WEBVTT

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 So, everyone got a handout, right? So, hopefully that'll be helpful as we talk through the class.

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! Just as a kind of a warning, I don't know if that's the right word, but we're going to talk definitely more about theology,

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 particular theological topics, and getting into the weeds of them. And so, a little less history, a little bit more theology,

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 but I think you'll see why we need to talk about these things.

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 Are you referring?

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 I am. Thanks for asking.

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 So, Zwingli, he was born on New Year's Day in 1484, just a couple months before Luther, actually.

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 And he's born in a village in the Swiss Alps, so he's from Switzerland.

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 He comes from a peasant family that actually clawed their way out of poverty.

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 So, with Ehrlich Sr., he's his dad, he becomes a respective village leader.

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 Come on in. Take a handout. Take a handout. Come on in, guys.

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 Come on in. Find a seat. There's some over here.

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 Just sit this way.

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 Please.

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 Tyler, right?

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 Yeah.

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 Good seeing you. Thanks for coming.

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 We're just getting started, so you don't miss anything.

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 So, Ehrlich Sr., he becomes a respected village leader and a magistrate.

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 And if you were here last week, you remember how Luther's parents wanted him to become a secular lawyer

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 so that he can come back to the family business and serve that business and help his family.

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 But Zwingli's parents actually aren't like that at all.

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 They actually wanted Zwingli to become a priest from the get-go.

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 And so, with their status, with their money, they arranged for Zwingli to receive a really good education.

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 They sent him to the best of schools.

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 And almost immediately as he's studying from a young age,

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 it becomes very quickly apparent that he's exceptionally bright.

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 He's a really good student.

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 While at the University of Vienna for his bachelor's degree,

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 he was specifically trained to become a humanist.

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 So, Sean actually talked about the word humanist,

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 and I'm using that word differently, right?

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 So, does anyone know what humanism is in the Renaissance?

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 Do you know, Julia?

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 I feel like you would probably know.

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 Do you know?

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 Is it, like, kind of based off utilitarianism, but in a way, like, for human force?

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 That's one aspect that Sean just talked about today.

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 Yeah.

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 I think in the medieval times, they used it a little bit differently.

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 Okay.

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 Yeah.

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 Do you know?

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 Yeah?

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 It was, like, emphasizing people and, like, turning to individual intelligence,

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 rather than seeing, like, from the lens of, like, Christianity or faith.

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 Yeah, yeah, for sure.

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 And especially turning inward and emphasizing learning,

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 their particular thing was emphasizing their motto in Latin called ad fontes,

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 which was just in English, back to the sources.

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 So, a humanist was someone who was keen on always turning back to the original source.

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 So, they were keen on studying classical literature, studying the languages.

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 And so, you can kind of see how the Reformation is influenced a little bit by Christian humanism

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 because of their one, their main tenet, sola scriptura.

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 It takes on a humanist feel, like, let's get back to the original source.

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 Let's study the original Hebrew.

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 Let's study the original Greek.

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 And so, in Vienna, he becomes deeply influenced by this tradition.

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 And he studies very, very extensively the original languages, the Latin, the Greek, the Hebrew.

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 Zwingli actually becomes so good at Greek, and he teaches himself Greek, actually,

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 because he copies all of the New Testament by hand in Greek.

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 So, he forces himself to do that.

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 And so, that's how he learns the language.

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 It's himself.

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 And you're going to see how becoming proficient in the ancient languages

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 actually influences him and his preaching in the future.

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 So, we'll take a look at that.

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 After he's done with these studies, he becomes a Catholic priest in Glarus, Switzerland.

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 And he takes up, for the first time in his life, the mantle of pastor, and he shepherds his flock.

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 He serves that post for 10 years, from 1506 to 1516.

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 And it's actually in this period of his life that he commits some of the worst sins,

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 the gravest moral failures of his life.

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 We talked about last week how priests in the Catholic Church,

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 they were called to lifelong celibacy.

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 But the not-so-secret secret of the time was that, basically,

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 many of the priests didn't hold to that.

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 Instead, they would go around sleeping around with other women.

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 And Zwingli, one of the greatest figures of the Protestant Reformation,

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 wasn't any different from the priests at that time.

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 And he actually ends up fathering an illegitimate child

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 with the daughter of a local barber in those years.

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 I think, again, it's a stark reminder that no one who is worth mentioning in church history,

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 like a Luther, like a Zwingli, is spotless.

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 Everyone is sinless.

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 Everyone has dirt on their face.

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 They commit some grievous sexual sins.

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 And in the kindness of God, he uses people like them, too.

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 Hey, there's a handout right there for you.

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 That'll be helpful.

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 How do we know that Zwingli actually committed the sin?

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 It's actually an interesting story.

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 Zwingli himself confesses to this sin, this sexual sin,

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 by his own pen, by a letter he writes.

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 And then some 300 years later, a renowned Zwingli scholar,

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 Johannes Skoltes, that's his name,

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 he discovers this letter in which Zwingli confesses his sin.

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 He repents with great godly sorrow,

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 and he recommits himself to live a holy life.

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 But personally, for Skoltes, this is a really hard moment for him.

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 Why?

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 Because Zwingli was his spiritual hero.

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 He loved and respected Zwingli so much.

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 And so how could someone so influential, so godly, commit a grievous sin?

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 And so after much wrestling, he actually decides to burn this letter.

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 To burn this letter with a candle sitting on his desk so that he could cover up the sin,

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 so that no one else could hear about Zwingli's moral failures.

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 No one else could possibly be disillusioned by Zwingli.

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 And I think we can understand that kind of response too, right?

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 I don't know, maybe you've personally experienced this or know somebody

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 where you have a beloved pastor.

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 You have a woman that you love and respect,

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 who discipled you for years and years,

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 and you end up finding that they commit serious moral sins, grievous sins.

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 That shakes your faith.

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 And I think Skoltes is going through that experience.

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 But after about a quarter of the letter is burned,

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 Skoltes, he changes his mind.

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 He saves the letter.

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 He extinguishes the flames.

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 And he instead says, no,

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 Protestantism is in the truth of all circumstances.

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 He archives instead the letter.

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 He gives it to his assistants.

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 And he saves the letter so that everybody can read and know of what happened.

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 And we Christians, we can do this

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 because our hope, again, does not lie in sinful man,

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 but it lies in the perfect man of Jesus Christ,

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 the only man who could bear all the weight of all our hope and expectation.

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 Then in 1519, Zwingli was appointed the priest at Zurich.

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 Zurich, rather.

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 It's in that nation,

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 one of the most significant ecclesiological positions in the entire country.

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 It's a position of prominence,

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 of influence,

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 and it's really at this pastorate that the Swiss Reformation starts to kick off.

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 And how does it kick off?

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 The very first Sunday of his pastorate,

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 he'd go on to shock the entire congregation by his Sunday sermon,

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 his first Sunday sermon.

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 And what did he do that was so shocking?

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 What he does is that he opens up his Bible,

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 he starts in the book of Matthew,

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 and he preaches Matthew 1, 1.

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 Chapter 1, verse 1.

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 And then he continues to preach chapter by chapter,

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 verse by verse, line by line.

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 Again, I mean, that sounds normal to us

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 because that's what we do every Sunday, literally.

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 But back then, this was a revolutionary idea.

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 This was a revolutionary idea back then, right?

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 Because the Catholic churches,

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 what they were expected to do

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 was to follow the lectionary system.

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 They were hand-picked verses,

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 chapters from the papacy itself

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 to then all these other churches

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 were supposed to follow and preach.

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 Instead of doing that,

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 then he goes preaching through a book of the Bible,

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 and it's called Lectio Continua.

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 That's Latin, right?

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 And he's actually the first reformer

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 to ever start preaching like this.

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 And I want to talk a little bit about this, right?

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 We at Trinity preach like this too.

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 That's the main diet of how you're going to hear sermons.

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 Can you think about why?

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 Why is it important that we preach like this?

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 We preach verse by verse, line by line.

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 We go through passage by passage.

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 What do you guys think?

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 Yeah, for sure.

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 Just can't pick and choose.

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 Yep.

00:09:47.240 --> 00:09:47.720
 Yeah.

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 Exactly.

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 There's so much to that

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 that you could talk about, right?

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 You can't cherry pick

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 your favorite theological topics.

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 If you just want to talk about one particular thing,

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 then you could just always talk about that.

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 You can skip over the hard passages.

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 Right?

00:10:05.379 --> 00:10:06.420
 There are many passages

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 that when I've been assigned to Falls on My Week,

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 I'm like, man, this is a tough passage to preach.

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 Like, how am I going to preach this for 40, 50 minutes?

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 And always God gives me stuff to say.

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 And I know, Sean, it feels likewise.

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 But you can't pick and choose.

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 You can't ride your personal hobby horses.

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 More ideas on why it's important

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 that we preach expositionally, verse by verse.

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 So, Zwingli's preaching is very powerful.

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 Crowds come in droves

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 to then hear what he has to say

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 as he expounds the scriptural text week by week.

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 And, again, talked about this already,

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 but Zwingli studied the Greek New Testament.

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 He taught himself Greek.

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 And so, like I just said,

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 his preaching challenges more and more

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 of the established practices of the Catholic Church,

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 promoting things like sola scriptura,

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 the priesthood of all believers,

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 things that we talked about last week,

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 if you were here.

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 And, particularly, he goes against fasting regulations,

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 clerical celibacy, veneration of the saints,

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 and, particularly, the authority of the Bishop of Rome.

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 So, we're going to fly over those things.

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 But, in particular, one area of reform for Zwingli

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 is in the worship service.

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 It's kind of one of the big things that he decided to do.

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 And he comes up with the regulative principle of worship.

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 The regulative principle of worship.

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 Does anyone know what that means or what that is?

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 Has anyone heard of that?

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 So, this really becomes one of the hallmarks

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 of the Reformed tradition.

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 One of the key ideas of the Reformation,

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 really, is God is concerned with,

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 most concerned with what?

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 Is it humans?

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 Is it us?

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 Is it his church?

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 Is it creation?

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 He's concerned with all those things, of course.

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 But what he's most concerned with is his glory,

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 his own glory.

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 Right?

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 And so, if God is most concerned with his own glory,

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 then how we worship him,

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 how we glorify him,

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 how we honor him,

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 matters to God.

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 And so,

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 he sees that God has given instruction

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 in his scriptures on how,

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 guidelines on how we are to worship him.

00:12:19.759 --> 00:12:19.879
 Right?

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 The scriptures should regulate,

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 right?

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 The regulative principle.

00:12:23.360 --> 00:12:26.899
 The scriptures should regulate how we should worship

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 and what we should do when we gather for Sunday worship.

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 Right?

00:12:31.539 --> 00:12:33.759
 So, on the other hand of this,

00:12:34.060 --> 00:12:36.659
 right, you have the regulative principle of worship on one hand.

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 On the other hand is something called the normative principle of worship,

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 which holds that whatever scripture doesn't explicitly forbid,

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 then you are allowed to do.

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 Do you hear the difference?

00:12:48.960 --> 00:12:50.540
 It's quite different, actually.

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 So, one says,

00:12:51.680 --> 00:12:54.480
 I'm only going to do what scripture tells me to do.

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 The other says,

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 whatever scripture doesn't forbid,

00:12:58.680 --> 00:12:59.519
 doesn't tell me to do,

00:12:59.659 --> 00:13:00.740
 I can do.

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 And so, they would argue,

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 the normative guys,

00:13:04.899 --> 00:13:05.639
 they would argue that

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 as long as our worship is edifying,

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 it doesn't directly contradict a practice

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 that's explicitly forbidden in scripture,

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 it's then acceptable for us.

00:13:16.759 --> 00:13:17.200
 We could do it.

00:13:18.139 --> 00:13:19.420
 But there are particular problems,

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 I find,

00:13:20.460 --> 00:13:22.100
 with the normative principle,

00:13:22.180 --> 00:13:22.940
 our church would find,

00:13:22.940 --> 00:13:27.680
 it's because there's not a really strong internal filter

00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:29.340
 with the normative principle, right?

00:13:29.600 --> 00:13:32.860
 If anything not explicitly forbidden is permitted,

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 then where is the line?

00:13:35.360 --> 00:13:37.140
 Where does it stop, right?

00:13:37.580 --> 00:13:40.200
 You could maybe argue for dramas,

00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:43.600
 skits, movie clips, right?

00:13:43.720 --> 00:13:44.300
 Sunday service.

00:13:44.440 --> 00:13:45.960
 I don't know if you've ever been to a church like that.

00:13:46.920 --> 00:13:49.160
 But if, again, there's no line,

00:13:49.260 --> 00:13:52.140
 then why not a stand-up comedy set?

00:13:52.940 --> 00:13:54.780
 Why not a magic show?

00:13:55.500 --> 00:13:57.300
 What about a rock concert?

00:13:58.400 --> 00:14:01.600
 Scripture doesn't prohibit any of those things explicitly,

00:14:01.860 --> 00:14:03.600
 so, you know, that's all fair game.

00:14:04.360 --> 00:14:08.860
 But I think there needs to be some kind of line that's drawn, right?

00:14:08.920 --> 00:14:10.580
 And especially because the normative principle

00:14:10.580 --> 00:14:12.680
 doesn't have a strong internal filter,

00:14:13.260 --> 00:14:14.960
 I think it tends to import

00:14:14.960 --> 00:14:17.360
 whatever the surrounding culture

00:14:17.360 --> 00:14:18.920
 finds attractive at that time.

00:14:18.919 --> 00:14:20.919
 All right, so let's say comedy,

00:14:21.279 --> 00:14:22.059
 just harping on that,

00:14:22.179 --> 00:14:23.639
 is a big thing, I don't know.

00:14:24.279 --> 00:14:26.519
 So then we find, okay, that could work.

00:14:26.979 --> 00:14:29.159
 So let's use a comedy set.

00:14:29.319 --> 00:14:31.899
 Let's do this new innovative thing

00:14:31.899 --> 00:14:33.240
 in our church service.

00:14:33.939 --> 00:14:35.899
 And likewise, I think it's ultimately

00:14:35.899 --> 00:14:39.299
 promoting this idea of pragmatism.

00:14:39.299 --> 00:14:41.819
 We'll just do what works.

00:14:42.079 --> 00:14:43.539
 That's what ultimately will govern

00:14:43.539 --> 00:14:44.939
 what we do in Sunday service.

00:14:45.159 --> 00:14:46.899
 What works, what gets people in the door,

00:14:47.319 --> 00:14:49.479
 what gets money in our pockets, right?

00:14:50.899 --> 00:14:52.959
 I think there could be issues

00:14:52.959 --> 00:14:54.039
 with the normative principle.

00:14:55.539 --> 00:14:58.439
 So, looking at the regulative principle,

00:14:58.679 --> 00:14:59.159
 do you guys have,

00:14:59.599 --> 00:15:00.679
 I don't have your Bibles out.

00:15:01.879 --> 00:15:02.599
 You have your Bible.

00:15:02.600 --> 00:15:06.240
 Could you read Leviticus 10, 1-2 for us?

00:15:08.920 --> 00:15:10.240
 Just two verses.

00:15:11.860 --> 00:15:12.620
 Thanks, Daniel.

00:15:16.759 --> 00:15:17.200
 Yep.

00:15:17.960 --> 00:15:20.659
 Now, Nadav and Abihu, the sons of Naren,

00:15:20.920 --> 00:15:24.480
 each took his censure and put fire in it

00:15:24.480 --> 00:15:27.360
 and laid into the son of the unauthorized fire

00:15:27.360 --> 00:15:29.580
 to the Lord, which he had not come in.

00:15:30.220 --> 00:15:32.379
 And the fire came out from before the Lord,

00:15:32.600 --> 00:15:34.860
 and they died before the Lord.

00:15:35.139 --> 00:15:35.540
 Yeah.

00:15:36.100 --> 00:15:39.000
 So, I think this is like a classic example

00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:41.200
 of why people should hold

00:15:41.200 --> 00:15:43.000
 to the regulative principle of worship.

00:15:43.600 --> 00:15:43.680
 Right?

00:15:43.740 --> 00:15:45.840
 They offer, Nadav and Abihu,

00:15:45.980 --> 00:15:48.600
 they offer unauthorized strange fire.

00:15:49.700 --> 00:15:50.740
 But I think the key,

00:15:50.960 --> 00:15:52.920
 the phrasing of what Daniel just read

00:15:52.920 --> 00:15:53.759
 is important, right?

00:15:53.840 --> 00:15:55.580
 It doesn't say that God commanded them

00:15:55.580 --> 00:15:56.700
 not to do that.

00:15:57.500 --> 00:15:59.019
 But it says that God

00:15:59.019 --> 00:16:01.240
 had not commanded them to do so.

00:16:01.240 --> 00:16:03.799
 So, there's a difference there.

00:16:03.899 --> 00:16:04.960
 It's not that they're explicitly

00:16:04.960 --> 00:16:08.759
 rejecting an explicit command,

00:16:08.899 --> 00:16:09.879
 but it says that God

00:16:09.879 --> 00:16:11.720
 had not commanded them to do this.

00:16:12.659 --> 00:16:13.680
 So, hopefully you guys hear

00:16:13.680 --> 00:16:14.419
 the difference there.

00:16:14.580 --> 00:16:16.620
 So, Zwingli searches the scriptures,

00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:18.240
 and he finds that,

00:16:18.580 --> 00:16:19.139
 in his view,

00:16:19.299 --> 00:16:20.659
 that in the New Testament,

00:16:21.200 --> 00:16:22.840
 there is no instances

00:16:22.840 --> 00:16:24.940
 of instruments

00:16:24.940 --> 00:16:26.360
 that are being used during worship.

00:16:26.360 --> 00:16:27.840
 And so,

00:16:28.180 --> 00:16:29.320
 because he holds to this

00:16:29.320 --> 00:16:30.860
 regulative principle so strictly,

00:16:31.019 --> 00:16:32.580
 he actually strips his church

00:16:32.580 --> 00:16:34.419
 entirely of any instruments.

00:16:35.039 --> 00:16:36.560
 He rips out the organ,

00:16:36.899 --> 00:16:37.680
 right, from the building,

00:16:37.860 --> 00:16:38.740
 which is actually a shame

00:16:38.740 --> 00:16:39.600
 because apparently he was

00:16:39.600 --> 00:16:40.700
 quite the organist.

00:16:40.779 --> 00:16:41.600
 He was very talented.

00:16:42.279 --> 00:16:43.740
 And they keep their worship

00:16:43.740 --> 00:16:44.960
 strictly a cappella,

00:16:45.440 --> 00:16:47.460
 and they only sing through the psalms.

00:16:47.620 --> 00:16:49.220
 And there are churches today

00:16:49.220 --> 00:16:50.539
 that will do the same.

00:16:50.800 --> 00:16:51.399
 I don't know if you guys

00:16:51.399 --> 00:16:52.139
 have heard of that.

00:16:52.180 --> 00:16:52.899
 I think the OPC

00:16:52.899 --> 00:16:55.220
 will do that as well.

00:16:56.279 --> 00:16:57.279
 So, then the question comes,

00:16:57.360 --> 00:16:58.899
 why do we have instruments?

00:16:59.779 --> 00:17:01.059
 Why don't we just sing

00:17:01.059 --> 00:17:01.659
 through the psalms?

00:17:02.039 --> 00:17:02.279
 Sure.

00:17:03.039 --> 00:17:03.759
 Yeah, sure.

00:17:04.099 --> 00:17:04.539
 Why is,

00:17:04.879 --> 00:17:05.500
 was there a reason

00:17:05.500 --> 00:17:06.819
 why we said New Testament,

00:17:06.960 --> 00:17:07.119
 like,

00:17:07.559 --> 00:17:07.819
 obviously,

00:17:07.980 --> 00:17:09.519
 examples in the Old Testament

00:17:09.519 --> 00:17:10.359
 of instruments?

00:17:11.619 --> 00:17:11.779
 Yeah.

00:17:11.779 --> 00:17:13.180
 Why is that not

00:17:13.180 --> 00:17:13.680
 to answer?

00:17:14.059 --> 00:17:14.460
 Yeah.

00:17:14.660 --> 00:17:16.059
 Zwingli, in general,

00:17:16.339 --> 00:17:17.759
 he kind of has this

00:17:17.759 --> 00:17:18.420
 hermeneutic

00:17:18.420 --> 00:17:19.680
 that I think is flawed too,

00:17:19.759 --> 00:17:21.379
 where he tends to

00:17:21.380 --> 00:17:24.000
 lift up the New Testament

00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:25.220
 more than the Old Testament.

00:17:25.540 --> 00:17:27.220
 He kind of doesn't see

00:17:27.220 --> 00:17:28.100
 the Old Testament

00:17:28.100 --> 00:17:29.120
 as important.

00:17:29.780 --> 00:17:30.040
 And so,

00:17:30.180 --> 00:17:31.200
 he gives much more weight

00:17:31.200 --> 00:17:31.840
 to the New Testament,

00:17:31.980 --> 00:17:32.960
 which is a great question,

00:17:33.040 --> 00:17:33.180
 right?

00:17:33.240 --> 00:17:34.200
 Which is exactly

00:17:34.200 --> 00:17:35.260
 my pushback, right?

00:17:35.300 --> 00:17:36.220
 It is in Scripture,

00:17:36.460 --> 00:17:36.600
 right?

00:17:36.600 --> 00:17:38.180
 You see lyres and harps

00:17:38.180 --> 00:17:38.880
 and things like that.

00:17:39.440 --> 00:17:40.140
 People playing

00:17:40.140 --> 00:17:41.580
 musical instruments.

00:17:42.720 --> 00:17:43.100
 So,

00:17:43.200 --> 00:17:43.960
 why do we have instruments,

00:17:44.260 --> 00:17:44.380
 right?

00:17:44.400 --> 00:17:44.960
 Why don't we just,

00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:46.080
 why do we sing

00:17:46.080 --> 00:17:46.880
 sovereign grace songs,

00:17:46.980 --> 00:17:47.160
 right?

00:17:47.680 --> 00:17:48.660
 Assuming we would probably

00:17:48.660 --> 00:17:49.360
 have a heart attack

00:17:49.359 --> 00:17:50.699
 at the idea of singing

00:17:50.699 --> 00:17:51.399
 sovereign grace songs.

00:17:53.519 --> 00:17:54.000
 So,

00:17:54.519 --> 00:17:55.539
 a lot of Protestants

00:17:55.539 --> 00:17:56.479
 would distinguish

00:17:56.479 --> 00:17:57.759
 the elements,

00:17:58.219 --> 00:17:59.139
 what's called the elements,

00:17:59.699 --> 00:18:01.319
 from the circumstances

00:18:01.319 --> 00:18:02.079
 of worship.

00:18:02.599 --> 00:18:03.139
 There are two different

00:18:03.139 --> 00:18:03.519
 categories.

00:18:03.639 --> 00:18:04.740
 Elements are

00:18:04.740 --> 00:18:06.099
 the what of worship,

00:18:06.859 --> 00:18:07.000
 right?

00:18:07.059 --> 00:18:08.399
 The main building blocks

00:18:08.399 --> 00:18:08.759
 of worship

00:18:08.759 --> 00:18:09.740
 that we should have

00:18:09.740 --> 00:18:10.879
 because it's explicitly

00:18:10.879 --> 00:18:12.379
 prescribed in Scripture.

