:31.300 --> 00:56:40.240
 for

00:56:40.420 --> 00:56:40.900
 to

00:56:40.900 --> 00:56:41.400
 her

00:56:41.400 --> 00:56:42.440
 father

00:56:42.440 --> 00:56:43.420
 decision