00:18:12.539 --> 00:18:13.419
 Things like prayer,

00:18:14.019 --> 00:18:14.799
 things like preaching,

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:15.839
 things like singing.

00:18:16.259 --> 00:18:17.539
 Those are in Scripture

00:18:17.539 --> 00:18:18.179
 that we're commanded

00:18:18.180 --> 00:18:18.840
 to do.

00:18:19.360 --> 00:18:20.320
 The circumstances

00:18:20.320 --> 00:18:22.080
 are instead the how.

00:18:22.200 --> 00:18:22.779
 How do we do

00:18:22.779 --> 00:18:23.380
 those things?

00:18:24.060 --> 00:18:25.460
 And I think there's

00:18:25.460 --> 00:18:26.440
 a lot more flexibility

00:18:26.440 --> 00:18:27.420
 and freedom

00:18:27.420 --> 00:18:28.600
 in deciding

00:18:28.600 --> 00:18:29.860
 how we do

00:18:29.860 --> 00:18:30.420
 these things,

00:18:30.480 --> 00:18:30.640
 right?

00:18:30.680 --> 00:18:31.700
 Because Scripture

00:18:31.700 --> 00:18:33.900
 generally doesn't

00:18:33.900 --> 00:18:34.680
 actually teach us

00:18:34.680 --> 00:18:35.560
 exactly how

00:18:35.560 --> 00:18:36.120
 these things

00:18:36.120 --> 00:18:36.740
 need to be done,

00:18:36.900 --> 00:18:37.080
 right?

00:18:37.560 --> 00:18:38.560
 What time should we

00:18:38.560 --> 00:18:38.920
 worship?

00:18:39.180 --> 00:18:39.680
 What time should we

00:18:39.680 --> 00:18:39.880
 gather?

00:18:40.360 --> 00:18:41.200
 How long should our

00:18:41.200 --> 00:18:41.580
 service be?

00:18:41.640 --> 00:18:42.340
 Should it be two hours

00:18:42.340 --> 00:18:43.000
 or twelve hours?

00:18:44.299 --> 00:18:45.500
 Should we have AC?

00:18:46.400 --> 00:18:46.580
 Right?

00:18:46.660 --> 00:18:47.440
 Thank God for AC,

00:18:47.440 --> 00:18:47.799
 right?

00:18:47.980 --> 00:18:48.600
 Should we have AC?

00:18:48.700 --> 00:18:49.340
 Scripture doesn't

00:18:49.340 --> 00:18:50.080
 exactly say.

00:18:50.920 --> 00:18:52.000
 Should we have pews

00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:53.200
 or chairs or couches?

00:18:53.480 --> 00:18:54.580
 There are so many

00:18:54.580 --> 00:18:55.279
 different questions

00:18:55.279 --> 00:18:56.320
 that we need to

00:18:56.320 --> 00:18:56.920
 wrestle with.

00:18:57.360 --> 00:18:57.900
 I would consider

00:18:57.900 --> 00:18:58.680
 all those things

00:18:58.680 --> 00:18:59.700
 circumstances,

00:19:00.100 --> 00:19:00.259
 right?

00:19:00.259 --> 00:19:00.860
 Where we're able

00:19:00.860 --> 00:19:02.019
 to use our best

00:19:02.019 --> 00:19:02.299
 judgment,

00:19:02.440 --> 00:19:03.160
 use the God-given

00:19:03.160 --> 00:19:04.660
 wisdom to be able

00:19:04.660 --> 00:19:05.420
 to make the best

00:19:05.420 --> 00:19:05.960
 decision.

00:19:06.340 --> 00:19:06.920
 And of course

00:19:06.920 --> 00:19:07.620
 still try to be

00:19:07.620 --> 00:19:08.920
 as closely governed

00:19:08.920 --> 00:19:09.779
 and regulated

00:19:09.779 --> 00:19:10.299
 by Scripture

00:19:10.299 --> 00:19:11.539
 for those circumstances

00:19:11.539 --> 00:19:11.960
 too.

00:19:12.720 --> 00:19:13.620
 And so I think

00:19:13.620 --> 00:19:14.480
 specifically with the

00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:15.920
 issue of singing,

00:19:15.920 --> 00:19:16.600
 right?

00:19:16.680 --> 00:19:17.160
 I think within

00:19:17.160 --> 00:19:17.740
 the element

00:19:17.740 --> 00:19:18.519
 of singing

00:19:18.519 --> 00:19:19.160
 of musical

00:19:19.160 --> 00:19:19.940
 worship to the

00:19:19.940 --> 00:19:20.200
 Lord,

00:19:20.519 --> 00:19:20.880
 I think the

00:19:20.880 --> 00:19:21.580
 circumstance

00:19:21.580 --> 00:19:22.279
 of having

00:19:22.279 --> 00:19:23.220
 instrumental

00:19:23.220 --> 00:19:24.019
 accompaniment

00:19:24.019 --> 00:19:25.519
 is permissible.

00:19:26.200 --> 00:19:26.980
 That's our

00:19:26.980 --> 00:19:27.920
 view.

00:19:28.580 --> 00:19:29.039
 And so I think

00:19:29.039 --> 00:19:29.660
 we still hold

00:19:29.660 --> 00:19:29.960
 to the

00:19:29.960 --> 00:19:30.340
 regulative

00:19:30.340 --> 00:19:30.800
 principle.

00:19:32.120 --> 00:19:32.480
 Scripture is

00:19:32.480 --> 00:19:33.240
 still regulating,

00:19:33.360 --> 00:19:33.900
 it's outlining

00:19:33.900 --> 00:19:34.759
 how we worship,

00:19:35.460 --> 00:19:36.200
 but especially

00:19:36.200 --> 00:19:36.600
 because Scripture

00:19:36.600 --> 00:19:37.720
 doesn't give

00:19:37.720 --> 00:19:38.259
 the exact

00:19:38.259 --> 00:19:39.440
 details on

00:19:39.440 --> 00:19:40.680
 the circumstances,

00:19:41.019 --> 00:19:41.800
 then I think

00:19:41.800 --> 00:19:42.380
 we can have

00:19:42.380 --> 00:19:42.680
 a little bit

00:19:42.680 --> 00:19:43.240
 more flexibility

00:19:43.240 --> 00:19:43.759
 in that.

00:19:47.000 --> 00:19:47.799
 The same

00:19:47.799 --> 00:19:48.359
 year he's

00:19:48.359 --> 00:19:49.559
 installed as

00:19:49.559 --> 00:19:50.240
 a priest

00:19:50.240 --> 00:19:50.880
 in Zurich,

00:19:51.559 --> 00:19:52.460
 the entire

00:19:52.460 --> 00:19:53.160
 city is

00:19:53.160 --> 00:19:53.779
 actually struck

00:19:53.779 --> 00:19:54.720
 by a plague,

00:19:55.519 --> 00:19:56.059
 which many

00:19:56.059 --> 00:19:56.759
 historians believe

00:19:56.759 --> 00:19:57.240
 to be the

00:19:57.240 --> 00:19:58.099
 Black Plague,

00:19:58.480 --> 00:19:58.960
 which wiped

00:19:58.960 --> 00:20:00.160
 out tens

00:20:00.160 --> 00:20:00.819
 of millions

00:20:00.819 --> 00:20:01.339
 of people

00:20:01.339 --> 00:20:02.120
 across Europe.

00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:03.519
 Zurich was

00:20:03.519 --> 00:20:04.160
 no different.

00:20:05.319 --> 00:20:05.700
 It's a

00:20:05.700 --> 00:20:06.259
 terrible,

00:20:06.400 --> 00:20:07.059
 terrible disease,

00:20:07.339 --> 00:20:08.039
 high fevers,

00:20:08.440 --> 00:20:08.819
 boils,

00:20:09.420 --> 00:20:10.099
 severe abdominal

00:20:10.099 --> 00:20:10.559
 pain,

00:20:11.599 --> 00:20:12.079
 blackened

00:20:12.079 --> 00:20:12.679
 extremities

00:20:12.679 --> 00:20:13.279
 like toes

00:20:13.279 --> 00:20:13.819
 and your

00:20:13.819 --> 00:20:14.519
 nose would

00:20:14.519 --> 00:20:15.480
 become black,

00:20:15.559 --> 00:20:16.019
 your fingers.

00:20:17.240 --> 00:20:18.019
 This plague

00:20:18.019 --> 00:20:19.099
 incapacitated

00:20:19.099 --> 00:20:19.779
 people and

00:20:19.779 --> 00:20:20.439
 often killed

00:20:20.439 --> 00:20:21.179
 people within

00:20:21.179 --> 00:20:21.879
 one week

00:20:21.879 --> 00:20:22.819
 from catching

00:20:22.819 --> 00:20:23.059
 it.

00:20:24.639 --> 00:20:25.279
 But you see

00:20:25.279 --> 00:20:25.879
 Zwingli's

00:20:25.879 --> 00:20:26.980
 pastoral heart

00:20:26.980 --> 00:20:29.460
 when congregants

00:20:29.460 --> 00:20:30.339
 of his very

00:20:30.339 --> 00:20:30.619
 church,

00:20:30.740 --> 00:20:31.199
 they become

00:20:31.199 --> 00:20:31.619
 ill.

00:20:32.619 --> 00:20:33.259
 They're home

00:20:33.259 --> 00:20:33.559
 bed,

00:20:33.819 --> 00:20:34.279
 they're stuck

00:20:34.279 --> 00:20:34.740
 at home,

00:20:34.939 --> 00:20:35.819
 and while

00:20:35.819 --> 00:20:36.480
 many of

00:20:36.480 --> 00:20:37.039
 Zwingli's

00:20:37.039 --> 00:20:37.599
 loved ones

00:20:37.599 --> 00:20:38.079
 are telling

00:20:38.079 --> 00:20:38.259
 him,

00:20:38.659 --> 00:20:39.039
 don't go

00:20:39.039 --> 00:20:39.319
 to them,

00:20:39.500 --> 00:20:39.859
 don't go,

00:20:39.859 --> 00:20:42.179
 he nonetheless

00:20:42.179 --> 00:20:43.379
 still visits

00:20:43.379 --> 00:20:44.000
 their homes

00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:45.659
 to be able

00:20:45.659 --> 00:20:45.979
 to sing

00:20:45.979 --> 00:20:46.299
 worship,

00:20:46.699 --> 00:20:47.139
 to read

00:20:47.139 --> 00:20:47.500
 scripture,

00:20:47.959 --> 00:20:48.719
 to exhort

00:20:48.719 --> 00:20:49.539
 and encourage

00:20:49.539 --> 00:20:49.859
 them in

00:20:49.859 --> 00:20:50.339
 their faith.

00:20:50.719 --> 00:20:51.019
 Nothing

00:20:51.019 --> 00:20:52.099
 stops Zwingli

00:20:52.099 --> 00:20:52.699
 from being

00:20:52.699 --> 00:20:52.919
 able to

00:20:52.919 --> 00:20:53.240
 reach out

00:20:53.240 --> 00:20:53.459
 to them.

00:20:53.659 --> 00:20:54.259
 And maybe

00:20:54.259 --> 00:20:55.299
 some of us

00:20:55.299 --> 00:20:55.699
 can relate

00:20:55.699 --> 00:20:56.099
 to a little

00:20:56.099 --> 00:20:56.500
 thing called

00:20:56.500 --> 00:20:57.199
 COVID five,

00:20:57.279 --> 00:20:57.599
 six years

00:20:57.599 --> 00:20:57.819
 ago,

00:20:57.899 --> 00:20:58.059
 right?

00:20:58.479 --> 00:20:58.899
 Especially

00:20:58.899 --> 00:20:59.439
 we didn't

00:20:59.439 --> 00:20:59.939
 really know

00:20:59.939 --> 00:21:00.419
 how everything

00:21:00.419 --> 00:21:00.859
 would shake

00:21:00.859 --> 00:21:01.139
 out.

00:21:02.399 --> 00:21:02.699
 Would you

00:21:02.699 --> 00:21:03.259
 have gone

00:21:03.259 --> 00:21:03.759
 into the

00:21:03.759 --> 00:21:04.639
 houses of

00:21:04.639 --> 00:21:05.240
 those who

00:21:05.240 --> 00:21:05.679
 were infected

00:21:05.679 --> 00:21:06.119
 of COVID

00:21:06.119 --> 00:21:07.519
 when we

00:21:07.519 --> 00:21:08.019
 didn't know

00:21:08.019 --> 00:21:08.219
 what was

00:21:08.219 --> 00:21:08.859
 going on?

00:21:08.859 --> 00:21:09.419
 if you

00:21:09.419 --> 00:21:09.719
 thought it

00:21:09.719 --> 00:21:09.979
 was a

00:21:09.979 --> 00:21:10.199
 deadly

00:21:10.199 --> 00:21:10.659
 plague,

00:21:11.979 --> 00:21:12.619
 maybe you

00:21:12.619 --> 00:21:13.179
 disagree with

00:21:13.179 --> 00:21:13.599
 whether that

00:21:13.599 --> 00:21:14.240
 would be a

00:21:14.240 --> 00:21:15.000
 wise decision

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:15.759
 for Zwingli

00:21:15.759 --> 00:21:16.199
 to go.

00:21:16.779 --> 00:21:17.079
 I think

00:21:17.079 --> 00:21:17.599
 that's a

00:21:17.599 --> 00:21:18.959
 fair discussion

00:21:18.959 --> 00:21:20.759
 for conversation.

00:21:21.479 --> 00:21:22.139
 But you

00:21:22.139 --> 00:21:22.939
 can't argue

00:21:22.939 --> 00:21:23.719
 that Zwingli

00:21:23.719 --> 00:21:24.479
 wasn't an

00:21:24.479 --> 00:21:24.879
 earnest,

00:21:25.439 --> 00:21:25.839
 sacrificial

00:21:25.839 --> 00:21:26.240
 pastor.

00:21:26.899 --> 00:21:27.659
 He loved

00:21:27.659 --> 00:21:28.179
 his flock

00:21:28.179 --> 00:21:28.899
 and he put

00:21:28.899 --> 00:21:29.219
 his life

00:21:29.219 --> 00:21:29.439
 on the

00:21:29.439 --> 00:21:29.659
 line.

00:21:31.019 --> 00:21:32.199
 And as

00:21:32.199 --> 00:21:32.459
 a big

00:21:32.459 --> 00:21:33.019
 surprise to

00:21:33.019 --> 00:21:33.319
 no one,

00:21:33.379 --> 00:21:33.759
 he then

00:21:33.759 --> 00:21:34.500
 contracts

00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:35.179
 the disease.

00:21:35.899 --> 00:21:37.079
 He contracts

00:21:37.079 --> 00:21:37.479
 the plague

00:21:37.479 --> 00:21:38.039
 and he becomes

00:21:38.039 --> 00:21:38.839
 quite sick.

00:21:39.659 --> 00:21:40.559
 But his

00:21:40.559 --> 00:21:41.479
 entire church,

00:21:41.579 --> 00:21:41.919
 seeing how

00:21:41.919 --> 00:21:42.240
 Zwingli,

00:21:42.479 --> 00:21:43.199
 he didn't

00:21:43.199 --> 00:21:43.859
 let anything

00:21:43.859 --> 00:21:44.579
 stop him

00:21:44.579 --> 00:21:45.399
 from going

00:21:45.399 --> 00:21:45.619
 out,

00:21:45.719 --> 00:21:46.179
 reaching out,

00:21:46.319 --> 00:21:46.759
 loving on

00:21:46.759 --> 00:21:47.199
 his flock,

00:21:47.539 --> 00:21:48.319
 they all

00:21:48.319 --> 00:21:48.819
 rally.

00:21:49.059 --> 00:21:49.399
 They all

00:21:49.399 --> 00:21:50.000
 rally behind

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:50.299
 him in

00:21:50.299 --> 00:21:50.500
 prayer.

00:21:50.699 --> 00:21:51.219
 They pray

00:21:51.219 --> 00:21:52.679
 ceaselessly

00:21:52.679 --> 00:21:53.179
 for their

00:21:53.179 --> 00:21:54.259
 pastor and

00:21:54.259 --> 00:21:54.619
 Zwingli

00:21:54.619 --> 00:21:55.479
 miraculously

00:21:55.479 --> 00:21:56.099
 survives.

00:21:56.279 --> 00:21:56.879
 He heals.

00:21:57.779 --> 00:21:58.079
 It actually

00:21:58.079 --> 00:21:58.500
 takes him

00:21:58.500 --> 00:21:59.579
 three months

00:21:59.579 --> 00:22:00.119
 to recover.

00:22:00.259 --> 00:22:00.599
 He's just

00:22:00.599 --> 00:22:01.519
 in bed,

00:22:01.599 --> 00:22:02.059
 stuck in bed

00:22:02.059 --> 00:22:02.619
 for three

00:22:02.619 --> 00:22:02.919
 months,

00:22:02.919 --> 00:22:03.959
 but he does

00:22:03.959 --> 00:22:04.459
 eventually

00:22:04.459 --> 00:22:05.419
 fully recover

00:22:05.419 --> 00:22:06.359
 by God's

00:22:06.359 --> 00:22:06.599
 grace.

00:22:06.599 --> 00:22:08.279
 And historians

00:22:08.279 --> 00:22:08.699
 note that

00:22:08.699 --> 00:22:09.559
 this experience

00:22:09.559 --> 00:22:11.099
 really deepened

00:22:11.099 --> 00:22:11.619
 his sense

00:22:11.619 --> 00:22:12.119
 of divine

00:22:12.119 --> 00:22:13.500
 calling and

00:22:13.500 --> 00:22:14.559
 it deepened

00:22:14.559 --> 00:22:15.240
 his theological

00:22:15.240 --> 00:22:16.119
 convictions of

00:22:16.119 --> 00:22:16.899
 God's sovereignty.

00:22:17.099 --> 00:22:17.399
 We're not going

00:22:17.399 --> 00:22:17.839
 to talk a lot

00:22:17.839 --> 00:22:18.559
 about God's

00:22:18.559 --> 00:22:18.839
 sovereignty,

00:22:19.240 --> 00:22:20.059
 those things in

00:22:20.059 --> 00:22:20.699
 this seminar,

00:22:20.700 --> 00:22:22.100
 but it really

00:22:22.100 --> 00:22:23.240
 influences him

00:22:23.240 --> 00:22:23.819
 in a mighty,

00:22:23.960 --> 00:22:24.380
 mighty way.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:25.460
 And it seems

00:22:25.460 --> 00:22:26.660
 to be a key

00:22:26.660 --> 00:22:27.259
 moment in

00:22:27.259 --> 00:22:28.460
 shaping Zwingli,

00:22:28.759 --> 00:22:29.380
 particularly as

00:22:29.380 --> 00:22:29.900
 a reformer.

00:22:31.620 --> 00:22:32.299
 It all

00:22:32.299 --> 00:22:32.980
 comes to a

00:22:32.980 --> 00:22:33.259
 head,

00:22:33.440 --> 00:22:33.980
 coming back

00:22:33.980 --> 00:22:34.259
 to the

00:22:34.259 --> 00:22:34.680
 Reformation,

00:22:35.039 --> 00:22:35.400
 thinking about

00:22:35.400 --> 00:22:35.740
 the Swiss

00:22:35.740 --> 00:22:36.240
 Reformation,

00:22:36.779 --> 00:22:37.440
 three years

00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:37.920
 later in

00:22:37.920 --> 00:22:39.460
 1522,

00:22:39.720 --> 00:22:40.140
 an event,

00:22:40.539 --> 00:22:41.100
 what is called

00:22:41.100 --> 00:22:42.420
 the Affair

00:22:42.420 --> 00:22:42.740
 of the

00:22:42.740 --> 00:22:43.180
 Sausages.

00:22:44.580 --> 00:22:45.240
 It's an

00:22:45.240 --> 00:22:45.539
 affair,

00:22:45.660 --> 00:22:46.140
 it's a

00:22:46.140 --> 00:22:46.940
 sausage fest.

00:22:46.940 --> 00:22:50.559
 As Zwingli

00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:51.160
 is preaching

00:22:51.160 --> 00:22:52.140
 more and

00:22:52.140 --> 00:22:52.720
 more about

00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:53.420
 reformational

00:22:53.420 --> 00:22:54.039
 ideas,

00:22:54.700 --> 00:22:55.440
 he leads

00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:55.860
 his church

00:22:55.860 --> 00:22:56.220
 again to

00:22:56.220 --> 00:22:56.779
 this idea

00:22:56.779 --> 00:22:57.539
 of sola

00:22:57.539 --> 00:22:58.200
 scriptura,

00:22:58.460 --> 00:22:59.519
 that scripture

00:22:59.519 --> 00:23:00.200
 is the

00:23:00.200 --> 00:23:00.660
 ultimate

00:23:00.660 --> 00:23:01.620
 authority in

00:23:01.620 --> 00:23:02.100
 our lives.

00:23:03.320 --> 00:23:04.000
 Back then,

00:23:04.220 --> 00:23:05.200
 the church

00:23:05.200 --> 00:23:06.340
 only baptized

00:23:06.340 --> 00:23:07.140
 on Easter

00:23:07.140 --> 00:23:07.500
 Sunday,

00:23:08.720 --> 00:23:09.700
 and so in

00:23:09.700 --> 00:23:10.740
 preparation for

00:23:10.740 --> 00:23:11.400
 their baptism,

00:23:12.039 --> 00:23:12.960
 all catechumens,

00:23:13.140 --> 00:23:14.380
 all baptismal

00:23:14.380 --> 00:23:14.759
 candidates,

00:23:14.920 --> 00:23:15.240
 people who

00:23:15.240 --> 00:23:15.720
 are trying to

00:23:15.720 --> 00:23:16.220
 get baptized,

00:23:16.220 --> 00:23:17.100
 they were

00:23:17.100 --> 00:23:17.980
 required to

00:23:17.980 --> 00:23:18.860
 fast for

00:23:18.860 --> 00:23:19.740
 40 days,

00:23:20.240 --> 00:23:21.120
 which is

00:23:21.120 --> 00:23:22.140
 also what

00:23:22.140 --> 00:23:22.579
 we know as

00:23:22.579 --> 00:23:22.900
 Lent,

00:23:23.400 --> 00:23:23.579
 right?

00:23:23.620 --> 00:23:23.900
 They were

00:23:23.900 --> 00:23:24.559
 required to

00:23:24.559 --> 00:23:24.860
 fast,

00:23:25.319 --> 00:23:25.620
 and the

00:23:25.620 --> 00:23:26.339
 idea was

00:23:26.339 --> 00:23:27.559
 it was for

00:23:27.559 --> 00:23:28.039
 them to

00:23:28.039 --> 00:23:28.700
 be able to

00:23:28.700 --> 00:23:29.180
 cleanse

00:23:29.180 --> 00:23:29.640
 themselves,

00:23:30.120 --> 00:23:31.059
 to prove

00:23:31.059 --> 00:23:31.819
 themselves in

00:23:31.819 --> 00:23:32.200
 some sense

00:23:32.200 --> 00:23:33.200
 worthy of

00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:33.700
 their baptism,

00:23:34.720 --> 00:23:35.940
 and that

00:23:35.940 --> 00:23:36.680
 over time

00:23:36.680 --> 00:23:37.120
 you see that

00:23:37.120 --> 00:23:37.980
 practice slowly

00:23:37.980 --> 00:23:38.740
 but surely

00:23:38.740 --> 00:23:39.920
 be expanded

00:23:39.920 --> 00:23:40.620
 again to

00:23:40.620 --> 00:23:41.200
 this works

00:23:41.200 --> 00:23:41.600
 righteousness,

00:23:41.779 --> 00:23:42.220
 this Catholic

00:23:42.220 --> 00:23:42.980
 works righteousness

00:23:42.980 --> 00:23:43.660
 idea that

00:23:43.660 --> 00:23:44.620
 it's an

00:23:44.620 --> 00:23:45.279
 expression of

00:23:45.279 --> 00:23:45.839
 penance,

00:23:46.220 --> 00:23:46.860
 it's an

00:23:46.860 --> 00:23:47.480
 expression to

00:23:47.480 --> 00:23:48.220
 earn merit

00:23:48.220 --> 00:23:49.039
 before God,

00:23:49.400 --> 00:23:50.059
 you have to

00:23:50.059 --> 00:23:50.640
 fast for

00:23:50.640 --> 00:23:51.319
 Lent to

00:23:51.319 --> 00:23:52.039
 be able to

00:23:52.039 --> 00:23:52.620
 be worthy

00:23:52.620 --> 00:23:53.279
 for him on

00:23:53.279 --> 00:23:53.880
 Easter Sunday,

00:23:53.880 --> 00:23:55.720
 and so the

00:23:55.720 --> 00:23:56.460
 Catholic Church

00:23:56.460 --> 00:23:57.420
 actually bans

00:23:57.420 --> 00:23:59.319
 the eating of

00:23:59.319 --> 00:24:00.339
 any meat

00:24:00.339 --> 00:24:01.140
 at that time,

00:24:01.620 --> 00:24:02.019
 so during

00:24:02.019 --> 00:24:02.319
 Lent,

00:24:02.319 --> 00:24:04.259
 no meat was

00:24:04.259 --> 00:24:05.100
 allowed to be

00:24:05.100 --> 00:24:05.400
 eaten,

00:24:05.400 --> 00:24:08.680
 and just as a

00:24:08.680 --> 00:24:08.980
 side note,

00:24:09.059 --> 00:24:09.180
 again,

00:24:09.240 --> 00:24:10.200
 if you decide

00:24:10.200 --> 00:24:10.980
 to personally

00:24:10.980 --> 00:24:11.640
 fast for

00:24:11.640 --> 00:24:11.880
 Lent,

00:24:12.019 --> 00:24:12.500
 I think that's

00:24:12.500 --> 00:24:12.799
 great,

00:24:12.940 --> 00:24:13.680
 you're totally

00:24:13.680 --> 00:24:14.140
 free to

00:24:14.140 --> 00:24:14.560
 do so,

00:24:14.880 --> 00:24:15.900
 but I'd

00:24:15.900 --> 00:24:16.240
 warn you

00:24:16.240 --> 00:24:16.820
 not to

00:24:16.820 --> 00:24:17.380
 slip into

00:24:17.380 --> 00:24:18.060
 the Catholic

00:24:18.060 --> 00:24:18.460
 mindset,

00:24:18.580 --> 00:24:18.880
 the works

00:24:18.880 --> 00:24:19.279
 righteousness

00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:19.779
 mindset,

00:24:20.180 --> 00:24:21.259
 that fasting

00:24:21.259 --> 00:24:22.019
 is what's

00:24:22.019 --> 00:24:22.220
 going to

00:24:22.220 --> 00:24:22.480
 make you

00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:22.920
 acceptable

00:24:22.920 --> 00:24:23.680
 before God,

00:24:24.039 --> 00:24:24.700
 only again

00:24:24.700 --> 00:24:25.360
 the imputed

00:24:25.360 --> 00:24:25.740
 righteousness

00:24:25.740 --> 00:24:26.220
 of Christ,

00:24:26.320 --> 00:24:26.799
 the perfect

00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:27.180
 righteousness

00:24:27.180 --> 00:24:28.080
 that was

00:24:28.080 --> 00:24:28.799
 received by

00:24:28.799 --> 00:24:29.200
 faith,

00:24:29.299 --> 00:24:29.660
 that's what

00:24:29.660 --> 00:24:30.039
 makes you

00:24:30.039 --> 00:24:30.440
 acceptable.

00:24:31.720 --> 00:24:32.980
 So they

00:24:32.980 --> 00:24:33.500
 study the

00:24:33.500 --> 00:24:33.740
 scriptures,

00:24:34.220 --> 00:24:34.600
 they see

00:24:34.600 --> 00:24:35.539
 that Lent

00:24:35.539 --> 00:24:36.779
 is nowhere

00:24:36.779 --> 00:24:37.259
 in scripture,

00:24:37.820 --> 00:24:39.000
 this fasting

00:24:39.000 --> 00:24:39.440
 from meat

00:24:39.440 --> 00:24:39.880
 is nowhere

00:24:39.880 --> 00:24:40.279
 in scripture,

00:24:40.279 --> 00:24:40.339
 scripture,

00:24:40.960 --> 00:24:41.500
 and so

00:24:41.500 --> 00:24:42.639
 basically as

00:24:42.639 --> 00:24:43.160
 a PR

00:24:43.160 --> 00:24:43.579
 stunt,

00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:44.680
 a group of

00:24:44.680 --> 00:24:45.139
 Zwingli's

00:24:45.139 --> 00:24:45.680
 congregants,

00:24:45.740 --> 00:24:46.099
 they come

00:24:46.099 --> 00:24:46.480
 together,

00:24:46.680 --> 00:24:47.259
 and they

00:24:47.259 --> 00:24:47.660
 have this

00:24:47.660 --> 00:24:48.119
 deliberate

00:24:48.119 --> 00:24:48.779
 act of

00:24:48.779 --> 00:24:50.079
 protest by

00:24:50.079 --> 00:24:50.899
 throwing this

00:24:50.899 --> 00:24:51.700
 sausage fest,

00:24:52.139 --> 00:24:52.779
 they come

00:24:52.779 --> 00:24:53.099
 together,

00:24:53.420 --> 00:24:54.119
 and they

00:24:54.119 --> 00:24:55.539
 smoke a

00:24:55.539 --> 00:24:55.799
 bunch of

00:24:55.799 --> 00:24:56.139
 sausages,

00:24:56.299 --> 00:24:56.559
 bunch of

00:24:56.559 --> 00:24:56.779
 links,

00:24:56.940 --> 00:24:57.460
 and they

00:24:57.460 --> 00:24:58.440
 eat publicly.

00:24:59.839 --> 00:25:00.139
 Zwingli

00:25:00.139 --> 00:25:00.940
 actually doesn't

00:25:00.940 --> 00:25:01.559
 eat with

00:25:01.559 --> 00:25:01.899
 them,

00:25:02.619 --> 00:25:03.399
 but in a

00:25:03.399 --> 00:25:04.079
 sermon later,

00:25:04.279 --> 00:25:05.220
 he defends

00:25:05.220 --> 00:25:05.759
 this act,

00:25:06.119 --> 00:25:06.559
 and he

00:25:06.559 --> 00:25:07.700
 again claims

00:25:07.700 --> 00:25:08.200
 that the

00:25:08.200 --> 00:25:08.859
 Catholic

00:25:08.859 --> 00:25:09.539
 church is in

00:25:09.539 --> 00:25:09.960
 the wrong

00:25:09.960 --> 00:25:10.319
 here.

00:25:11.119 --> 00:25:11.460
 So it

00:25:11.460 --> 00:25:12.599
 seems like

00:25:12.599 --> 00:25:13.059
 a small

00:25:13.059 --> 00:25:13.899
 trivial act

00:25:13.899 --> 00:25:14.259
 of just

00:25:14.259 --> 00:25:15.099
 getting together

00:25:15.099 --> 00:25:15.399
 with your

00:25:15.399 --> 00:25:15.859
 buds and

00:25:15.859 --> 00:25:16.440
 eating sausages,

00:25:16.799 --> 00:25:17.839
 but this

00:25:17.839 --> 00:25:18.559
 small act

00:25:18.559 --> 00:25:19.720
 carried enormous

00:25:19.720 --> 00:25:20.240
 theological

00:25:20.240 --> 00:25:20.680
 weight,

00:25:21.259 --> 00:25:22.460
 and in

00:25:22.460 --> 00:25:23.000
 many ways

00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:23.839
 the affair

00:25:23.839 --> 00:25:24.119
 of the

00:25:24.119 --> 00:25:24.440
 sausages

00:25:24.440 --> 00:25:24.960
 is kind

00:25:24.960 --> 00:25:25.319
 of like

00:25:25.319 --> 00:25:26.059
 Zwingli's

00:25:26.059 --> 00:25:27.019
 95 theses,

00:25:27.119 --> 00:25:27.440
 it's like

00:25:27.440 --> 00:25:28.240
 his version

00:25:28.240 --> 00:25:28.599
 of it,

00:25:28.980 --> 00:25:29.559
 where it's

00:25:29.559 --> 00:25:29.980
 the first

00:25:29.980 --> 00:25:30.339
 time he

00:25:30.339 --> 00:25:30.839
 openly

00:25:30.839 --> 00:25:31.399
 challenges

00:25:31.399 --> 00:25:32.299
 the Catholic

00:25:32.299 --> 00:25:33.139
 church in

00:25:33.139 --> 00:25:33.700
 such a way

00:25:33.700 --> 00:25:34.039
 that the

00:25:34.039 --> 00:25:34.920
 church now

00:25:34.920 --> 00:25:35.440
 needs to

00:25:35.440 --> 00:25:35.899
 respond.

00:25:36.720 --> 00:25:37.159
 So they

00:25:37.159 --> 00:25:37.639
 have to

00:25:37.639 --> 00:25:37.960
 respond.

00:25:39.539 --> 00:25:40.539
 The bishop

00:25:40.539 --> 00:25:41.680
 of Constance's,

00:25:41.839 --> 00:25:42.859
 he condemns

00:25:42.859 --> 00:25:43.559
 this sausage

00:25:43.559 --> 00:25:44.259
 eating event,

00:25:45.420 --> 00:25:45.960
 and so in

00:25:45.960 --> 00:25:46.559
 response,

00:25:47.319 --> 00:25:48.460
 the Zurich

00:25:48.460 --> 00:25:48.920
 city

00:25:48.920 --> 00:25:49.519
 counselors,

00:25:50.099 --> 00:25:50.639
 the actual

00:25:50.639 --> 00:25:51.420
 city government,

00:25:51.879 --> 00:25:52.740
 they step

00:25:52.740 --> 00:25:53.559
 in and they

00:25:53.559 --> 00:25:53.980
 call for

00:25:53.980 --> 00:25:55.019
 public debates

00:25:55.019 --> 00:25:56.639
 in 1523.

00:25:58.099 --> 00:25:58.940
 In preparation

00:25:58.940 --> 00:25:59.539
 for these

00:25:59.539 --> 00:25:59.899
 debates,

00:26:00.059 --> 00:26:00.319
 Zwingli

00:26:00.319 --> 00:26:01.579
 drafts his

00:26:01.579 --> 00:26:02.680
 version of

00:26:02.680 --> 00:26:03.019
 the theses,

00:26:03.119 --> 00:26:03.639
 he drafts

00:26:03.639 --> 00:26:05.299
 67 theses,

00:26:05.460 --> 00:26:05.720
 which are

00:26:05.720 --> 00:26:06.139
 again like

00:26:06.139 --> 00:26:06.599
 Luther's

00:26:06.599 --> 00:26:06.980
 theses,

00:26:06.980 --> 00:26:08.339
 but only

00:26:08.339 --> 00:26:09.339
 that Zwingli's

00:26:09.339 --> 00:26:09.759
 is much

00:26:09.759 --> 00:26:10.360
 more broad

00:26:10.360 --> 00:26:10.940
 in theological

00:26:10.940 --> 00:26:12.180
 breadth and

00:26:12.180 --> 00:26:12.779
 much deeper

00:26:12.779 --> 00:26:13.400
 in theological

00:26:13.400 --> 00:26:14.079
 depth as

00:26:14.079 --> 00:26:14.339
 well.

00:26:15.740 --> 00:26:16.039
 Zwingli

00:26:16.039 --> 00:26:16.660
 debates

00:26:16.660 --> 00:26:17.720
 publicly

00:26:17.720 --> 00:26:18.339
 some

00:26:18.339 --> 00:26:18.880
 Catholic

00:26:18.880 --> 00:26:19.500
 representatives

00:26:19.500 --> 00:26:19.900
 that were

00:26:19.900 --> 00:26:20.319
 sent by

00:26:20.319 --> 00:26:20.759
 the church

00:26:20.759 --> 00:26:21.700
 on these

00:26:21.700 --> 00:26:22.360
 issues like

00:26:22.360 --> 00:26:23.220
 Sola Scriptura,

00:26:23.860 --> 00:26:24.759
 on issues

00:26:24.759 --> 00:26:25.400
 like Lent

00:26:25.400 --> 00:26:26.079
 and fasting,

00:26:27.019 --> 00:26:27.860
 and honestly

00:26:27.860 --> 00:26:28.660
 the contest

00:26:28.660 --> 00:26:30.279
 is a total

00:26:30.279 --> 00:26:30.599
 sham,

00:26:30.940 --> 00:26:31.460
 it's like a

00:26:31.460 --> 00:26:32.000
 total fixed

00:26:32.000 --> 00:26:32.299
 thing.

00:26:32.620 --> 00:26:33.380
 The city

00:26:33.380 --> 00:26:33.819
 counselors

00:26:33.819 --> 00:26:34.700
 already sided

00:26:34.700 --> 00:26:35.080
 with

00:26:35.080 --> 00:26:35.600
 Zwingli,

00:26:35.779 --> 00:26:36.100
 they were

00:26:36.100 --> 00:26:36.519
 the judges,

00:26:36.720 --> 00:26:37.180
 they already

00:26:37.180 --> 00:26:37.840
 sided with

00:26:37.840 --> 00:26:38.160
 Zwingli

00:26:38.160 --> 00:26:38.960
 before the

00:26:38.960 --> 00:26:39.640
 first words

00:26:39.640 --> 00:26:39.960
 were even

00:26:39.960 --> 00:26:40.319
 spoken.

00:26:41.380 --> 00:26:42.340
 For them

00:26:42.340 --> 00:26:42.960
 personally,

00:26:43.380 --> 00:26:43.980
 they're thinking

00:26:43.980 --> 00:26:44.500
 about money,

00:26:44.660 --> 00:26:44.920
 they're thinking

00:26:44.920 --> 00:26:45.480
 about power,

00:26:46.100 --> 00:26:46.980
 because enormous

00:26:46.980 --> 00:26:47.680
 amounts of

00:26:47.680 --> 00:26:48.400
 money is

00:26:48.400 --> 00:26:49.279
 flowing out

00:26:49.279 --> 00:26:49.740
 of Zurich

00:26:49.740 --> 00:26:50.960
 into Rome

00:26:50.960 --> 00:26:51.440
 at that time

00:26:51.440 --> 00:26:52.299
 through tithes,

00:26:52.380 --> 00:26:53.080
 through fees,

00:26:53.200 --> 00:26:54.019
 through indulgences,

00:26:54.180 --> 00:26:55.240
 ecclesiastical

00:26:55.240 --> 00:26:55.740
 taxes.

00:26:56.880 --> 00:26:57.580
 So siding

00:26:57.580 --> 00:26:58.360
 with Zwingli,

00:26:58.480 --> 00:26:59.039
 siding with

00:26:59.039 --> 00:26:59.920
 the Reformation

00:26:59.920 --> 00:27:00.779
 meant that they

00:27:00.779 --> 00:27:01.259
 could keep

00:27:01.259 --> 00:27:02.200
 that wealth

00:27:02.200 --> 00:27:02.620
 local,

00:27:02.740 --> 00:27:03.319
 they could keep

00:27:03.319 --> 00:27:03.759
 that power

00:27:03.759 --> 00:27:04.279
 internal.

00:27:05.539 --> 00:27:06.539
 So they

00:27:06.539 --> 00:27:07.460
 declare Zwingli

00:27:07.460 --> 00:27:07.879
 as the

00:27:07.879 --> 00:27:08.160
 leader,

00:27:08.640 --> 00:27:09.359
 and this

00:27:09.359 --> 00:27:09.740
 city,

00:27:09.980 --> 00:27:10.599
 the canton

00:27:10.599 --> 00:27:12.019
 of Zurich,

00:27:12.420 --> 00:27:13.180
 it officially

00:27:13.180 --> 00:27:13.720
 becomes

00:27:13.720 --> 00:27:14.279
 Protestant.

00:27:15.420 --> 00:27:15.940
 Back then

00:27:15.940 --> 00:27:16.460
 there was no

00:27:16.460 --> 00:27:17.379
 separation of

00:27:17.379 --> 00:27:17.720
 church and

00:27:17.720 --> 00:27:18.019
 state,

00:27:18.140 --> 00:27:18.299
 right?

00:27:18.400 --> 00:27:19.119
 So they

00:27:19.119 --> 00:27:19.660
 made it

00:27:19.660 --> 00:27:20.420
 officially

00:27:20.420 --> 00:27:21.940
 illegal to

00:27:21.940 --> 00:27:23.039
 teach Catholic

00:27:23.039 --> 00:27:24.400
 doctrine in

00:27:24.400 --> 00:27:25.079
 their city.

00:27:25.680 --> 00:27:26.440
 So they

00:27:26.440 --> 00:27:27.619
 remove images

00:27:27.619 --> 00:27:28.299
 of venerated

00:27:28.299 --> 00:27:28.700
 saints,

00:27:29.039 --> 00:27:29.759
 they reject

00:27:29.759 --> 00:27:30.480
 fasting laws,

00:27:30.559 --> 00:27:31.420
 they abolish

00:27:31.420 --> 00:27:31.879
 the mass,

00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:33.000
 you had to

00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:33.400
 become

00:27:33.400 --> 00:27:34.720
 Protestant

00:27:34.720 --> 00:27:35.100
 if you

00:27:35.100 --> 00:27:35.460
 were to

00:27:35.460 --> 00:27:35.820
 live in

00:27:35.820 --> 00:27:36.340
 Zurich.

00:27:38.180 --> 00:27:39.100
 So we're

00:27:39.100 --> 00:27:39.259
 going to

00:27:39.259 --> 00:27:40.540
 talk much

00:27:40.540 --> 00:27:40.940
 more in

00:27:40.940 --> 00:27:41.340
 depth about

00:27:41.340 --> 00:27:41.880
 some theological

00:27:41.880 --> 00:27:43.019
 topics given

00:27:43.019 --> 00:27:43.940
 Luther's,

00:27:44.080 --> 00:27:44.720
 Zwingli's

00:27:44.720 --> 00:27:44.980
 history.

00:27:45.560 --> 00:27:46.019
 So one of

00:27:46.019 --> 00:27:46.280
 the most

00:27:46.280 --> 00:27:47.100
 consequential

00:27:47.100 --> 00:27:47.720
 theological

00:27:47.720 --> 00:27:49.440
 controversies in

00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:50.019
 the Protestant

00:27:50.019 --> 00:27:51.259
 Reformation is

00:27:51.259 --> 00:27:52.440
 between Zwingli

00:27:52.440 --> 00:27:53.320
 and Luther.

00:27:53.880 --> 00:27:54.240
 Do you guys

00:27:54.240 --> 00:27:54.840
 know what he

00:27:54.840 --> 00:27:55.100
 argued?

00:27:55.200 --> 00:27:55.340
 Yeah,

00:27:55.600 --> 00:27:56.460
 yeah,

00:27:56.519 --> 00:27:56.700
 please.

00:27:57.180 --> 00:27:57.780
 We're going to

00:27:57.780 --> 00:27:58.640
 talk about

00:27:58.640 --> 00:28:00.220
 Zwingli and

00:28:00.220 --> 00:28:00.400
 Luther.

00:28:00.500 --> 00:28:00.759
 Do you guys

00:28:00.759 --> 00:28:01.240
 know what they

00:28:01.240 --> 00:28:01.780
 fought about?

00:28:02.779 --> 00:28:03.279
 Anyone know?

00:28:03.519 --> 00:28:03.819
 They had a

00:28:03.819 --> 00:28:04.399
 huge major

00:28:04.399 --> 00:28:04.720
 feud.

00:28:05.240 --> 00:28:05.980
 Something about

00:28:05.980 --> 00:28:07.379
 the communion.

00:28:07.599 --> 00:28:07.759
 Yeah,

00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:08.339
 exactly.

00:28:08.480 --> 00:28:09.059
 All about the

00:28:09.059 --> 00:28:09.480
 Lord's Supper.

00:28:10.519 --> 00:28:11.200
 And it ends

00:28:11.200 --> 00:28:11.500
 up getting

00:28:11.500 --> 00:28:12.339
 super,

00:28:12.559 --> 00:28:13.079
 super messy.

00:28:14.819 --> 00:28:15.440
 Luther says

00:28:15.440 --> 00:28:16.099
 some quite

00:28:16.099 --> 00:28:17.859
 harsh things

00:28:17.859 --> 00:28:18.500
 about Zwingli.

00:28:20.200 --> 00:28:20.899
 And as we

00:28:20.899 --> 00:28:21.500
 talk about the

00:28:21.500 --> 00:28:21.879
 Lord's Supper,

00:28:21.980 --> 00:28:22.299
 I think it

00:28:22.299 --> 00:28:22.720
 could be helpful

00:28:22.720 --> 00:28:23.639
 to outline the

00:28:23.639 --> 00:28:25.460
 four views of

00:28:25.460 --> 00:28:25.980
 the Lord's Supper.

00:28:26.099 --> 00:28:26.440
 Do you guys

00:28:26.440 --> 00:28:27.319
 happen to know

00:28:27.319 --> 00:28:27.759
 any of them?

00:28:27.759 --> 00:28:28.059
 Oh,

00:28:28.160 --> 00:28:30.319
 okay.

00:28:31.799 --> 00:28:32.220
 You do know

00:28:32.220 --> 00:28:32.579
 all of them.

00:28:32.819 --> 00:28:33.079
 Great.

00:28:34.119 --> 00:28:34.440
 Well,

00:28:34.680 --> 00:28:35.079
 you know,

00:28:35.720 --> 00:28:36.619
 transubstantiation

00:28:36.619 --> 00:28:38.160
 is the Roman

00:28:38.160 --> 00:28:39.079
 Catholic view.

00:28:40.019 --> 00:28:40.819
 It was and is

00:28:40.819 --> 00:28:41.160
 the Roman

00:28:41.160 --> 00:28:41.700
 Catholic view

00:28:41.700 --> 00:28:43.420
 that what they

00:28:43.420 --> 00:28:44.519
 argue is that

00:28:44.519 --> 00:28:45.680
 during the

00:28:45.680 --> 00:28:46.319
 Lord's Supper,

00:28:46.680 --> 00:28:47.359
 the bread and

00:28:47.359 --> 00:28:47.680
 wine,

00:28:48.119 --> 00:28:49.180
 it actually

00:28:49.180 --> 00:28:50.799
 physically becomes

00:28:50.799 --> 00:28:51.640
 the body and

00:28:51.640 --> 00:28:52.339
 blood of Jesus

00:28:52.339 --> 00:28:52.680
 Christ.

00:28:52.680 --> 00:28:55.960
 they're influenced

00:28:55.960 --> 00:28:57.440
 by Aristotle

00:28:57.440 --> 00:28:59.460
 and his

00:28:59.460 --> 00:29:00.160
 philosophical

00:29:00.160 --> 00:29:01.039
 pattern of

00:29:01.039 --> 00:29:01.320
 thought.

00:29:02.700 --> 00:29:03.620
 So Roman

00:29:03.620 --> 00:29:04.019
 Catholics,

00:29:04.299 --> 00:29:04.560
 when they

00:29:04.560 --> 00:29:05.840
 talk about

00:29:05.840 --> 00:29:06.680
 transubstantiation,

00:29:06.860 --> 00:29:08.160
 they have two

00:29:08.160 --> 00:29:09.060
 categories about

00:29:09.060 --> 00:29:10.180
 speaking about

00:29:10.180 --> 00:29:10.740
 something,

00:29:11.140 --> 00:29:11.320
 right?

00:29:11.460 --> 00:29:12.380
 And one

00:29:12.380 --> 00:29:13.340
 category is the

00:29:13.340 --> 00:29:14.519
 substance and

00:29:14.519 --> 00:29:14.920
 the other

00:29:14.920 --> 00:29:15.799
 category is

00:29:15.799 --> 00:29:16.580
 called the

00:29:16.580 --> 00:29:17.180
 accidents.

00:29:17.480 --> 00:29:18.160
 Accidents not

00:29:18.160 --> 00:29:18.720
 meaning like,

00:29:18.920 --> 00:29:19.200
 oopsie,

00:29:19.279 --> 00:29:20.100
 I messed up.

00:29:20.380 --> 00:29:20.500
 Like,

00:29:20.580 --> 00:29:21.539
 it's completely

00:29:21.539 --> 00:29:21.920
 different.

00:29:22.680 --> 00:29:24.900
 the substance

00:29:24.900 --> 00:29:26.460
 of things,

00:29:26.560 --> 00:29:26.920
 of something,

00:29:27.019 --> 00:29:27.460
 is the

00:29:27.460 --> 00:29:28.920
 essential reality,

00:29:29.440 --> 00:29:30.259
 the true nature

00:29:30.259 --> 00:29:30.820
 of a thing,

00:29:31.320 --> 00:29:32.380
 whereas the

00:29:32.380 --> 00:29:33.440
 accidents are

00:29:33.440 --> 00:29:34.019
 more the

00:29:34.019 --> 00:29:34.980
 outward properties

00:29:34.980 --> 00:29:35.940
 that could be

00:29:35.940 --> 00:29:36.400
 swapped,

00:29:36.580 --> 00:29:37.360
 could be changed

00:29:37.360 --> 00:29:38.740
 without actually

00:29:38.740 --> 00:29:39.360
 affecting the

00:29:39.360 --> 00:29:40.060
 substance of

00:29:40.060 --> 00:29:40.400
 that thing.

00:29:40.880 --> 00:29:41.720
 So it's a

00:29:41.720 --> 00:29:42.100
 little confusing,

00:29:42.240 --> 00:29:42.660
 but hopefully

00:29:42.660 --> 00:29:43.779
 this analogy

00:29:43.779 --> 00:29:44.180
 will help.

00:29:45.120 --> 00:29:45.519
 If you look

00:29:45.519 --> 00:29:45.940
 at me,

00:29:46.080 --> 00:29:46.259
 right,

00:29:46.360 --> 00:29:47.000
 what is my

00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:47.580
 substance?

00:29:47.920 --> 00:29:48.700
 I'm a human

00:29:48.700 --> 00:29:48.980
 being.

00:29:50.539 --> 00:29:51.279
 And I have

00:29:51.279 --> 00:29:52.100
 my accidents,

00:29:52.299 --> 00:29:52.420
 right,

00:29:52.420 --> 00:29:52.800
 that I'm

00:29:52.800 --> 00:29:53.539
 Asian,

00:29:54.100 --> 00:29:54.560
 I have

00:29:54.560 --> 00:29:55.200
 black hair,

00:29:55.519 --> 00:29:55.800
 I wear

00:29:55.800 --> 00:29:56.240
 glasses,

00:29:57.000 --> 00:29:57.779
 those are all

00:29:57.779 --> 00:29:58.460
 my outward

00:29:58.460 --> 00:29:58.860
 properties,

00:29:59.080 --> 00:29:59.480
 accidents.

00:30:00.019 --> 00:30:00.440
 If you were

00:30:00.440 --> 00:30:00.860
 to swap

00:30:00.860 --> 00:30:01.680
 any of those

00:30:01.680 --> 00:30:02.100
 things,

00:30:02.660 --> 00:30:02.820
 right,

00:30:02.840 --> 00:30:03.519
 if I dyed

00:30:03.519 --> 00:30:03.880
 my hair

00:30:03.880 --> 00:30:04.360
 blonde,

00:30:04.480 --> 00:30:05.200
 if I got

00:30:05.200 --> 00:30:05.580
 rid of my

00:30:05.580 --> 00:30:05.940
 glasses,

00:30:06.200 --> 00:30:06.539
 if I got

00:30:06.539 --> 00:30:06.900
 taller,

00:30:07.160 --> 00:30:07.460
 shorter,

00:30:07.700 --> 00:30:08.240
 whatever,

00:30:09.300 --> 00:30:09.640
 I would

00:30:09.640 --> 00:30:09.960
 still,

00:30:10.039 --> 00:30:10.700
 my substance

00:30:10.700 --> 00:30:11.580
 would still

00:30:11.580 --> 00:30:12.360
 be a human

00:30:12.360 --> 00:30:12.680
 being.

00:30:13.340 --> 00:30:13.960
 So that,

00:30:14.420 --> 00:30:14.980
 I think if I

00:30:14.980 --> 00:30:15.400
 were to dye

00:30:15.400 --> 00:30:15.700
 my hair,

00:30:15.779 --> 00:30:16.039
 that would

00:30:16.039 --> 00:30:16.620
 be something

00:30:16.620 --> 00:30:17.120
 called an

00:30:17.120 --> 00:30:17.640
 accidental

00:30:17.640 --> 00:30:18.120
 change.

00:30:18.200 --> 00:30:18.600
 Not again,

00:30:18.800 --> 00:30:18.940
 like,

00:30:19.039 --> 00:30:19.180
 oops,

00:30:19.240 --> 00:30:19.860
 I changed it,

00:30:19.859 --> 00:30:20.959
 but an

00:30:20.959 --> 00:30:21.399
 accidental

00:30:21.399 --> 00:30:21.719
 change,

00:30:21.779 --> 00:30:22.079
 an outward

00:30:22.079 --> 00:30:22.399
 change,

00:30:22.459 --> 00:30:22.959
 a superficial

00:30:22.959 --> 00:30:23.619
 change in

00:30:23.619 --> 00:30:24.019
 that sense.

00:30:24.819 --> 00:30:25.299
 But if you

00:30:25.299 --> 00:30:25.659
 had this

00:30:25.659 --> 00:30:26.119
 piece of

00:30:26.119 --> 00:30:26.500
 wood,

00:30:26.939 --> 00:30:27.339
 let's say,

00:30:27.459 --> 00:30:27.779
 and you

00:30:27.779 --> 00:30:28.139
 paint it

00:30:28.139 --> 00:30:28.599
 all red,

00:30:29.559 --> 00:30:29.799
 what would

00:30:29.799 --> 00:30:30.000
 that be?

00:30:30.039 --> 00:30:30.379
 That's still

00:30:30.379 --> 00:30:31.000
 an accidental

00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:31.539
 change,

00:30:31.659 --> 00:30:31.779
 right?

00:30:31.819 --> 00:30:32.240
 It's still a

00:30:32.240 --> 00:30:32.559
 piece of

00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:32.819
 wood,

00:30:32.919 --> 00:30:34.539
 but now let's

00:30:34.539 --> 00:30:34.939
 say you

00:30:34.939 --> 00:30:36.019
 burn it to

00:30:36.019 --> 00:30:36.459
 smithereens.

00:30:36.599 --> 00:30:37.559
 You have a

00:30:37.559 --> 00:30:37.919
 campfire,

00:30:38.039 --> 00:30:38.419
 you burn

00:30:38.419 --> 00:30:38.579
 it.

00:30:39.119 --> 00:30:39.639
 That would

00:30:39.639 --> 00:30:40.279
 be a

00:30:40.279 --> 00:30:40.959
 substantial

00:30:40.959 --> 00:30:41.439
 change,

00:30:41.699 --> 00:30:42.159
 because it's

00:30:42.159 --> 00:30:42.779
 no longer a

00:30:42.779 --> 00:30:43.119
 piece of

00:30:43.119 --> 00:30:43.339
 wood,

00:30:43.419 --> 00:30:43.699
 but it's

00:30:43.699 --> 00:30:44.679
 now smoke

00:30:44.679 --> 00:30:45.039
 and ash,

00:30:45.240 --> 00:30:45.619
 something like

00:30:45.619 --> 00:30:45.779
 that,

00:30:45.819 --> 00:30:45.979
 right?

00:30:45.980 --> 00:30:47.700
 So,

00:30:47.900 --> 00:30:48.120
 all that

00:30:48.120 --> 00:30:48.500
 background is

00:30:48.500 --> 00:30:48.799
 important,

00:30:48.900 --> 00:30:50.140
 because Catholics

00:30:50.140 --> 00:30:50.860
 believe that

00:30:50.860 --> 00:30:51.400
 when the

00:30:51.400 --> 00:30:51.759
 priest

00:30:51.759 --> 00:30:52.819
 consecrates

00:30:52.819 --> 00:30:53.380
 the bread

00:30:53.380 --> 00:30:53.860
 and wine,

00:30:54.700 --> 00:30:55.000
 both,

00:30:55.200 --> 00:30:55.740
 before they

00:30:55.740 --> 00:30:56.059
 do that,

00:30:56.120 --> 00:30:56.319
 rather,

00:30:56.539 --> 00:30:57.779
 the substance

00:30:57.779 --> 00:30:58.240
 and the

00:30:58.240 --> 00:30:58.640
 accidents,

00:30:58.640 --> 00:30:59.360
 they match

00:30:59.360 --> 00:31:00.180
 of just

00:31:00.180 --> 00:31:00.880
 ordinary bread

00:31:00.880 --> 00:31:01.220
 and wine.

00:31:01.839 --> 00:31:03.039
 But after he

00:31:03.039 --> 00:31:04.099
 consecrates it,

00:31:04.799 --> 00:31:06.000
 the accidents,

00:31:06.339 --> 00:31:06.740
 the things that

00:31:06.740 --> 00:31:07.680
 don't define a

00:31:07.680 --> 00:31:08.460
 particular thing,

00:31:08.759 --> 00:31:09.860
 it remains of

00:31:09.860 --> 00:31:11.220
 bread and wine.

00:31:11.460 --> 00:31:12.019
 It looks,

00:31:12.200 --> 00:31:12.480
 tastes,

00:31:12.680 --> 00:31:13.140
 smells like

00:31:13.140 --> 00:31:13.799
 bread and wine,

00:31:14.059 --> 00:31:15.180
 but the

00:31:15.180 --> 00:31:15.740
 substance,

00:31:15.740 --> 00:31:16.240
 it's a

00:31:16.240 --> 00:31:16.740
 substantial

00:31:16.740 --> 00:31:17.240
 change.

00:31:18.099 --> 00:31:18.799
 They argue

00:31:18.799 --> 00:31:19.259
 that the

00:31:19.259 --> 00:31:20.000
 substance of

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:20.480
 that thing

00:31:20.480 --> 00:31:21.859
 is actually

00:31:21.859 --> 00:31:22.599
 the body and

00:31:22.599 --> 00:31:23.039
 blood of

00:31:23.039 --> 00:31:23.680
 Jesus Christ.

00:31:24.299 --> 00:31:24.660
 Do you guys,

00:31:24.799 --> 00:31:25.099
 are you guys

00:31:25.099 --> 00:31:25.400
 following me?

00:31:25.400 --> 00:31:25.700
 It's kind of

00:31:25.700 --> 00:31:26.099
 confusing,

00:31:26.500 --> 00:31:26.900
 but hopefully

00:31:26.900 --> 00:31:27.480
 that makes

00:31:27.480 --> 00:31:27.759
 sense.

00:31:28.579 --> 00:31:28.779
 So,

00:31:29.019 --> 00:31:29.400
 physically,

00:31:29.559 --> 00:31:30.200
 what you are

00:31:30.200 --> 00:31:31.319
 eating is

00:31:31.319 --> 00:31:32.420
 literally the

00:31:32.420 --> 00:31:33.480
 body of

00:31:33.480 --> 00:31:34.039
 Jesus Christ.

00:31:34.660 --> 00:31:35.120
 Physically,

00:31:35.240 --> 00:31:35.740
 what you are

00:31:35.740 --> 00:31:36.660
 drinking is

00:31:36.660 --> 00:31:37.700
 the blood of

00:31:37.700 --> 00:31:38.120
 Jesus Christ.

00:31:38.160 --> 00:31:38.839
 It might taste

00:31:38.839 --> 00:31:39.980
 like bread,

00:31:40.059 --> 00:31:40.660
 it might taste

00:31:40.660 --> 00:31:41.339
 like wine,

00:31:41.460 --> 00:31:42.099
 but you're

00:31:42.099 --> 00:31:43.099
 physically eating

00:31:43.099 --> 00:31:43.640
 Jesus'

00:31:44.539 --> 00:31:44.740
 blood,

00:31:44.940 --> 00:31:45.319
 body and

00:31:45.319 --> 00:31:45.440
 blood.

00:31:45.740 --> 00:31:46.339
 Right?

00:31:46.700 --> 00:31:47.880
 That's what

00:31:47.880 --> 00:31:49.180
 their understanding

00:31:49.180 --> 00:31:50.240
 of the Lord's

00:31:50.240 --> 00:31:50.700
 Supper is.

00:31:51.140 --> 00:31:51.480
 But the

00:31:51.480 --> 00:31:52.019
 reformers,

00:31:52.079 --> 00:31:52.819
 they push back

00:31:52.819 --> 00:31:53.299
 on this

00:31:53.299 --> 00:31:54.240
 doctrine heavily.

00:31:55.460 --> 00:31:56.480
 For one,

00:31:56.759 --> 00:31:57.180
 this is

00:31:57.180 --> 00:31:57.700
 Zwingli's

00:31:57.700 --> 00:31:58.019
 argument,

00:31:58.599 --> 00:31:59.339
 they argue

00:31:59.339 --> 00:31:59.960
 that this

00:31:59.960 --> 00:32:00.440
 really just

00:32:00.440 --> 00:32:01.700
 feels like

00:32:01.700 --> 00:32:02.900
 a philosophical

00:32:02.900 --> 00:32:03.720
 abstraction.

00:32:04.559 --> 00:32:05.700
 It's way

00:32:05.700 --> 00:32:06.380
 too complicated.

00:32:07.160 --> 00:32:07.900
 I don't know

00:32:07.900 --> 00:32:08.140
 if you guys

00:32:08.140 --> 00:32:08.759
 know the

00:32:08.759 --> 00:32:09.120
 acronym

00:32:09.120 --> 00:32:09.819
 KISS.

00:32:10.599 --> 00:32:10.779
 Do you

00:32:10.779 --> 00:32:11.000
 guys know

00:32:11.000 --> 00:32:11.259
 what that

00:32:11.259 --> 00:32:11.500
 is?

00:32:11.620 --> 00:32:11.880
 Keep

00:32:11.880 --> 00:32:12.019
 it

00:32:12.019 --> 00:32:12.279
 simple

00:32:12.279 --> 00:32:12.640
 stupid?

00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:14.840
 That's

00:32:14.840 --> 00:32:15.320
 essentially

00:32:15.320 --> 00:32:15.759
 Zwingli's

00:32:15.759 --> 00:32:15.980
 point.

00:32:16.080 --> 00:32:16.400
 Keep it

00:32:16.400 --> 00:32:16.680
 simple.

00:32:17.040 --> 00:32:17.860
 If it

00:32:17.860 --> 00:32:18.360
 tastes like

00:32:18.360 --> 00:32:18.580
 bread,

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:19.640
 looks like

00:32:19.640 --> 00:32:19.940
 bread,

00:32:20.180 --> 00:32:20.780
 smells like

00:32:20.780 --> 00:32:21.080
 bread,

00:32:21.280 --> 00:32:22.600
 what is

00:32:22.600 --> 00:32:22.780
 it?

00:32:24.140 --> 00:32:24.420
 It's

00:32:24.420 --> 00:32:25.060
 bread.

00:32:25.380 --> 00:32:25.620
 It's

00:32:25.620 --> 00:32:25.900
 bread.

00:32:26.280 --> 00:32:26.700
 That's

00:32:26.700 --> 00:32:27.460
 what he

00:32:27.460 --> 00:32:27.980
 argues.

00:32:28.980 --> 00:32:29.259
 And then

00:32:29.259 --> 00:32:30.660
 also if you

00:32:30.660 --> 00:32:31.320
 think that it's

00:32:31.320 --> 00:32:31.820
 actually the

00:32:31.820 --> 00:32:32.120
 body and

00:32:32.120 --> 00:32:32.380
 blood of

00:32:32.380 --> 00:32:32.759
 Jesus Christ,

00:32:32.840 --> 00:32:33.100
 I think

00:32:33.100 --> 00:32:33.660
 inevitably

00:32:33.660 --> 00:32:34.180
 there's some

00:32:34.180 --> 00:32:35.040
 consequences to

00:32:35.040 --> 00:32:35.240
 that.

00:32:35.240 --> 00:32:36.759
 if it

00:32:36.759 --> 00:32:37.140
 actually

00:32:37.140 --> 00:32:37.640
 becomes

00:32:37.640 --> 00:32:38.079
 body and

00:32:38.079 --> 00:32:38.319
 blood,

00:32:38.460 --> 00:32:39.039
 then it

00:32:39.039 --> 00:32:39.339
 would only

00:32:39.339 --> 00:32:39.799
 be right

00:32:39.799 --> 00:32:40.400
 and appropriate

00:32:40.400 --> 00:32:41.019
 to then

00:32:41.019 --> 00:32:42.440
 worship this

00:32:42.440 --> 00:32:42.740
 piece of

00:32:42.740 --> 00:32:42.960
 bread,

00:32:43.480 --> 00:32:44.519
 to worship

00:32:44.519 --> 00:32:45.120
 this cup

00:32:45.120 --> 00:32:45.579
 of juice.

00:32:45.980 --> 00:32:46.559
 Whenever we

00:32:46.559 --> 00:32:46.920
 receive it,

00:32:46.920 --> 00:32:47.259
 we should

00:32:47.259 --> 00:32:47.859
 venerate it

00:32:47.859 --> 00:32:48.140
 with all

00:32:48.140 --> 00:32:48.519
 our hearts

00:32:48.519 --> 00:32:49.039
 and souls

00:32:49.039 --> 00:32:49.480
 and minds,

00:32:49.579 --> 00:32:51.200
 as Sean

00:32:51.200 --> 00:32:51.620
 just talked

00:32:51.620 --> 00:32:51.859
 about.

00:32:52.779 --> 00:32:53.660
 And this

00:32:53.660 --> 00:32:53.980
 is also

00:32:53.980 --> 00:32:54.519
 particularly

00:32:54.519 --> 00:32:55.180
 why the

00:32:55.180 --> 00:32:55.480
 church

00:32:55.480 --> 00:32:56.000
 actually

00:32:56.000 --> 00:32:56.440
 don't

00:32:56.440 --> 00:32:56.940
 allow the

00:32:56.940 --> 00:32:57.240
 laity,

00:32:57.380 --> 00:32:57.819
 the lay

00:32:57.819 --> 00:32:58.140
 people,

00:32:58.359 --> 00:32:59.299
 to drink

00:32:59.299 --> 00:32:59.740
 of the

00:32:59.740 --> 00:33:00.200
 wine back

00:33:00.200 --> 00:33:00.460
 then,

00:33:00.920 --> 00:33:01.339
 because

00:33:01.339 --> 00:33:02.079
 they're

00:33:02.079 --> 00:33:02.359
 kind of

00:33:02.359 --> 00:33:02.799
 condescending.

00:33:02.900 --> 00:33:03.160
 They thought

00:33:03.160 --> 00:33:03.500
 they were

00:33:03.500 --> 00:33:04.400
 uneducated.

00:33:04.400 --> 00:33:04.740
 They were

00:33:04.740 --> 00:33:05.340
 going to

00:33:05.340 --> 00:33:06.280
 mishandle

00:33:06.280 --> 00:33:06.600
 the wine

00:33:06.600 --> 00:33:07.120
 and just

00:33:07.120 --> 00:33:07.460
 essentially

00:33:07.460 --> 00:33:07.960
 spill it

00:33:07.960 --> 00:33:08.340
 and drop

00:33:08.340 --> 00:33:09.200
 it and

00:33:09.200 --> 00:33:10.000
 treat it

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:11.560
 with not

00:33:11.560 --> 00:33:11.840
 enough

00:33:11.840 --> 00:33:12.320
 respect.

00:33:13.940 --> 00:33:14.080
 I think

00:33:14.080 --> 00:33:14.460
 oddly enough,

00:33:14.540 --> 00:33:14.780
 we have

00:33:14.780 --> 00:33:15.040
 kind of

00:33:15.040 --> 00:33:15.360
 the opposite

00:33:15.360 --> 00:33:15.700
 problem,

00:33:15.759 --> 00:33:15.960
 because we

00:33:15.960 --> 00:33:16.280
 just have

00:33:16.280 --> 00:33:16.800
 breadcrumbs

00:33:16.800 --> 00:33:17.519
 all over

00:33:17.519 --> 00:33:17.900
 the floor.

00:33:18.820 --> 00:33:19.580
 A good

00:33:19.580 --> 00:33:20.400
 Catholic

00:33:20.400 --> 00:33:20.880
 would have

00:33:20.880 --> 00:33:21.500
 a total

00:33:21.500 --> 00:33:22.160
 heart attack

00:33:22.160 --> 00:33:23.600
 seeing the

00:33:23.600 --> 00:33:24.100
 way that we

00:33:24.100 --> 00:33:24.800
 do communion.

00:33:25.920 --> 00:33:27.080
 So that's

00:33:27.080 --> 00:33:27.460
 a little bit

00:33:27.460 --> 00:33:28.700
 about transubstantiation.

00:33:28.820 --> 00:33:29.160
 Did I hear a

00:33:29.160 --> 00:33:29.440
 question?

00:33:29.940 --> 00:33:30.360
 No?

00:33:30.480 --> 00:33:30.600
 Okay.

00:33:31.660 --> 00:33:32.620
 The next

00:33:32.620 --> 00:33:33.440
 position on the

00:33:33.440 --> 00:33:33.800
 Lord's Supper

00:33:33.799 --> 00:33:34.779
 is Luther's

00:33:34.779 --> 00:33:35.220
 and it's

00:33:35.220 --> 00:33:35.500
 called

00:33:35.500 --> 00:33:36.799
 consubstantiation.

00:33:37.500 --> 00:33:39.059
 So consubstantiation

00:33:39.059 --> 00:33:39.839
 or real

00:33:39.839 --> 00:33:40.419
 physical

00:33:40.419 --> 00:33:41.099
 presence.

00:33:42.159 --> 00:33:42.559
 So Luther

00:33:42.559 --> 00:33:43.519
 rejects

00:33:43.519 --> 00:33:44.779
 transubstantiation,

00:33:45.299 --> 00:33:45.919
 maintaining that

00:33:45.919 --> 00:33:46.379
 the bread

00:33:46.379 --> 00:33:46.899
 and wine

00:33:46.899 --> 00:33:47.659
 do physically

00:33:47.659 --> 00:33:48.180
 remain

00:33:48.180 --> 00:33:48.779
 ordinary

00:33:48.779 --> 00:33:49.659
 bread and

00:33:49.659 --> 00:33:49.839
 wine.

00:33:50.299 --> 00:33:51.220
 But Luther

00:33:51.220 --> 00:33:52.019
 is insistent

00:33:52.019 --> 00:33:52.740
 on interpreting

00:33:52.740 --> 00:33:53.079
 Jesus'

00:33:53.319 --> 00:33:53.960
 words when he

00:33:53.960 --> 00:33:54.200
 says,

00:33:54.299 --> 00:33:54.839
 this is my

00:33:54.839 --> 00:33:55.220
 body.

00:33:55.859 --> 00:33:56.759
 He insists

00:33:56.759 --> 00:33:57.399
 that it needs

00:33:57.399 --> 00:33:58.039
 to be interpreted

00:33:58.039 --> 00:33:58.539
 literally.

00:33:58.539 --> 00:34:00.599
 And so he

00:34:00.599 --> 00:34:01.839
 rejects the

00:34:01.839 --> 00:34:03.059
 transubstantiation

00:34:03.059 --> 00:34:03.379
 view,

00:34:04.180 --> 00:34:05.279
 but he still

00:34:05.279 --> 00:34:05.639
 thinks it's

00:34:05.639 --> 00:34:06.200
 being literal.

00:34:06.619 --> 00:34:07.119
 So in order

00:34:07.119 --> 00:34:07.680
 to make sense

00:34:07.680 --> 00:34:08.139
 of all that,

00:34:08.239 --> 00:34:08.800
 he says that

00:34:08.800 --> 00:34:09.500
 Jesus is

00:34:09.500 --> 00:34:10.239
 physically

00:34:10.239 --> 00:34:11.880
 present in,

00:34:12.259 --> 00:34:12.519
 with,

00:34:12.759 --> 00:34:13.639
 under the

00:34:13.639 --> 00:34:14.000
 elements.

00:34:14.380 --> 00:34:14.840
 So con,

00:34:14.920 --> 00:34:15.519
 meaning with,

00:34:15.940 --> 00:34:16.199
 right?

00:34:16.739 --> 00:34:17.719
 With or in

00:34:17.719 --> 00:34:19.199
 this position.

00:34:19.380 --> 00:34:20.059
 He believes

00:34:20.059 --> 00:34:20.559
 that the bread

00:34:20.559 --> 00:34:20.920
 and wine,

00:34:21.059 --> 00:34:21.639
 they still

00:34:21.639 --> 00:34:22.679
 physically remain

00:34:22.679 --> 00:34:23.500
 bread and wine,

00:34:23.500 --> 00:34:24.320
 but Jesus'

00:34:24.599 --> 00:34:25.079
 body and

00:34:25.079 --> 00:34:25.860
 blood are

00:34:25.860 --> 00:34:26.460
 physically

00:34:26.460 --> 00:34:27.960
 present with

00:34:27.960 --> 00:34:28.219
 and in

00:34:28.219 --> 00:34:28.400
 them.

00:34:28.880 --> 00:34:28.980
 So,

00:34:29.340 --> 00:34:30.079
 again,

00:34:30.219 --> 00:34:30.539
 kind of a

00:34:30.539 --> 00:34:30.840
 confusing

00:34:30.840 --> 00:34:32.000
 position.

00:34:32.000 --> 00:34:33.079
 Is it like a

00:34:33.079 --> 00:34:33.619
 cow-toe?

00:34:35.420 --> 00:34:38.260
 Is it a piece

00:34:38.260 --> 00:34:38.639
 of Jesus

00:34:38.639 --> 00:34:39.260
 inside it?

00:34:40.059 --> 00:34:40.980
 I'm honestly

00:34:40.980 --> 00:34:41.699
 not sure of

00:34:41.699 --> 00:34:42.380
 the metaphysics

00:34:42.380 --> 00:34:43.000
 behind it,

00:34:43.019 --> 00:34:43.280
 you know.

00:34:45.579 --> 00:34:46.579
 It could be.

00:34:46.679 --> 00:34:47.519
 I think of it

00:34:47.519 --> 00:34:48.179
 as just that,

00:34:48.219 --> 00:34:48.360
 yeah,

00:34:48.460 --> 00:34:49.440
 Jesus is eaten

00:34:49.440 --> 00:34:50.599
 alongside

00:34:50.599 --> 00:34:51.800
 these elements.

00:34:52.420 --> 00:34:52.900
 Yeah.

00:34:53.500 --> 00:34:59.860
 What do you

00:34:59.860 --> 00:35:00.280
 mean by that?

00:35:00.719 --> 00:35:01.380
 The spirit,

00:35:01.800 --> 00:35:02.019
 like,

00:35:02.159 --> 00:35:02.559
 when you

00:35:02.559 --> 00:35:03.960
 receive Christ,

00:35:04.079 --> 00:35:04.199
 like,

00:35:04.199 --> 00:35:04.860
 he involves

00:35:04.860 --> 00:35:05.260
 us.

00:35:05.380 --> 00:35:05.579
 Yeah.

00:35:08.079 --> 00:35:08.519
 Yeah,

00:35:08.639 --> 00:35:09.340
 but he's

00:35:09.340 --> 00:35:10.079
 insistent on

00:35:10.079 --> 00:35:10.579
 it being a

00:35:10.579 --> 00:35:11.000
 physical

00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:12.219
 phenomenon,

00:35:12.559 --> 00:35:12.960
 whereas I

00:35:12.960 --> 00:35:13.340
 think that's

00:35:13.340 --> 00:35:13.940
 a spiritual

00:35:13.940 --> 00:35:14.460
 phenomenon.

00:35:16.139 --> 00:35:16.820
 And so,

00:35:17.099 --> 00:35:18.280
 again,

00:35:18.320 --> 00:35:18.639
 just to

00:35:18.639 --> 00:35:19.119
 explain a

00:35:19.119 --> 00:35:19.380
 little bit

00:35:19.380 --> 00:35:19.659
 of his

00:35:19.659 --> 00:35:19.920
 view,

00:35:20.059 --> 00:35:20.340
 this is

00:35:20.340 --> 00:35:20.480
 going to

00:35:20.480 --> 00:35:21.019
 get technical,

00:35:21.320 --> 00:35:22.760
 hopefully you

00:35:22.760 --> 00:35:23.019
 guys can

00:35:23.019 --> 00:35:23.360
 follow.

00:35:23.500 --> 00:35:26.380
 But Luther

00:35:26.380 --> 00:35:27.179
 and the

00:35:27.179 --> 00:35:27.579
 Lutheran

00:35:27.579 --> 00:35:28.619
 church today,

00:35:28.900 --> 00:35:30.539
 they follow

00:35:30.539 --> 00:35:30.940
 a very

00:35:30.940 --> 00:35:31.440
 unique

00:35:31.440 --> 00:35:32.280
 Christological

00:35:32.280 --> 00:35:33.300
 position in

00:35:33.300 --> 00:35:33.739
 order to

00:35:33.739 --> 00:35:34.679
 justify this

00:35:34.679 --> 00:35:35.159
 view of the

00:35:35.159 --> 00:35:35.460
 Lord's

00:35:35.460 --> 00:35:35.639
 Supper.

00:35:36.739 --> 00:35:37.059
 And so,

00:35:37.300 --> 00:35:38.000
 do you guys

00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:38.500
 know what

00:35:38.500 --> 00:35:39.260
 is the key

00:35:39.260 --> 00:35:39.780
 tenet in

00:35:39.780 --> 00:35:40.340
 Christology?

00:35:41.679 --> 00:35:42.440
 They're just

00:35:42.440 --> 00:35:43.159
 numbers.

00:35:44.860 --> 00:35:45.480
 Doctrine of

00:35:45.480 --> 00:35:45.800
 Christ.

00:35:47.360 --> 00:35:47.800
 Two

00:35:47.800 --> 00:35:48.440
 natures,

00:35:48.599 --> 00:35:49.119
 one person,

00:35:49.460 --> 00:35:49.659
 right?

00:35:49.780 --> 00:35:50.820
 That Jesus is

00:35:50.820 --> 00:35:51.019
 what?

00:35:51.239 --> 00:35:52.099
 Fully God,

00:35:52.099 --> 00:35:52.839
 fully man.

00:35:53.799 --> 00:35:54.519
 First time I

00:35:54.519 --> 00:35:54.860
 went to a

00:35:54.860 --> 00:35:55.279
 Bible study

00:35:55.279 --> 00:35:55.860
 in college,

00:35:56.519 --> 00:35:57.500
 a friend of

00:35:57.500 --> 00:35:57.980
 mine said,

00:35:58.079 --> 00:35:58.639
 Jesus is

00:35:58.639 --> 00:35:59.579
 half God,

00:35:59.699 --> 00:36:00.420
 half man.

00:36:02.639 --> 00:36:03.360
 I think that

00:36:03.360 --> 00:36:03.819
 actually might

00:36:03.819 --> 00:36:05.139
 have been my

00:36:05.139 --> 00:36:05.519
 best friend.

00:36:06.059 --> 00:36:08.519
 And I just

00:36:08.519 --> 00:36:09.000
 remember him

00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:09.679
 getting totally

00:36:09.679 --> 00:36:10.380
 chewed out.

00:36:11.779 --> 00:36:12.440
 Probably shouldn't

00:36:12.440 --> 00:36:12.719
 have gotten

00:36:12.719 --> 00:36:13.099
 chewed out,

00:36:13.179 --> 00:36:13.880
 but he did

00:36:13.880 --> 00:36:14.259
 get chewed

00:36:14.259 --> 00:36:14.500
 out.

00:36:16.559 --> 00:36:17.739
 And that's

00:36:17.739 --> 00:36:18.079
 the problem,

00:36:18.139 --> 00:36:18.259
 right?

00:36:18.319 --> 00:36:19.759
 He is two

00:36:19.759 --> 00:36:20.059
 natures.

00:36:20.059 --> 00:36:20.579
 He's fully

00:36:20.579 --> 00:36:20.900
 God,

00:36:21.019 --> 00:36:21.480
 fully man,

00:36:21.539 --> 00:36:21.880
 but he is

00:36:21.880 --> 00:36:23.039
 one person.

00:36:23.699 --> 00:36:25.059
 That's like the

00:36:25.059 --> 00:36:25.880
 key tenet of

00:36:25.880 --> 00:36:26.639
 all Christology,

00:36:26.759 --> 00:36:27.099
 and you'll see

00:36:27.099 --> 00:36:27.719
 that throughout

00:36:27.719 --> 00:36:28.259
 church history.

00:36:28.460 --> 00:36:29.179
 If you disagree

00:36:29.179 --> 00:36:29.679
 with any of

00:36:29.679 --> 00:36:30.099
 those things,

00:36:30.219 --> 00:36:30.719
 one nature,

00:36:31.179 --> 00:36:31.679
 one person,

00:36:31.840 --> 00:36:32.360
 that's a

00:36:32.360 --> 00:36:32.679
 heresy.

00:36:32.860 --> 00:36:33.199
 If you think

00:36:33.199 --> 00:36:35.679
 of two

00:36:35.679 --> 00:36:35.960
 natures,

00:36:36.059 --> 00:36:36.559
 two persons,

00:36:36.719 --> 00:36:37.179
 that's a

00:36:37.179 --> 00:36:37.380
 heresy.

00:36:37.440 --> 00:36:37.739
 It has to be

00:36:37.739 --> 00:36:38.320
 two natures,

00:36:38.739 --> 00:36:39.259
 one person.

00:36:40.400 --> 00:36:40.840
 And so,

00:36:41.039 --> 00:36:42.340
 you see this

00:36:42.340 --> 00:36:42.679
 idea,

00:36:42.779 --> 00:36:43.320
 two natures.

00:36:43.820 --> 00:36:44.239
 You have his

00:36:44.239 --> 00:36:44.739
 human nature,

00:36:45.039 --> 00:36:45.519
 his divine

00:36:45.519 --> 00:36:45.860
 nature.

00:36:46.759 --> 00:36:47.639
 Luther thinks

00:36:47.639 --> 00:36:48.699
 that his

00:36:48.699 --> 00:36:49.219
 divine

00:36:49.219 --> 00:36:49.719
 attributes,

00:36:50.159 --> 00:36:50.799
 particularly

00:36:50.799 --> 00:36:52.339
 omnipresence,

00:36:52.579 --> 00:36:53.639
 that God is

00:36:53.639 --> 00:36:54.500
 everywhere all

00:36:54.500 --> 00:36:54.859
 at once,

00:36:55.559 --> 00:36:56.879
 his divine

00:36:56.879 --> 00:36:58.099
 attributes from

00:36:58.099 --> 00:36:58.699
 his divine

00:36:58.699 --> 00:36:59.839
 nature can be

00:36:59.839 --> 00:37:01.420
 communicated to

00:37:01.420 --> 00:37:02.159
 his human

00:37:02.159 --> 00:37:02.440
 nature.

00:37:03.099 --> 00:37:03.519
 So,

00:37:03.599 --> 00:37:04.659
 it results in

00:37:04.659 --> 00:37:05.639
 this idea that

00:37:05.639 --> 00:37:06.879
 Christ's human

00:37:06.879 --> 00:37:08.420
 nature can be

00:37:08.420 --> 00:37:09.119
 ubiquitous,

00:37:09.219 --> 00:37:10.039
 can be everywhere

00:37:10.039 --> 00:37:10.839
 all at once,

00:37:11.259 --> 00:37:11.739
 omnipresent.

00:37:11.739 --> 00:37:13.399
 So,

00:37:13.439 --> 00:37:13.759
 that's how

00:37:13.759 --> 00:37:14.519
 they justified

00:37:14.519 --> 00:37:15.099
 this idea,

00:37:15.199 --> 00:37:15.319
 right?

00:37:15.359 --> 00:37:16.879
 Because I

00:37:16.879 --> 00:37:17.319
 think the

00:37:17.319 --> 00:37:19.179
 right idea is

00:37:19.179 --> 00:37:19.979
 that Jesus'

00:37:20.299 --> 00:37:21.259
 human nature

00:37:21.259 --> 00:37:22.259
 is just only

00:37:22.259 --> 00:37:23.419
 singularly located

00:37:23.419 --> 00:37:23.939
 in heaven,

00:37:24.059 --> 00:37:24.199
 right?

00:37:24.219 --> 00:37:24.619
 At the right

00:37:24.619 --> 00:37:25.039
 hand of the

00:37:25.039 --> 00:37:25.279
 Father.

00:37:25.759 --> 00:37:26.479
 But they

00:37:26.479 --> 00:37:27.319
 argue that

00:37:27.319 --> 00:37:28.000
 Jesus' human

00:37:28.000 --> 00:37:28.399
 nature is

00:37:28.399 --> 00:37:28.779
 actually

00:37:28.779 --> 00:37:30.159
 physically

00:37:30.159 --> 00:37:30.659
 everywhere,

00:37:31.859 --> 00:37:32.939
 which is why

00:37:32.939 --> 00:37:33.599
 they can then

00:37:33.599 --> 00:37:34.099
 say that

00:37:34.099 --> 00:37:34.859
 Jesus is

00:37:34.859 --> 00:37:35.559
 physically

00:37:35.559 --> 00:37:36.899
 along with

00:37:36.899 --> 00:37:37.500
 the elements

00:37:37.500 --> 00:37:38.779
 in thousands

00:37:38.779 --> 00:37:39.279
 of churches

00:37:39.279 --> 00:37:39.859
 on Sundays

00:37:39.860 --> 00:37:41.420
 where they're

00:37:41.420 --> 00:37:42.099
 all celebrating

00:37:42.099 --> 00:37:42.680
 the mass,

00:37:42.740 --> 00:37:43.039
 that he could

00:37:43.039 --> 00:37:43.519
 be everywhere

00:37:43.519 --> 00:37:44.260
 all at once.

00:37:45.300 --> 00:37:45.800
 The problem

00:37:45.800 --> 00:37:46.420
 with that view

00:37:46.420 --> 00:37:47.620
 is that if

00:37:47.620 --> 00:37:48.500
 you impart

00:37:48.500 --> 00:37:49.760
 divine attributes

00:37:49.760 --> 00:37:50.640
 to a human

00:37:50.640 --> 00:37:51.180
 nature,

00:37:51.720 --> 00:37:52.140
 what does

00:37:52.140 --> 00:37:53.260
 that human

00:37:53.260 --> 00:37:53.760
 nature become?

00:37:55.460 --> 00:37:56.220
 No longer

00:37:56.220 --> 00:37:56.579
 human,

00:37:57.099 --> 00:37:57.300
 right?

00:37:57.519 --> 00:37:58.260
 It loses

00:37:58.260 --> 00:38:00.579
 what makes

00:38:00.579 --> 00:38:01.780
 it distinctly

00:38:01.780 --> 00:38:02.200
 human.

00:38:03.099 --> 00:38:03.260
 So,

00:38:03.559 --> 00:38:03.840
 Calvin,

00:38:03.960 --> 00:38:04.680
 this is his

00:38:04.680 --> 00:38:05.519
 particular arm

00:38:05.519 --> 00:38:05.980
 and he presses

00:38:05.980 --> 00:38:06.460
 this hard.

00:38:06.980 --> 00:38:07.380
 After the

00:38:07.380 --> 00:38:08.000
 resurrection and

00:38:08.000 --> 00:38:08.400
 ascension,

00:38:08.960 --> 00:38:09.240
 Jesus'

00:38:09.239 --> 00:38:10.000
 human nature

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:10.719
 is only

00:38:10.719 --> 00:38:11.319
 present at

00:38:11.319 --> 00:38:11.579
 the right

00:38:11.579 --> 00:38:11.879
 hand of

00:38:11.879 --> 00:38:13.619
 God and

00:38:13.619 --> 00:38:14.159
 his human

00:38:14.159 --> 00:38:14.779
 presence can

00:38:14.779 --> 00:38:15.479
 be physically

00:38:15.479 --> 00:38:16.559
 everywhere all

00:38:16.559 --> 00:38:17.059
 at once.

00:38:17.759 --> 00:38:18.019
 So,

00:38:18.079 --> 00:38:18.619
 hopefully that

00:38:18.619 --> 00:38:20.199
 argument made

00:38:20.199 --> 00:38:20.839
 sense.

00:38:22.239 --> 00:38:22.759
 Third,

00:38:22.939 --> 00:38:23.279
 you have

00:38:23.279 --> 00:38:23.759
 Zwingli's

00:38:23.759 --> 00:38:24.159
 position.

00:38:24.319 --> 00:38:25.039
 It is 2 o'clock.

00:38:26.259 --> 00:38:26.619
 You have

00:38:26.619 --> 00:38:27.019
 Zwingli's

00:38:27.019 --> 00:38:27.319
 position,

00:38:27.459 --> 00:38:27.839
 which is

00:38:27.839 --> 00:38:28.659
 called the

00:38:28.659 --> 00:38:29.519
 memorialist

00:38:29.519 --> 00:38:29.839
 view,

00:38:30.839 --> 00:38:31.359
 something that

00:38:31.359 --> 00:38:31.759
 Zwingli,

00:38:32.419 --> 00:38:33.939
 he adopts

00:38:33.939 --> 00:38:34.439
 this position

00:38:34.439 --> 00:38:35.179
 so that he

00:38:35.179 --> 00:38:35.859
 can buck

00:38:35.859 --> 00:38:37.000
 as far as

00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:37.199
 away,

00:38:37.279 --> 00:38:37.859
 he distanced

00:38:37.860 --> 00:38:38.800
 himself away

00:38:38.800 --> 00:38:39.519
 as far as

00:38:39.519 --> 00:38:40.120
 possible from

00:38:40.120 --> 00:38:40.460
 the Roman

00:38:40.460 --> 00:38:41.160
 Catholic view.

00:38:41.760 --> 00:38:41.960
 So,

00:38:42.079 --> 00:38:42.780
 he lands on

00:38:42.780 --> 00:38:43.400
 this and

00:38:43.400 --> 00:38:44.120
 he argues

00:38:44.120 --> 00:38:44.480
 that the

00:38:44.480 --> 00:38:44.800
 Lord's

00:38:44.800 --> 00:38:45.960
 Supper was

00:38:45.960 --> 00:38:47.099
 primarily and

00:38:47.099 --> 00:38:48.099
 only a

00:38:48.099 --> 00:38:49.160
 memorial.

00:38:49.920 --> 00:38:50.599
 It's just a

00:38:50.599 --> 00:38:51.480
 symbolic act

00:38:51.480 --> 00:38:52.500
 of remembrance.

00:38:54.300 --> 00:38:54.340
 And

00:38:54.340 --> 00:38:55.880
 Zwingli

00:38:55.880 --> 00:38:56.720
 observes that

00:38:56.720 --> 00:38:57.340
 Jesus himself

00:38:57.340 --> 00:38:57.559
 says,

00:38:57.720 --> 00:38:58.200
 do this in

00:38:58.200 --> 00:38:59.140
 remembrance of

00:38:59.140 --> 00:38:59.340
 me.

00:38:59.460 --> 00:39:00.220
 That's a key

00:39:00.220 --> 00:39:01.099
 fact of

00:39:01.099 --> 00:39:01.920
 whenever we

00:39:01.920 --> 00:39:02.480
 celebrate the

00:39:02.480 --> 00:39:02.920
 Lord's Supper,

00:39:03.340 --> 00:39:03.780
 is that we

00:39:03.780 --> 00:39:04.260
 should be

00:39:04.260 --> 00:39:05.380
 remembering the

00:39:05.380 --> 00:39:06.280
 death, the

00:39:06.280 --> 00:39:07.140
 sacrifice of

00:39:07.140 --> 00:39:07.720
 our Lord and

00:39:07.720 --> 00:39:08.300
 Savior Jesus

00:39:08.300 --> 00:39:09.000
 when we

00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:09.380
 partake of

00:39:09.380 --> 00:39:09.700
 the Lord's

00:39:09.700 --> 00:39:09.860
 Supper,

00:39:09.980 --> 00:39:10.140
 right?

00:39:12.440 --> 00:39:13.019
 And so

00:39:13.019 --> 00:39:13.340
 Zwingli

00:39:13.340 --> 00:39:13.960
 strongly

00:39:13.960 --> 00:39:14.760
 disagrees that

00:39:14.760 --> 00:39:15.340
 there is any

00:39:15.340 --> 00:39:16.320
 bodily presence

00:39:16.320 --> 00:39:17.220
 with the

00:39:17.220 --> 00:39:17.920
 elements of

00:39:17.920 --> 00:39:18.340
 the table.

00:39:19.480 --> 00:39:19.840
 And so

00:39:19.840 --> 00:39:20.480
 for Zwingli,

00:39:20.560 --> 00:39:21.100
 essentially the

00:39:21.100 --> 00:39:21.740
 elements are

00:39:21.740 --> 00:39:22.720
 functioning

00:39:22.720 --> 00:39:24.240
 merely as

00:39:24.240 --> 00:39:25.180
 visual aids.

00:39:25.680 --> 00:39:26.180
 They're just

00:39:26.180 --> 00:39:26.980
 visual aids for

00:39:26.980 --> 00:39:27.380
 us to

00:39:27.380 --> 00:39:27.860
 remember.

00:39:29.140 --> 00:39:29.880
 But if

00:39:29.880 --> 00:39:31.519
 remembering is

00:39:31.519 --> 00:39:32.019
 the only

00:39:32.019 --> 00:39:32.420
 point,

00:39:32.820 --> 00:39:33.860
 then I

00:39:33.860 --> 00:39:34.400
 think the

00:39:34.400 --> 00:39:34.980
 pushback would

00:39:34.980 --> 00:39:35.579
 be that a

00:39:35.579 --> 00:39:36.019
 sufficiently

00:39:36.019 --> 00:39:36.400
 devout

00:39:36.400 --> 00:39:36.679
 Christian,

00:39:36.760 --> 00:39:37.440
 someone who's

00:39:37.440 --> 00:39:37.920
 sincerely

00:39:37.920 --> 00:39:39.099
 remembering the

00:39:39.099 --> 00:39:39.519
 Lord Jesus

00:39:39.519 --> 00:39:40.639
 during the

00:39:40.639 --> 00:39:42.059
 Lord's table,

00:39:42.800 --> 00:39:43.780
 it doesn't

00:39:43.780 --> 00:39:44.579
 really matter

00:39:44.579 --> 00:39:45.039
 whether you

00:39:45.039 --> 00:39:45.900
 eat or you

00:39:45.900 --> 00:39:46.820
 drink or not.

00:39:47.119 --> 00:39:47.639
 As long as

00:39:47.639 --> 00:39:48.219
 you remember.

00:39:48.460 --> 00:39:49.199
 So let's say

00:39:49.199 --> 00:39:50.199
 that you are

00:39:50.199 --> 00:39:51.000
 in Trinity and

00:39:51.000 --> 00:39:51.800
 you don't

00:39:51.800 --> 00:39:52.340
 actually go up

00:39:52.340 --> 00:39:52.740
 to take the

00:39:52.740 --> 00:39:52.980
 elements.

00:39:53.039 --> 00:39:53.380
 Or you take

00:39:53.380 --> 00:39:54.119
 the elements and

00:39:54.119 --> 00:39:54.599
 you remember

00:39:54.599 --> 00:39:54.980
 Lord Jesus,

00:39:55.139 --> 00:39:55.699
 you're so

00:39:55.699 --> 00:39:56.039
 thankful,

00:39:56.240 --> 00:39:57.460
 you're weeping,

00:39:57.699 --> 00:39:58.280
 you remember

00:39:58.280 --> 00:39:58.800
 the death and

00:39:58.800 --> 00:39:59.400
 sacrifice to

00:39:59.400 --> 00:40:00.380
 Jesus, but

00:40:00.380 --> 00:40:00.860
 then you decide

00:40:00.860 --> 00:40:01.159
 not to

00:40:01.159 --> 00:40:01.579
 partake.

00:40:02.420 --> 00:40:02.820
 Zwingli would

00:40:02.820 --> 00:40:03.320
 just say that

00:40:03.320 --> 00:40:04.079
 that's essentially

00:40:04.079 --> 00:40:04.699
 the same thing.

00:40:04.699 --> 00:40:05.239
 It doesn't

00:40:05.239 --> 00:40:05.719
 really matter

00:40:05.719 --> 00:40:06.059
 where you

00:40:06.059 --> 00:40:06.500
 eat or

00:40:06.500 --> 00:40:06.779
 drink.

00:40:09.659 --> 00:40:10.419
 I'm running

00:40:10.419 --> 00:40:11.059
 short on time,

00:40:11.179 --> 00:40:12.319
 so I'll move

00:40:12.319 --> 00:40:13.000
 on to the

00:40:13.000 --> 00:40:13.859
 fourth position,

00:40:14.059 --> 00:40:14.819
 which is actually

00:40:14.819 --> 00:40:15.399
 our own

00:40:15.399 --> 00:40:16.159
 churches and

00:40:16.159 --> 00:40:16.839
 denominations

00:40:16.839 --> 00:40:17.379
 position,

00:40:17.579 --> 00:40:18.679
 which is a

00:40:18.679 --> 00:40:19.839
 real spiritual

00:40:19.839 --> 00:40:20.439
 presence.

00:40:21.339 --> 00:40:22.679
 Christ is only

00:40:22.679 --> 00:40:23.439
 physically present

00:40:23.439 --> 00:40:23.899
 in heaven.

00:40:24.480 --> 00:40:25.139
 He's not

00:40:25.139 --> 00:40:26.219
 physically with

00:40:26.219 --> 00:40:26.859
 us when we

00:40:26.859 --> 00:40:27.719
 eat and

00:40:27.719 --> 00:40:28.480
 partake of

00:40:28.480 --> 00:40:29.259
 the supper.

00:40:29.739 --> 00:40:30.759
 Yet against

00:40:30.759 --> 00:40:31.859
 memorialism,

00:40:32.439 --> 00:40:33.039
 Christ does

00:40:33.039 --> 00:40:33.719
 give himself

00:40:33.719 --> 00:40:34.399
 to be eaten,

00:40:34.539 --> 00:40:35.259
 to be drunk,

00:40:35.599 --> 00:40:35.779
 right?

00:40:35.819 --> 00:40:36.639
 Not physically,

00:40:36.879 --> 00:40:38.000
 but spiritually.

00:40:38.839 --> 00:40:39.299
 So I think

00:40:39.299 --> 00:40:39.779
 that there is

00:40:39.779 --> 00:40:40.480
 an actual

00:40:40.480 --> 00:40:41.599
 impartation of

00:40:41.599 --> 00:40:42.879
 grace on you

00:40:42.879 --> 00:40:43.279
 when you

00:40:43.279 --> 00:40:43.980
 partake of

00:40:43.980 --> 00:40:44.619
 the Lord's

00:40:44.619 --> 00:40:44.939
 supper.

00:40:45.699 --> 00:40:46.399
 So it

00:40:46.399 --> 00:40:47.319
 matters, I

00:40:47.319 --> 00:40:47.699
 think, when

00:40:47.699 --> 00:40:48.939
 you eat and

00:40:48.939 --> 00:40:49.179
 when you

00:40:49.179 --> 00:40:49.399
 drink.

00:40:49.859 --> 00:40:50.399
 You are

00:40:50.399 --> 00:40:50.959
 called to

00:40:50.959 --> 00:40:51.759
 do so,

00:40:51.879 --> 00:40:52.099
 right?

00:40:52.839 --> 00:40:53.599
 I told this

00:40:53.599 --> 00:40:54.519
 story last

00:40:54.519 --> 00:40:54.839
 week, but

00:40:54.839 --> 00:40:55.359
 just for those

00:40:55.359 --> 00:40:55.739
 of you who

00:40:55.739 --> 00:40:56.039
 guys were

00:40:56.039 --> 00:40:56.279
 new.

00:40:56.639 --> 00:40:57.119
 About two

00:40:57.119 --> 00:40:57.579
 weeks ago,

00:40:57.579 --> 00:40:59.739
 our sister

00:40:59.739 --> 00:41:01.039
 Bailey, she

00:41:01.039 --> 00:41:01.819
 can't eat

00:41:01.819 --> 00:41:02.860
 gluten, so

00:41:02.860 --> 00:41:03.639
 she comes up

00:41:03.639 --> 00:41:04.059
 to the

00:41:04.059 --> 00:41:04.980
 table and

00:41:04.980 --> 00:41:08.019
 the gluten-free

00:41:08.019 --> 00:41:09.039
 crackers, they

00:41:09.039 --> 00:41:09.500
 were all

00:41:09.500 --> 00:41:09.759
 empty.

00:41:09.880 --> 00:41:10.059
 So I was

00:41:10.059 --> 00:41:10.360
 like, oh

00:41:10.360 --> 00:41:10.699
 shoot, I

00:41:10.699 --> 00:41:10.880
 don't know

00:41:10.880 --> 00:41:11.079
 where they

00:41:11.079 --> 00:41:11.340
 are.

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:13.659
 And I

00:41:13.659 --> 00:41:14.500
 thought we

00:41:14.500 --> 00:41:14.819
 just didn't

00:41:14.819 --> 00:41:15.259
 have it.

00:41:15.519 --> 00:41:16.480
 So I'm so

00:41:16.480 --> 00:41:16.779
 sorry.

00:41:16.819 --> 00:41:17.179
 I just say,

00:41:17.299 --> 00:41:17.699
 oh, I'm so,

00:41:17.779 --> 00:41:18.179
 so sorry.

00:41:18.319 --> 00:41:19.360
 We don't

00:41:19.360 --> 00:41:20.259
 have anything

00:41:20.259 --> 00:41:20.639
 for you.

00:41:21.319 --> 00:41:21.819
 And I think

00:41:21.819 --> 00:41:22.239
 just as a

00:41:22.239 --> 00:41:22.719
 means to make

00:41:22.719 --> 00:41:23.039
 me feel

00:41:23.039 --> 00:41:23.539
 better, she

00:41:23.539 --> 00:41:23.900
 just says,

00:41:24.059 --> 00:41:24.420
 oh, it's

00:41:24.420 --> 00:41:24.940
 okay, I'll

00:41:24.940 --> 00:41:25.259
 eat it in

00:41:25.259 --> 00:41:25.599
 spirit.

00:41:26.599 --> 00:41:27.039
 So I was

00:41:27.039 --> 00:41:27.679
 like, okay,

00:41:27.779 --> 00:41:28.719
 I don't know,

00:41:28.779 --> 00:41:29.059
 I don't have

00:41:29.059 --> 00:41:29.440
 the crackers,

00:41:29.539 --> 00:41:29.839
 so what can

00:41:29.839 --> 00:41:30.139
 I do?

00:41:30.739 --> 00:41:31.059
 And then

00:41:31.059 --> 00:41:31.519
 someone else

00:41:31.519 --> 00:41:32.039
 actually comes

00:41:32.039 --> 00:41:33.119
 up and says,

00:41:33.239 --> 00:41:33.679
 oh, actually

00:41:33.679 --> 00:41:34.039
 the crackers

00:41:34.039 --> 00:41:34.339
 are down

00:41:34.339 --> 00:41:34.539
 here.

00:41:34.719 --> 00:41:35.119
 So I'm

00:41:35.119 --> 00:41:35.420
 like, oh,

00:41:35.599 --> 00:41:35.900
 thank God.

00:41:36.380 --> 00:41:36.699
 So I

00:41:36.699 --> 00:41:37.219
 asked Sean,

00:41:37.539 --> 00:41:37.920
 like, even

00:41:37.920 --> 00:41:38.599
 though it's

00:41:38.599 --> 00:41:39.639
 maybe awkward

00:41:39.639 --> 00:41:40.480
 or out of

00:41:40.480 --> 00:41:40.880
 place, I

00:41:40.880 --> 00:41:41.239
 asked Sean

00:41:41.239 --> 00:41:41.759
 to bring

00:41:41.759 --> 00:41:42.880
 the cracker

00:41:42.880 --> 00:41:43.159
 over to

00:41:43.159 --> 00:41:43.619
 her so that

00:41:43.619 --> 00:41:44.139
 she can

00:41:44.139 --> 00:41:44.699
 partake of

00:41:44.699 --> 00:41:45.099
 the Lord's

00:41:45.099 --> 00:41:45.360
 supper.

00:41:45.920 --> 00:41:46.719
 And I

00:41:46.719 --> 00:41:47.159
 think we're

00:41:47.159 --> 00:41:47.699
 insistent on

00:41:47.699 --> 00:41:48.000
 doing that

00:41:48.000 --> 00:41:48.259
 because,

00:41:48.420 --> 00:41:48.659
 again,

00:41:48.779 --> 00:41:49.880
 there's an

00:41:49.880 --> 00:41:50.639
 impartation of

00:41:50.639 --> 00:41:51.079
 grace.

00:41:51.319 --> 00:41:51.759
 It actually

00:41:51.759 --> 00:41:52.420
 matters that

00:41:52.420 --> 00:41:52.900
 you physically

00:41:52.900 --> 00:41:53.259
 eat.

00:41:53.260 --> 00:41:55.260
 So,

00:41:55.420 --> 00:41:55.640
 again,

00:41:55.680 --> 00:41:56.120
 Zwingli would

00:41:56.120 --> 00:41:56.500
 say that

00:41:56.500 --> 00:41:57.040
 Christ is

00:41:57.040 --> 00:41:57.900
 just merely

00:41:57.900 --> 00:41:58.480
 remembered

00:41:58.480 --> 00:41:59.100
 during the

00:41:59.100 --> 00:41:59.320
 supper.

00:41:59.980 --> 00:42:00.620
 Calvin would

00:42:00.620 --> 00:42:01.280
 say that

00:42:01.280 --> 00:42:02.000
 Christ is

00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:02.940
 truly received

00:42:02.940 --> 00:42:03.580
 spiritually

00:42:03.580 --> 00:42:04.720
 through the

00:42:04.720 --> 00:42:04.940
 supper.

00:42:05.700 --> 00:42:06.240
 So hopefully

00:42:06.240 --> 00:42:06.800
 that gives a

00:42:06.800 --> 00:42:07.000
 little bit

00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:07.520
 more color

00:42:07.520 --> 00:42:08.080
 whenever,

00:42:08.340 --> 00:42:08.800
 one last

00:42:08.800 --> 00:42:09.380
 statement,

00:42:09.800 --> 00:42:10.280
 hopefully that

00:42:10.280 --> 00:42:10.640
 gives a little

00:42:10.640 --> 00:42:11.040
 bit more

00:42:11.040 --> 00:42:11.680
 color whenever,

00:42:11.920 --> 00:42:12.100
 you know,

00:42:12.180 --> 00:42:12.720
 whoever's doing

00:42:12.720 --> 00:42:13.400
 the Lord's

00:42:13.400 --> 00:42:13.800
 supper at the

00:42:13.800 --> 00:42:13.960
 time,

00:42:14.080 --> 00:42:14.580
 whether Sean

00:42:14.580 --> 00:42:14.840
 or me

00:42:14.840 --> 00:42:15.200
 or whoever.

00:42:16.260 --> 00:42:16.480
 We always

00:42:16.480 --> 00:42:16.900
 say, by

00:42:16.900 --> 00:42:17.260
 your word

00:42:17.260 --> 00:42:17.680
 and spirit,

00:42:17.840 --> 00:42:18.400
 consecrate

00:42:18.400 --> 00:42:18.980
 these elements,

00:42:19.420 --> 00:42:19.700
 right, so

00:42:19.700 --> 00:42:20.200
 that while they

00:42:20.200 --> 00:42:20.960
 remain ordinary

00:42:20.960 --> 00:42:21.720
 physical bread

00:42:21.720 --> 00:42:22.120
 and juice,

00:42:22.119 --> 00:42:22.859
 but spiritually

00:42:22.859 --> 00:42:23.440
 to us,

00:42:23.699 --> 00:42:24.359
 they may be

00:42:24.359 --> 00:42:25.259
 the life-giving

00:42:25.259 --> 00:42:25.839
 body and blood

00:42:25.839 --> 00:42:26.139
 of Jesus

00:42:26.139 --> 00:42:26.460
 Christ.

00:42:27.139 --> 00:42:29.519
 That's Calvin's

00:42:29.519 --> 00:42:29.619
 view.

00:42:29.699 --> 00:42:30.119
 That's this

00:42:30.119 --> 00:42:31.400
 real spiritual

00:42:31.400 --> 00:42:32.159
 presence view

00:42:32.159 --> 00:42:32.940
 kind of summed

00:42:32.940 --> 00:42:33.639
 up in one

00:42:33.639 --> 00:42:33.960
 line.

00:42:35.139 --> 00:42:35.739
 Keep moving.

00:42:36.279 --> 00:42:36.719
 So back to

00:42:36.719 --> 00:42:37.319
 the story,

00:42:37.480 --> 00:42:37.639
 right,

00:42:37.839 --> 00:42:38.279
 Luther and

00:42:38.279 --> 00:42:38.639
 Zwingli,

00:42:38.900 --> 00:42:40.599
 at this point,

00:42:40.659 --> 00:42:41.000
 they're aware

00:42:41.000 --> 00:42:41.519
 of each other.

00:42:41.900 --> 00:42:42.500
 At the beginning

00:42:42.500 --> 00:42:42.739
 of their

00:42:42.739 --> 00:42:43.179
 relationship,

00:42:43.400 --> 00:42:43.960
 they're actually

00:42:43.960 --> 00:42:44.679
 quite cordial.

00:42:45.380 --> 00:42:46.099
 They treat

00:42:46.099 --> 00:42:46.500
 one another

00:42:46.500 --> 00:42:47.420
 with mutual

00:42:47.420 --> 00:42:48.019
 respect,

00:42:48.019 --> 00:42:49.960
 but once

00:42:49.960 --> 00:42:50.639
 Luther finds

00:42:50.639 --> 00:42:51.239
 out about

00:42:51.239 --> 00:42:51.719
 Zwingli's

00:42:51.719 --> 00:42:52.300
 position on

00:42:52.300 --> 00:42:52.659
 the Lord's

00:42:52.659 --> 00:42:52.820
 Supper,

00:42:53.000 --> 00:42:53.400
 they go

00:42:53.400 --> 00:42:53.960
 back and

00:42:53.960 --> 00:42:54.219
 forth,

00:42:54.320 --> 00:42:54.900
 write letters,

00:42:55.780 --> 00:42:56.539
 and the

00:42:56.539 --> 00:42:57.800
 debate becomes

00:42:57.800 --> 00:42:58.480
 increasingly

00:42:58.480 --> 00:42:59.059
 bitter,

00:42:59.599 --> 00:43:00.000
 public.

00:43:01.199 --> 00:43:01.719
 Luther thought

00:43:01.719 --> 00:43:02.440
 that Zwingli's

00:43:02.440 --> 00:43:03.280
 view emptied

00:43:03.280 --> 00:43:03.940
 the Lord's

00:43:03.940 --> 00:43:04.659
 Supper of

00:43:04.659 --> 00:43:05.199
 all of its

00:43:05.199 --> 00:43:05.880
 power and

00:43:05.880 --> 00:43:06.259
 grace,

00:43:07.259 --> 00:43:08.019
 and Zwingli

00:43:08.019 --> 00:43:08.500
 thought that

00:43:08.500 --> 00:43:09.059
 Luther didn't

00:43:09.059 --> 00:43:09.739
 break away

00:43:09.739 --> 00:43:10.440
 enough from

00:43:10.440 --> 00:43:11.340
 the sacramentalism

00:43:11.340 --> 00:43:12.079
 from the

00:43:12.079 --> 00:43:12.619
 Catholic Church.

00:43:13.400 --> 00:43:14.139
 And so the

00:43:14.139 --> 00:43:15.000
 conflict reaches

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:15.460
 its full

00:43:15.460 --> 00:43:16.400
 conclusion at

00:43:16.400 --> 00:43:17.199
 the colloquy

00:43:17.199 --> 00:43:17.839
 of Marburg

00:43:17.839 --> 00:43:19.919
 in 1529.

00:43:21.059 --> 00:43:21.819
 And it's

00:43:21.819 --> 00:43:22.219
 called by

00:43:22.219 --> 00:43:22.879
 actually a

00:43:22.879 --> 00:43:23.919
 German prince,

00:43:24.199 --> 00:43:24.939
 Philip of

00:43:24.939 --> 00:43:25.419
 Hesse,

00:43:25.779 --> 00:43:26.519
 I'm not

00:43:26.519 --> 00:43:27.000
 exactly sure

00:43:27.000 --> 00:43:27.239
 how to say

00:43:27.239 --> 00:43:27.480
 that,

00:43:28.239 --> 00:43:29.559
 because he

00:43:29.559 --> 00:43:30.259
 wants a

00:43:30.259 --> 00:43:30.719
 Protestant

00:43:30.719 --> 00:43:32.259
 unity to

00:43:32.259 --> 00:43:32.919
 stand against

00:43:32.919 --> 00:43:33.519
 the powerful

00:43:33.519 --> 00:43:34.159
 and rich

00:43:34.159 --> 00:43:34.939
 Catholic

00:43:34.939 --> 00:43:35.299
 Church.

00:43:36.379 --> 00:43:37.379
 And there

00:43:37.379 --> 00:43:38.279
 the leading

00:43:38.279 --> 00:43:39.179
 reformers like

00:43:39.179 --> 00:43:39.659
 Luther and

00:43:39.659 --> 00:43:39.960
 Zwingli,

00:43:40.039 --> 00:43:40.759
 they come

00:43:40.759 --> 00:43:41.139
 together,

00:43:41.639 --> 00:43:42.199
 they try to

00:43:42.199 --> 00:43:43.239
 rectify and

00:43:43.239 --> 00:43:43.939
 unify their

00:43:43.939 --> 00:43:44.379
 theological

00:43:44.379 --> 00:43:44.879
 views.

00:43:45.539 --> 00:43:46.259
 And remarkably,

00:43:46.419 --> 00:43:46.819
 between the

00:43:46.820 --> 00:43:47.220
 two of

00:43:47.220 --> 00:43:47.400
 them,

00:43:47.640 --> 00:43:48.800
 they actually

00:43:48.800 --> 00:43:49.400
 agree on

00:43:49.400 --> 00:43:50.400
 14 out

00:43:50.400 --> 00:43:51.320
 of 15

00:43:51.320 --> 00:43:52.660
 theological

00:43:52.660 --> 00:43:53.059
 articles.

00:43:53.380 --> 00:43:53.840
 So there

00:43:53.840 --> 00:43:54.620
 is remarkable

00:43:54.620 --> 00:43:55.140
 theological

00:43:55.140 --> 00:43:55.660
 unity,

00:43:56.320 --> 00:43:57.100
 but of

00:43:57.100 --> 00:43:57.580
 course the

00:43:57.580 --> 00:43:58.440
 one point

00:43:58.440 --> 00:43:58.820
 that they

00:43:58.820 --> 00:43:59.680
 disagree is

00:43:59.680 --> 00:44:00.019
 on the

00:44:00.019 --> 00:44:00.320
 Lord's

00:44:00.320 --> 00:44:00.539
 Supper.

00:44:01.960 --> 00:44:02.180
 Luther

00:44:02.180 --> 00:44:02.640
 demanded

00:44:02.640 --> 00:44:03.000
 that they

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:03.680
 write literally

00:44:03.680 --> 00:44:04.539
 this is my

00:44:04.539 --> 00:44:04.820
 body,

00:44:05.580 --> 00:44:06.100
 and Zwingli

00:44:06.100 --> 00:44:07.019
 insists that

00:44:07.019 --> 00:44:07.440
 he write,

00:44:07.519 --> 00:44:07.760
 that they

00:44:07.760 --> 00:44:08.000
 write,

00:44:08.240 --> 00:44:09.300
 this signifies

00:44:09.300 --> 00:44:09.840
 my body.

00:44:10.480 --> 00:44:11.080
 That one

00:44:11.080 --> 00:44:11.680
 word change

00:44:11.680 --> 00:44:12.880
 they can't

00:44:12.880 --> 00:44:13.620
 agree upon.

00:44:13.619 --> 00:44:14.699
 And so

00:44:14.699 --> 00:44:15.159
 the feud

00:44:15.159 --> 00:44:15.719
 never

00:44:15.719 --> 00:44:16.460
 resolves.

00:44:16.739 --> 00:44:16.880
 And it

00:44:16.880 --> 00:44:17.299
 actually gets

00:44:17.299 --> 00:44:17.980
 so bitter

00:44:17.980 --> 00:44:18.980
 that Luther

00:44:18.980 --> 00:44:19.559
 goes on to

00:44:19.559 --> 00:44:20.079
 say about

00:44:20.079 --> 00:44:20.519
 Zwingli

00:44:20.519 --> 00:44:21.579
 that he

00:44:21.579 --> 00:44:22.359
 was seven

00:44:22.359 --> 00:44:23.139
 times more

00:44:23.139 --> 00:44:23.940
 dangerous than

00:44:23.940 --> 00:44:24.659
 when he was

00:44:24.659 --> 00:44:25.440
 a papist,

00:44:25.500 --> 00:44:25.880
 when he was

00:44:25.880 --> 00:44:26.279
 a Catholic.

00:44:27.059 --> 00:44:27.719
 And he

00:44:27.719 --> 00:44:28.859
 famously declared

00:44:28.859 --> 00:44:29.500
 that he would

00:44:29.500 --> 00:44:30.299
 rather share

00:44:30.299 --> 00:44:31.000
 wine with

00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:31.559
 Catholics

00:44:31.559 --> 00:44:32.659
 than to

00:44:32.659 --> 00:44:33.019
 drink it

00:44:33.019 --> 00:44:33.579
 with

00:44:33.579 --> 00:44:34.239
 Zwinglians.

00:44:35.400 --> 00:44:36.420
 So this

00:44:36.420 --> 00:44:37.699
 famously splits

00:44:37.699 --> 00:44:38.359
 the Lutheran

00:44:38.359 --> 00:44:39.460
 tradition from

00:44:39.460 --> 00:44:40.000
 the Reformed

00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:40.559
 tradition.

00:44:40.559 --> 00:44:41.279
 So again,

00:44:41.340 --> 00:44:41.840
 if you have

00:44:41.840 --> 00:44:42.920
 any questions

00:44:42.920 --> 00:44:43.679
 or curious

00:44:43.679 --> 00:44:44.079
 about why

00:44:44.079 --> 00:44:44.380
 there are so

00:44:44.380 --> 00:44:45.079
 many denominations,

00:44:45.259 --> 00:44:45.559
 what is the

00:44:45.559 --> 00:44:46.019
 Lutheran church

00:44:46.019 --> 00:44:46.239
 about,

00:44:46.320 --> 00:44:46.980
 what is this

00:44:46.980 --> 00:44:47.119
 church,

00:44:47.159 --> 00:44:47.639
 you have to

00:44:47.639 --> 00:44:48.360
 study church

00:44:48.360 --> 00:44:48.699
 history.

00:44:49.420 --> 00:44:49.900
 So this

00:44:49.900 --> 00:44:50.820
 really marks

00:44:50.820 --> 00:44:51.380
 the break

00:44:51.380 --> 00:44:52.139
 of the

00:44:52.139 --> 00:44:52.480
 Lutheran

00:44:52.480 --> 00:44:52.799
 tradition,

00:44:52.940 --> 00:44:53.179
 why we

00:44:53.179 --> 00:44:53.299
 have

00:44:53.299 --> 00:44:53.619
 Lutheran

00:44:53.619 --> 00:44:53.820
 churches

00:44:53.820 --> 00:44:54.199
 today,

00:44:54.380 --> 00:44:54.840
 and why

00:44:54.840 --> 00:44:55.139
 we have

00:44:55.139 --> 00:44:55.599
 churches,

00:44:55.739 --> 00:44:55.980
 Reformed

00:44:55.980 --> 00:44:56.259
 churches

00:44:56.259 --> 00:44:56.739
 like

00:44:56.739 --> 00:44:57.639
 Presbyterians.

00:44:59.000 --> 00:44:59.299
 Okay,

00:44:59.360 --> 00:44:59.759
 I want to

00:44:59.759 --> 00:45:00.119
 talk about

00:45:00.119 --> 00:45:00.579
 baptism.

00:45:01.860 --> 00:45:02.460
 It's an

00:45:02.460 --> 00:45:03.079
 important part.

00:45:03.960 --> 00:45:04.719
 So on

00:45:04.719 --> 00:45:05.559
 this topic

00:45:05.559 --> 00:45:06.480
 of a

00:45:06.480 --> 00:45:06.840
 sacrament,

00:45:07.059 --> 00:45:07.400
 I want to

00:45:07.400 --> 00:45:07.779
 highlight

00:45:07.779 --> 00:45:08.400
 Zwingli's

00:45:08.400 --> 00:45:09.279
 teaching on

00:45:09.279 --> 00:45:09.840
 baptism.

00:45:10.559 --> 00:45:11.320
 And I

00:45:11.320 --> 00:45:11.659
 want to

00:45:11.659 --> 00:45:12.000
 highlight it

00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:12.360
 because I

00:45:12.360 --> 00:45:12.960
 think Zwingli's

00:45:12.960 --> 00:45:13.719
 position of

00:45:13.719 --> 00:45:14.500
 baptism actually

00:45:14.500 --> 00:45:15.340
 marks one of

00:45:15.340 --> 00:45:15.639
 the most

00:45:15.639 --> 00:45:16.820
 remarkable moves

00:45:16.820 --> 00:45:18.159
 in church

00:45:18.159 --> 00:45:20.019
 history for

00:45:20.019 --> 00:45:20.739
 doctrine,

00:45:21.019 --> 00:45:21.960
 for theology.

00:45:22.519 --> 00:45:22.980
 He does

00:45:22.980 --> 00:45:23.380
 essentially

00:45:23.380 --> 00:45:24.159
 something that

00:45:24.159 --> 00:45:25.179
 no one has

00:45:25.179 --> 00:45:26.179
 ever done in

00:45:26.179 --> 00:45:27.059
 the history of

00:45:27.059 --> 00:45:27.440
 the church.

00:45:28.500 --> 00:45:29.480
 Since the

00:45:29.480 --> 00:45:30.219
 early church,

00:45:31.179 --> 00:45:32.420
 baptism has

00:45:32.420 --> 00:45:33.159
 always been

00:45:33.159 --> 00:45:34.320
 tied in with

00:45:34.320 --> 00:45:35.539
 the idea of

00:45:35.539 --> 00:45:36.259
 faith.

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:38.259
 Faith is a

00:45:38.259 --> 00:45:39.579
 prerequisite to

00:45:39.579 --> 00:45:40.019
 be baptized.

00:45:40.559 --> 00:45:41.219
 You need

00:45:41.219 --> 00:45:41.539
 to have

00:45:41.539 --> 00:45:42.519
 faith so

00:45:42.519 --> 00:45:42.799
 that you

00:45:42.799 --> 00:45:43.019
 can be

00:45:43.019 --> 00:45:43.500
 properly

00:45:43.500 --> 00:45:43.840
 baptized.

00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:44.400
 That's

00:45:44.400 --> 00:45:45.519
 so integral

00:45:45.519 --> 00:45:45.840
 to the

00:45:45.840 --> 00:45:46.179
 idea of

00:45:46.179 --> 00:45:46.460
 baptism.

00:45:47.519 --> 00:45:48.179
 So then

00:45:48.179 --> 00:45:48.519
 the question

00:45:48.519 --> 00:45:48.880
 comes,

00:45:49.119 --> 00:45:49.659
 what about

00:45:49.659 --> 00:45:50.739
 babies?

00:45:51.440 --> 00:45:51.960
 What about

00:45:51.960 --> 00:45:52.279
 infants?

00:45:53.739 --> 00:45:54.099
 So

00:45:54.099 --> 00:45:55.259
 following

00:45:55.259 --> 00:45:56.779
 Augustine,

00:45:57.299 --> 00:45:58.000
 the medieval

00:45:58.000 --> 00:45:59.000
 thought actually

00:45:59.000 --> 00:45:59.719
 was that

00:45:59.719 --> 00:46:00.799
 the church

00:46:00.799 --> 00:46:01.579
 essentially

00:46:01.579 --> 00:46:02.400
 provides

00:46:02.400 --> 00:46:03.400
 faith for

00:46:03.400 --> 00:46:03.779
 the baby.

00:46:03.780 --> 00:46:05.920
 that they

00:46:05.920 --> 00:46:06.700
 believed on

00:46:06.700 --> 00:46:07.680
 behalf of

00:46:07.680 --> 00:46:07.940
 the baby.

00:46:08.019 --> 00:46:08.240
 It's like

00:46:08.240 --> 00:46:08.740
 an alien

00:46:08.740 --> 00:46:09.800
 faith that

00:46:09.800 --> 00:46:11.340
 gets imparted

00:46:11.340 --> 00:46:12.160
 on to

00:46:12.160 --> 00:46:12.640
 the child.

00:46:13.580 --> 00:46:13.760
 So

00:46:13.760 --> 00:46:15.960
 others as

00:46:15.960 --> 00:46:16.420
 the centuries

00:46:16.420 --> 00:46:16.880
 go on,

00:46:16.940 --> 00:46:17.800
 they see that

00:46:17.800 --> 00:46:18.500
 this really

00:46:18.500 --> 00:46:19.000
 doesn't make a

00:46:19.000 --> 00:46:19.340
 whole lot of

00:46:19.340 --> 00:46:19.580
 sense.

00:46:20.120 --> 00:46:20.980
 Faith by

00:46:20.980 --> 00:46:22.000
 its definition

00:46:22.000 --> 00:46:23.140
 is something

00:46:23.140 --> 00:46:23.820
 that you must

00:46:23.820 --> 00:46:24.680
 do on your

00:46:24.680 --> 00:46:25.320
 own for

00:46:25.320 --> 00:46:25.960
 oneself.

00:46:26.660 --> 00:46:27.220
 So this

00:46:27.220 --> 00:46:27.960
 idea of

00:46:27.960 --> 00:46:28.540
 alien faith

00:46:28.540 --> 00:46:29.120
 doesn't stick.

00:46:29.119 --> 00:46:30.940
 So then

00:46:30.940 --> 00:46:31.440
 here comes

00:46:31.440 --> 00:46:31.779
 Luther.

00:46:32.259 --> 00:46:33.079
 He's also

00:46:33.079 --> 00:46:33.719
 an infant

00:46:33.719 --> 00:46:34.119
 Baptist.

00:46:34.299 --> 00:46:34.539
 He's a

00:46:34.539 --> 00:46:35.199
 paedo-baptist.

00:46:35.940 --> 00:46:36.980
 He also

00:46:36.980 --> 00:46:37.420
 agrees you

00:46:37.420 --> 00:46:37.659
 need to

00:46:37.659 --> 00:46:38.119
 have faith

00:46:38.119 --> 00:46:38.400
 to be

00:46:38.400 --> 00:46:38.699
 baptized.

00:46:39.380 --> 00:46:39.920
 You can't

00:46:39.920 --> 00:46:40.400
 separate the

00:46:40.400 --> 00:46:40.639
 two.

00:46:41.480 --> 00:46:42.159
 So then

00:46:42.159 --> 00:46:42.779
 how can

00:46:42.779 --> 00:46:43.319
 infants

00:46:43.319 --> 00:46:43.900
 then be

00:46:43.900 --> 00:46:44.219
 baptized?

00:46:45.519 --> 00:46:45.980
 Well,

00:46:46.159 --> 00:46:46.420
 Luther

00:46:46.420 --> 00:46:46.960
 essentially

00:46:46.960 --> 00:46:47.940
 believes that

00:46:47.940 --> 00:46:48.659
 by the

00:46:48.659 --> 00:46:49.319
 mystery of

00:46:49.319 --> 00:46:49.679
 God,

00:46:50.239 --> 00:46:50.699
 the baby

00:46:50.699 --> 00:46:51.139
 actually

00:46:51.139 --> 00:46:51.940
 does

00:46:51.940 --> 00:46:52.359
 believe.

00:46:53.639 --> 00:46:54.259
 The baby

00:46:54.259 --> 00:46:54.940
 believes,

00:46:55.119 --> 00:46:55.759
 has faith,

00:46:55.880 --> 00:46:56.440
 knows Jesus

00:46:56.440 --> 00:46:56.779
 Christ,

00:46:56.920 --> 00:46:57.420
 loves Jesus

00:46:57.420 --> 00:46:57.859
 Christ.

00:46:57.860 --> 00:46:59.180
 That's

00:46:59.180 --> 00:46:59.760
 why they

00:46:59.760 --> 00:47:00.240
 can get

00:47:00.240 --> 00:47:00.579
 baptized.

00:47:01.579 --> 00:47:01.920
 And you

00:47:01.920 --> 00:47:02.380
 might push

00:47:02.380 --> 00:47:02.579
 him,

00:47:02.840 --> 00:47:03.460
 saying,

00:47:03.720 --> 00:47:03.920
 Luther,

00:47:04.019 --> 00:47:04.500
 how in

00:47:04.500 --> 00:47:04.860
 the world

00:47:04.860 --> 00:47:05.780
 does that

00:47:05.780 --> 00:47:06.019
 work?

00:47:06.240 --> 00:47:07.720
 Baby can't

00:47:07.720 --> 00:47:08.079
 do anything

00:47:08.079 --> 00:47:08.460
 for himself.

00:47:08.559 --> 00:47:08.860
 He doesn't

00:47:08.860 --> 00:47:09.260
 even know

00:47:09.260 --> 00:47:09.720
 Jesus.

00:47:10.880 --> 00:47:11.500
 And he

00:47:11.500 --> 00:47:11.800
 will push

00:47:11.800 --> 00:47:12.320
 back saying

00:47:12.320 --> 00:47:12.740
 that it

00:47:12.740 --> 00:47:13.059
 is the

00:47:13.059 --> 00:47:13.519
 mystery of

00:47:13.519 --> 00:47:14.340
 God for

00:47:14.340 --> 00:47:15.320
 us not

00:47:15.320 --> 00:47:15.720
 to know.

00:47:15.960 --> 00:47:16.300
 It's only

00:47:16.300 --> 00:47:17.320
 by God's

00:47:17.320 --> 00:47:17.880
 sovereignty,

00:47:18.079 --> 00:47:18.440
 all his

00:47:18.440 --> 00:47:18.760
 wisdom,

00:47:19.180 --> 00:47:19.680
 only God

00:47:19.680 --> 00:47:20.000
 knows,

00:47:20.079 --> 00:47:20.420
 we don't

00:47:20.420 --> 00:47:20.640
 know.

00:47:22.039 --> 00:47:22.460
 And so

00:47:22.460 --> 00:47:23.880
 when the

00:47:23.880 --> 00:47:24.460
 parents or

00:47:24.460 --> 00:47:25.160
 the godparents

00:47:25.160 --> 00:47:25.880
 of the child

00:47:25.880 --> 00:47:26.440
 are asked,

00:47:26.579 --> 00:47:26.900
 does the

00:47:26.900 --> 00:47:27.820
 infant believe,

00:47:28.240 --> 00:47:29.000
 does he or

00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:29.400
 she want

00:47:29.400 --> 00:47:29.640
 to get

00:47:29.640 --> 00:47:29.940
 baptized?

00:47:30.380 --> 00:47:31.039
 And the

00:47:31.039 --> 00:47:31.579
 parents answer

00:47:31.579 --> 00:47:31.840
 in the

00:47:31.840 --> 00:47:32.079
 affirmative,

00:47:32.280 --> 00:47:32.559
 yes.

00:47:33.280 --> 00:47:33.780
 By the

00:47:33.780 --> 00:47:34.260
 mystery of

00:47:34.260 --> 00:47:34.440
 God,

00:47:34.500 --> 00:47:34.980
 Luther thinks

00:47:34.980 --> 00:47:35.400
 that it

00:47:35.400 --> 00:47:36.440
 actually is

00:47:36.440 --> 00:47:37.039
 the infant

00:47:37.039 --> 00:47:37.900
 that believes.

00:47:39.360 --> 00:47:40.360
 So there's

00:47:40.360 --> 00:47:41.400
 another group,

00:47:41.519 --> 00:47:42.120
 theological group,

00:47:42.180 --> 00:47:42.559
 called the

00:47:42.559 --> 00:47:43.640
 Anabaptists.

00:47:43.800 --> 00:47:44.140
 I don't know if

00:47:44.140 --> 00:47:44.440
 you guys have

00:47:44.440 --> 00:47:45.079
 ever heard of

00:47:45.079 --> 00:47:45.280
 them,

00:47:45.340 --> 00:47:46.360
 the Anabaptists.

00:47:47.240 --> 00:47:48.039
 And they

00:47:48.039 --> 00:47:48.800
 take a look at

00:47:48.800 --> 00:47:49.140
 this,

00:47:49.320 --> 00:47:49.960
 and they

00:47:49.960 --> 00:47:50.780
 conclude that

00:47:50.780 --> 00:47:51.360
 this simply

00:47:51.360 --> 00:47:51.760
 does not

00:47:51.760 --> 00:47:52.180
 make any

00:47:52.180 --> 00:47:52.519
 sense.

00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:54.480
 Anabaptists,

00:47:54.579 --> 00:47:55.200
 which also means

00:47:55.199 --> 00:47:56.500
 to re-baptize,

00:47:57.500 --> 00:47:58.199
 they actually

00:47:58.199 --> 00:47:59.179
 emerge from

00:47:59.179 --> 00:48:00.099
 Zwingli's own

00:48:00.099 --> 00:48:01.319
 reform movement

00:48:01.319 --> 00:48:02.079
 in Zurich,

00:48:02.639 --> 00:48:03.460
 but they

00:48:03.460 --> 00:48:04.259
 actually push

00:48:04.259 --> 00:48:04.879
 the ideas

00:48:04.879 --> 00:48:06.079
 further along

00:48:06.079 --> 00:48:07.980
 than Zwingli's

00:48:07.980 --> 00:48:08.719
 comfortable with.

00:48:09.419 --> 00:48:10.299
 And they

00:48:10.299 --> 00:48:11.079
 also have a lot

00:48:11.079 --> 00:48:11.639
 of theological

00:48:11.639 --> 00:48:12.599
 wacky ideas,

00:48:12.879 --> 00:48:13.419
 and we won't

00:48:13.419 --> 00:48:13.839
 get into

00:48:13.839 --> 00:48:14.679
 them there,

00:48:14.799 --> 00:48:15.519
 but they

00:48:15.519 --> 00:48:16.839
 reject infant

00:48:16.839 --> 00:48:18.059
 baptism in

00:48:18.059 --> 00:48:18.719
 favor of

00:48:18.719 --> 00:48:19.279
 believers'

00:48:19.619 --> 00:48:20.019
 baptism.

00:48:20.019 --> 00:48:21.239
 And so it's

00:48:21.239 --> 00:48:21.860
 only those

00:48:21.860 --> 00:48:22.320
 who can make

00:48:22.320 --> 00:48:22.840
 a credible

00:48:22.840 --> 00:48:23.659
 profession of

00:48:23.659 --> 00:48:24.199
 faith,

00:48:24.420 --> 00:48:25.119
 only them,

00:48:25.280 --> 00:48:25.900
 that should

00:48:25.900 --> 00:48:26.360
 get baptized.

00:48:27.059 --> 00:48:27.519
 And so they

00:48:27.519 --> 00:48:28.340
 make strong

00:48:28.340 --> 00:48:29.340
 arguments for

00:48:29.340 --> 00:48:29.659
 believers'

00:48:29.840 --> 00:48:30.139
 baptism,

00:48:30.440 --> 00:48:31.179
 which then

00:48:31.179 --> 00:48:32.280
 forces Zwingli

00:48:32.280 --> 00:48:33.099
 to consider

00:48:33.099 --> 00:48:34.179
 new ways

00:48:34.179 --> 00:48:35.159
 to defend

00:48:35.159 --> 00:48:36.219
 infant baptism.

00:48:37.320 --> 00:48:37.840
 And so in

00:48:37.840 --> 00:48:38.619
 his groundbreaking

00:48:38.619 --> 00:48:39.360
 essay,

00:48:39.639 --> 00:48:40.719
 aptly titled

00:48:40.719 --> 00:48:41.679
 On Baptism,

00:48:42.440 --> 00:48:43.360
 he opens

00:48:43.360 --> 00:48:44.259
 by explaining

00:48:44.259 --> 00:48:46.039
 that for his

00:48:46.039 --> 00:48:46.500
 views of

00:48:46.500 --> 00:48:46.940
 baptism,

00:48:47.219 --> 00:48:48.679
 he's reticent

00:48:48.679 --> 00:48:49.239
 to share

00:48:49.239 --> 00:48:49.460
 them.

00:48:50.019 --> 00:48:50.739
 But he's

00:48:50.739 --> 00:48:51.300
 essentially being

00:48:51.300 --> 00:48:52.300
 forced by the

00:48:52.300 --> 00:48:52.880
 Anabaptists.

00:48:53.539 --> 00:48:54.400
 And he starts

00:48:54.400 --> 00:48:55.340
 by declaring

00:48:55.340 --> 00:48:57.019
 that all the

00:48:57.019 --> 00:48:57.719
 church fathers,

00:48:57.960 --> 00:48:58.699
 everyone in

00:48:58.699 --> 00:48:59.000
 church,

00:48:59.500 --> 00:49:00.360
 before his

00:49:00.360 --> 00:49:00.739
 time,

00:49:00.920 --> 00:49:01.619
 essentially made

00:49:01.619 --> 00:49:02.420
 a huge error

00:49:02.420 --> 00:49:02.960
 on baptism.

00:49:03.179 --> 00:49:03.800
 It's an

00:49:03.800 --> 00:49:04.759
 extremely bold

00:49:04.759 --> 00:49:05.159
 claim,

00:49:05.519 --> 00:49:05.940
 saying for

00:49:05.940 --> 00:49:07.259
 1500 years

00:49:07.259 --> 00:49:08.280
 since Christ,

00:49:09.019 --> 00:49:09.759
 everybody got

00:49:09.759 --> 00:49:10.159
 this wrong,

00:49:10.440 --> 00:49:10.599
 right?

00:49:10.679 --> 00:49:11.280
 I'm the one

00:49:11.280 --> 00:49:11.619
 who's getting

00:49:11.619 --> 00:49:12.039
 this right.

00:49:12.420 --> 00:49:12.980
 Again,

00:49:13.119 --> 00:49:13.320
 very,

00:49:13.420 --> 00:49:13.759
 very bold.

00:49:16.340 --> 00:49:17.380
 And here's

00:49:17.380 --> 00:49:18.179
 the remarkable

00:49:18.179 --> 00:49:19.000
 change that

00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:19.659
 Zwingli makes,

00:49:19.800 --> 00:49:19.980
 right?

00:49:20.019 --> 00:49:20.739
 So if you

00:49:20.739 --> 00:49:20.980
 have the

00:49:20.980 --> 00:49:21.259
 three,

00:49:21.519 --> 00:49:21.840
 faith,

00:49:23.099 --> 00:49:23.440
 baptism,

00:49:23.639 --> 00:49:24.119
 and infants,

00:49:24.960 --> 00:49:26.300
 they try to

00:49:26.300 --> 00:49:27.019
 keep all those

00:49:27.019 --> 00:49:27.420
 together.

00:49:27.940 --> 00:49:28.719
 What Zwingli

00:49:28.719 --> 00:49:29.679
 does is he

00:49:29.679 --> 00:49:30.500
 kicks out

00:49:30.500 --> 00:49:31.420
 faith,

00:49:31.900 --> 00:49:32.340
 the need

00:49:32.340 --> 00:49:32.860
 for faith.

00:49:33.739 --> 00:49:34.559
 So you

00:49:34.559 --> 00:49:35.119
 no longer

00:49:35.119 --> 00:49:36.480
 need faith

00:49:36.480 --> 00:49:36.840
 to be

00:49:36.840 --> 00:49:37.219
 baptized.

00:49:38.340 --> 00:49:39.159
 So he

00:49:39.159 --> 00:49:39.900
 severs that

00:49:39.900 --> 00:49:40.079
 link.

00:49:40.139 --> 00:49:40.460
 It's a

00:49:40.460 --> 00:49:41.099
 non-essential

00:49:41.099 --> 00:49:42.019
 for the

00:49:42.019 --> 00:49:42.440
 sacrament of

00:49:42.440 --> 00:49:42.759
 baptism.

00:49:42.760 --> 00:49:43.760
 baptism.

00:49:43.760 --> 00:49:44.360
 And instead,

00:49:44.560 --> 00:49:45.580
 baptism primarily

00:49:45.580 --> 00:49:46.880
 becomes a

00:49:46.880 --> 00:49:48.080
 covenantal sign

00:49:48.080 --> 00:49:48.580
 or an

00:49:48.580 --> 00:49:49.620
 external marker

00:49:49.620 --> 00:49:50.320
 that you are

00:49:50.320 --> 00:49:51.140
 of the people

00:49:51.140 --> 00:49:51.640
 of God.

00:49:52.420 --> 00:49:53.020
 So it

00:49:53.020 --> 00:49:53.580
 doesn't depend

00:49:53.580 --> 00:49:53.880
 on your

00:49:53.880 --> 00:49:55.120
 personal faith.

00:49:55.119 --> 00:49:55.559
 right?

00:49:57.039 --> 00:49:57.699
 I'm going to

00:49:57.699 --> 00:49:58.039
 try to

00:49:58.039 --> 00:49:58.619
 diagram really

00:49:58.619 --> 00:49:59.239
 quickly something

00:49:59.239 --> 00:49:59.719
 that my

00:49:59.719 --> 00:50:00.480
 seminary professor

00:50:00.480 --> 00:50:01.219
 did and I

00:50:01.219 --> 00:50:01.539
 thought it was

00:50:01.539 --> 00:50:02.019
 so helpful.

00:50:02.480 --> 00:50:02.900
 So I'll try to

00:50:02.900 --> 00:50:03.239
 do it really

00:50:03.239 --> 00:50:03.519
 quickly.

00:50:05.920 --> 00:50:06.920
 So these

00:50:06.920 --> 00:50:07.380
 circles,

00:50:07.880 --> 00:50:08.359
 these outer

00:50:08.359 --> 00:50:08.759
 circles,

00:50:08.839 --> 00:50:09.679
 define the

00:50:09.679 --> 00:50:10.380
 people of God,

00:50:10.420 --> 00:50:10.920
 the covenant

00:50:10.920 --> 00:50:11.719
 community of

00:50:11.719 --> 00:50:11.960
 God.

00:50:12.339 --> 00:50:12.839
 So on the

00:50:12.839 --> 00:50:13.079
 right,

00:50:13.239 --> 00:50:13.559
 or on the

00:50:13.559 --> 00:50:13.739
 left,

00:50:13.799 --> 00:50:14.219
 you have the

00:50:14.219 --> 00:50:14.819
 Old Testament

00:50:14.819 --> 00:50:15.400
 community of

00:50:15.400 --> 00:50:15.619
 God.

00:50:16.099 --> 00:50:16.539
 And the

00:50:16.539 --> 00:50:17.000
 New Testament,

00:50:17.179 --> 00:50:17.940
 you have the

00:50:17.940 --> 00:50:18.339
 New Testament

00:50:18.339 --> 00:50:18.960
 community of

00:50:18.960 --> 00:50:19.119
 God,

00:50:19.199 --> 00:50:19.359
 right?

00:50:19.940 --> 00:50:20.480
 So what,

00:50:20.559 --> 00:50:21.260
 what defines,

00:50:21.340 --> 00:50:21.660
 how do you

00:50:21.660 --> 00:50:22.420
 get into

00:50:22.420 --> 00:50:23.940
 the community

00:50:23.940 --> 00:50:25.019
 of God in

00:50:25.019 --> 00:50:25.680
 the Old Testament?

00:50:25.800 --> 00:50:26.019
 Do you guys

00:50:26.019 --> 00:50:26.200
 know?

00:50:26.680 --> 00:50:27.120
 That's a

00:50:27.120 --> 00:50:27.840
 circumcision,

00:50:28.000 --> 00:50:28.300
 exactly.

00:50:30.840 --> 00:50:31.320
 Right?

00:50:31.480 --> 00:50:32.019
 So that's what

00:50:32.019 --> 00:50:32.559
 defines,

00:50:33.140 --> 00:50:33.800
 just being

00:50:33.800 --> 00:50:34.380
 defined as

00:50:34.380 --> 00:50:35.019
 the people of

00:50:35.019 --> 00:50:35.160
 God.

00:50:35.260 --> 00:50:36.059
 But this

00:50:36.059 --> 00:50:36.660
 inner ring,

00:50:36.740 --> 00:50:37.280
 it defines

00:50:37.280 --> 00:50:38.240
 those who

00:50:38.240 --> 00:50:39.200
 are of the

00:50:39.200 --> 00:50:39.700
 theological,

00:50:39.920 --> 00:50:40.579
 the spiritual

00:50:40.579 --> 00:50:41.079
 remnant,

00:50:41.180 --> 00:50:41.460
 those who

00:50:41.460 --> 00:50:42.039
 actually have

00:50:42.039 --> 00:50:42.539
 faith.

00:50:43.079 --> 00:50:43.700
 So you have

00:50:43.700 --> 00:50:44.380
 on the

00:50:44.380 --> 00:50:44.880
 outside,

00:50:45.300 --> 00:50:46.019
 people like

00:50:46.019 --> 00:50:46.620
 Esau,

00:50:47.599 --> 00:50:48.940
 who are

00:50:48.940 --> 00:50:50.019
 still considered

00:50:50.019 --> 00:50:50.460
 people of

00:50:50.460 --> 00:50:50.740
 God,

00:50:51.179 --> 00:50:51.760
 but they

00:50:51.760 --> 00:50:52.099
 don't have

00:50:52.099 --> 00:50:52.900
 genuine faith.

00:50:53.260 --> 00:50:53.720
 But then you

00:50:53.720 --> 00:50:54.179
 have the

00:50:54.179 --> 00:50:54.519
 chosen,

00:50:54.720 --> 00:50:55.139
 the Jacobs

00:50:55.139 --> 00:50:55.960
 inside.

00:50:56.659 --> 00:50:57.079
 So how do

00:50:57.079 --> 00:50:57.400
 you get in

00:50:57.400 --> 00:50:57.659
 here?

00:50:58.480 --> 00:50:58.960
 Yeah,

00:50:59.159 --> 00:50:59.700
 you need to

00:50:59.700 --> 00:51:00.340
 have genuine

00:51:00.340 --> 00:51:00.820
 faith.

00:51:02.800 --> 00:51:03.079
 And so

00:51:03.079 --> 00:51:04.639
 Zwingli's main

00:51:04.639 --> 00:51:05.840
 argument is

00:51:05.840 --> 00:51:06.780
 that there is

00:51:06.780 --> 00:51:07.539
 a continuity

00:51:07.539 --> 00:51:08.240
 of these

00:51:08.240 --> 00:51:08.800
 covenants.

00:51:09.260 --> 00:51:09.840
 He sees the

00:51:09.840 --> 00:51:10.400
 same idea.

00:51:11.039 --> 00:51:11.599
 So in the

00:51:11.599 --> 00:51:12.360
 New Testament,

00:51:12.800 --> 00:51:13.460
 what he sees

00:51:13.460 --> 00:51:14.760
 is that

00:51:14.760 --> 00:51:16.179
 this act of

00:51:16.179 --> 00:51:16.820
 getting into

00:51:16.820 --> 00:51:17.619
 the covenant

00:51:17.619 --> 00:51:18.059
 community of

00:51:18.059 --> 00:51:18.920
 God is

00:51:18.920 --> 00:51:19.800
 baptism.

00:51:22.280 --> 00:51:23.019
 Baptism is

00:51:23.019 --> 00:51:23.280
 that,

00:51:23.500 --> 00:51:23.680
 right?

00:51:24.039 --> 00:51:24.260
 And so

00:51:24.260 --> 00:51:25.039
 following kind

00:51:25.039 --> 00:51:25.360
 of Jesus'

00:51:25.599 --> 00:51:26.240
 languages with

00:51:26.240 --> 00:51:26.659
 the wheats

00:51:26.659 --> 00:51:27.000
 and the

00:51:27.000 --> 00:51:27.360
 tares,

00:51:27.659 --> 00:51:28.139
 you have

00:51:28.139 --> 00:51:28.659
 the wheats

00:51:28.659 --> 00:51:29.680
 on the

00:51:29.680 --> 00:51:30.139
 outside,

00:51:30.599 --> 00:51:31.139
 and you

00:51:31.139 --> 00:51:31.820
 have the

00:51:31.820 --> 00:51:32.340
 tares,

00:51:33.059 --> 00:51:33.539
 sorry,

00:51:34.480 --> 00:51:36.019
 wheats

00:51:36.019 --> 00:51:38.139
 and the

00:51:38.139 --> 00:51:38.579
 tares

00:51:38.579 --> 00:51:39.220
 here,

00:51:39.460 --> 00:51:39.680
 right?

00:51:40.280 --> 00:51:40.840
 So you

00:51:40.840 --> 00:51:41.500
 still need

00:51:41.500 --> 00:51:42.119
 genuine

00:51:42.119 --> 00:51:42.680
 spiritual

00:51:42.680 --> 00:51:43.800
 faith to

00:51:43.800 --> 00:51:44.300
 be able to

00:51:44.300 --> 00:51:45.079
 be considered

00:51:45.079 --> 00:51:46.420
 the remnant

00:51:46.420 --> 00:51:47.099
 of the

00:51:47.099 --> 00:51:47.480
 faithful,

00:51:47.480 --> 00:51:48.519
 but he

00:51:48.519 --> 00:51:49.000
 makes this

00:51:49.000 --> 00:51:49.440
 connection

00:51:49.440 --> 00:51:49.980
 between

00:51:49.980 --> 00:51:50.840
 circumcision

00:51:50.840 --> 00:51:52.920
 and baptism,

00:51:53.260 --> 00:51:53.460
 right?

00:51:53.960 --> 00:51:54.820
 That circumcision

00:51:54.820 --> 00:51:55.179
 and who

00:51:55.179 --> 00:51:55.920
 got circumcised?

00:51:57.199 --> 00:51:58.579
 When were you

00:51:58.579 --> 00:51:59.059
 supposed to get

00:51:59.059 --> 00:51:59.740
 circumcised?

00:51:59.980 --> 00:52:00.099
 Yeah,

00:52:00.280 --> 00:52:00.679
 exactly.

00:52:00.860 --> 00:52:01.300
 Babies,

00:52:01.619 --> 00:52:02.119
 male babies

00:52:02.119 --> 00:52:03.420
 specifically,

00:52:03.960 --> 00:52:04.539
 but he

00:52:04.539 --> 00:52:04.880
 makes that

00:52:04.880 --> 00:52:05.940
 connection now

00:52:05.940 --> 00:52:07.440
 that baptism

00:52:07.440 --> 00:52:08.300
 is just

00:52:08.300 --> 00:52:08.860
 the mere

00:52:08.860 --> 00:52:09.579
 New Testament

00:52:09.579 --> 00:52:12.139
 version of

00:52:12.139 --> 00:52:12.860
 circumcision.

00:52:13.699 --> 00:52:13.980
 You guys,

00:52:14.159 --> 00:52:14.480
 are you guys

00:52:14.480 --> 00:52:14.740
 following?

00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:17.880
 Why we

00:52:17.880 --> 00:52:18.480
 don't

00:52:18.480 --> 00:52:19.039
 baptize

00:52:19.039 --> 00:52:19.380
 babies,

00:52:19.519 --> 00:52:19.900
 why we

00:52:19.900 --> 00:52:20.980
 are believers

00:52:20.980 --> 00:52:21.360
 back to

00:52:21.360 --> 00:52:21.619
 we're a

00:52:21.619 --> 00:52:21.860
 Baptist

00:52:21.860 --> 00:52:22.280
 church,

00:52:22.840 --> 00:52:23.300
 is this

00:52:23.300 --> 00:52:23.800
 question,

00:52:24.599 --> 00:52:25.079
 what is

00:52:25.079 --> 00:52:25.900
 new?

00:52:26.800 --> 00:52:27.460
 What is

00:52:27.460 --> 00:52:28.000
 new about

00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:28.860
 the New

00:52:28.860 --> 00:52:29.119
 Covenant?

00:52:29.420 --> 00:52:29.740
 There has

00:52:29.740 --> 00:52:29.900
 to be

00:52:29.900 --> 00:52:30.380
 something new

00:52:30.380 --> 00:52:30.760
 about it,

00:52:30.780 --> 00:52:30.960
 right?

00:52:31.619 --> 00:52:32.280
 Can someone

00:52:32.280 --> 00:52:32.760
 open up

00:52:32.760 --> 00:52:33.219
 your Bible

00:52:33.219 --> 00:52:35.400
 again and

00:52:35.400 --> 00:52:36.119
 read Jeremiah

00:52:36.119 --> 00:52:36.659
 31?

00:52:37.840 --> 00:52:38.800
 Jeremiah 31.

00:52:39.139 --> 00:52:40.159
 Jeremiah 31.

00:52:40.240 --> 00:52:40.599
 31.

00:52:41.800 --> 00:52:42.480
 And just

00:52:42.480 --> 00:52:42.920
 read there

00:52:42.920 --> 00:52:43.340
 for a little

00:52:43.340 --> 00:52:43.599
 bit.

00:52:43.599 --> 00:52:44.319
 Ah,

00:52:44.980 --> 00:52:45.980
 the days

00:52:45.980 --> 00:52:46.500
 are coming,

00:52:46.759 --> 00:52:48.440
 when I

00:52:48.440 --> 00:52:48.799
 will make

00:52:48.799 --> 00:52:49.159
 a new

00:52:49.159 --> 00:52:49.500
 covenant

00:52:49.500 --> 00:52:49.980
 with the

00:52:49.980 --> 00:52:50.380
 people of

00:52:50.380 --> 00:52:50.719
 Israel

00:52:50.719 --> 00:52:51.639
 and with

00:52:51.639 --> 00:52:51.960
 the people

00:52:51.960 --> 00:52:52.480
 of Judah.

00:52:53.559 --> 00:52:54.039
 It will not

00:52:54.039 --> 00:52:54.279
 be like

00:52:54.279 --> 00:52:54.759
 the covenant

00:52:54.759 --> 00:52:55.380
 I made

00:52:55.380 --> 00:52:55.679
 with their

00:52:55.679 --> 00:52:56.199
 ancestors

00:52:56.199 --> 00:52:56.699
 when I

00:52:56.699 --> 00:52:56.980
 took them

00:52:56.980 --> 00:52:57.579
 by hand

00:52:57.579 --> 00:52:58.059
 to be

00:52:58.059 --> 00:52:58.360
 the God

00:52:58.360 --> 00:52:58.860
 of Egypt

00:52:58.860 --> 00:52:59.559
 because

00:52:59.559 --> 00:52:59.960
 they broke

00:52:59.960 --> 00:53:00.500
 my covenant

00:53:00.500 --> 00:53:01.059
 though I was

00:53:01.059 --> 00:53:01.460
 a husband

00:53:01.460 --> 00:53:02.039
 to them,

00:53:02.179 --> 00:53:02.480
 declares

00:53:02.480 --> 00:53:02.900
 the Lord.

00:53:03.779 --> 00:53:04.380
 This is

00:53:04.380 --> 00:53:04.799
 a covenant

00:53:04.799 --> 00:53:05.400
 I will make

00:53:05.400 --> 00:53:05.799
 the people

00:53:05.799 --> 00:53:06.259
 of Israel.

00:53:07.539 --> 00:53:07.860
 After

00:53:07.860 --> 00:53:08.480
 this time,

00:53:08.739 --> 00:53:09.079
 declares

00:53:09.079 --> 00:53:09.460
 the Lord,

00:53:09.980 --> 00:53:10.500
 I will throw

00:53:10.500 --> 00:53:11.039
 my laws

00:53:11.039 --> 00:53:11.860
 in their minds

00:53:11.860 --> 00:53:12.699
 and write

00:53:12.699 --> 00:53:13.339
 it on their

00:53:13.339 --> 00:53:13.739
 hearts.

00:53:14.159 --> 00:53:14.579
 I will be

00:53:14.579 --> 00:53:15.079
 their God

00:53:15.079 --> 00:53:15.619
 and they

00:53:15.619 --> 00:53:15.839
 will be

00:53:15.839 --> 00:53:16.319
 my people.

00:53:17.159 --> 00:53:17.579
 No longer

00:53:17.579 --> 00:53:17.960
 will they

00:53:17.960 --> 00:53:18.480
 teach their

00:53:18.480 --> 00:53:18.739
 neighbor

00:53:18.739 --> 00:53:19.439
 or say

00:53:19.439 --> 00:53:19.759
 to one

00:53:19.759 --> 00:53:20.079
 another,

00:53:20.539 --> 00:53:20.919
 know the

00:53:20.919 --> 00:53:21.179
 Lord,

00:53:21.500 --> 00:53:22.119
 because they

00:53:22.119 --> 00:53:22.599
 will all

00:53:22.599 --> 00:53:23.119
 know me

00:53:23.119 --> 00:53:23.679
 from the

00:53:23.679 --> 00:53:24.039
 list of

00:53:24.039 --> 00:53:24.359
 them to

00:53:24.359 --> 00:53:24.960
 the greatest.

00:53:25.419 --> 00:53:25.719
 Detail

00:53:25.719 --> 00:53:25.980
 is the

00:53:25.980 --> 00:53:26.159
 Lord.

00:53:26.159 --> 00:53:26.980
 for

00:53:26.980 --> 00:53:27.239
 I will

00:53:27.239 --> 00:53:27.539
 forgive

00:53:27.539 --> 00:53:27.819
 their

00:53:27.819 --> 00:53:28.159
 sins

00:53:28.159 --> 00:53:28.399
 and

00:53:28.399 --> 00:53:28.679
 remember

00:53:28.679 --> 00:53:28.940
 their

00:53:28.940 --> 00:53:29.619
 sins

00:53:29.619 --> 00:53:30.759
 and

00:53:30.759 --> 00:53:30.980
 remember

00:53:30.980 --> 00:53:31.199
 their

00:53:31.199 --> 00:53:31.339
 sins

00:53:31.339 --> 00:53:31.559
 for

00:53:31.559 --> 00:53:31.759
 more.

00:53:31.940 --> 00:53:32.719
 That's a good place to stop.

00:53:32.799 --> 00:53:33.079
 Thanks.

00:53:33.179 --> 00:53:33.719
 Thanks, Zipporah.

00:53:34.159 --> 00:53:37.199
 Do you guys understand the point I'm trying to make by reading that passage?

00:53:37.399 --> 00:53:38.559
 Is what is new about it?

00:53:38.879 --> 00:53:40.039
 Is that these people,

00:53:40.219 --> 00:53:41.199
 these covenant community,

00:53:41.299 --> 00:53:42.920
 they're marked by genuine faith.

00:53:43.219 --> 00:53:45.519
 They have God's laws written on their hearts,

00:53:45.879 --> 00:53:46.139
 right?

00:53:46.519 --> 00:53:46.940
 And so,

00:53:48.039 --> 00:53:49.119
 we have a problem.

00:53:49.199 --> 00:53:51.279
 I don't think that there's necessarily this problem.

00:53:51.359 --> 00:53:51.519
 I mean,

00:53:51.539 --> 00:53:51.779
 again,

00:53:51.839 --> 00:53:52.899
 there are wheats and tares,

00:53:53.019 --> 00:53:53.339
 unfortunately,

00:53:53.340 --> 00:53:53.780
 in the church,

00:53:53.780 --> 00:53:55.480
 but I don't think that's by design,

00:53:56.039 --> 00:53:56.300
 right?

00:53:56.360 --> 00:53:56.579
 So,

00:53:56.720 --> 00:53:59.820
 I think to be able to enter into the covenant community of God,

00:54:00.180 --> 00:54:03.420
 you need to still have faith as a prerequisite of baptism.

00:54:04.079 --> 00:54:04.300
 And so,

00:54:04.340 --> 00:54:06.780
 sometimes you hear Baptists,

00:54:06.980 --> 00:54:07.220
 like,

00:54:07.579 --> 00:54:08.760
 we're the new kids on the block,

00:54:08.900 --> 00:54:10.940
 because for 1,500 years,

00:54:11.120 --> 00:54:13.500
 they always practiced infant baptism,

00:54:13.660 --> 00:54:15.500
 which also might not be exactly true.

00:54:15.640 --> 00:54:16.820
 There are some church fathers,

00:54:16.920 --> 00:54:17.640
 like Tertullian,

00:54:17.780 --> 00:54:20.100
 who questioned that practice as well.

00:54:21.840 --> 00:54:22.280
 But,

00:54:22.280 --> 00:54:25.540
 I think there needs to be,

00:54:25.660 --> 00:54:26.680
 it needs to be said that

00:54:26.680 --> 00:54:29.280
 even people who baptize babies,

00:54:29.440 --> 00:54:31.700
 they have to make some theological innovations,

00:54:32.080 --> 00:54:33.560
 recent theological innovations,

00:54:33.560 --> 00:54:36.860
 so that they could justify their practice.

00:54:37.040 --> 00:54:38.740
 They disconnect faith and baptism.

00:54:39.300 --> 00:54:39.560
 Do you guys,

00:54:39.800 --> 00:54:41.120
 hopefully that makes sense,

00:54:41.420 --> 00:54:41.600
 right?

00:54:43.200 --> 00:54:44.500
 Coming up on time,

00:54:44.580 --> 00:54:45.300
 we're at 2.30.

00:54:45.840 --> 00:54:46.280
 So,

00:54:46.380 --> 00:54:48.060
 I'll just fly through the rest of this.

00:54:48.100 --> 00:54:49.420
 This is another instance

00:54:49.420 --> 00:54:52.400
 that's kind of a smear on Zwingli's campaign,

00:54:52.519 --> 00:54:53.079
 or legacy,

00:54:53.220 --> 00:54:53.480
 rather.

00:54:54.240 --> 00:54:56.000
 Some more about the Anabaptists.

00:54:56.460 --> 00:54:56.639
 So,

00:54:56.680 --> 00:54:58.460
 we already talked about the first disputation

00:54:58.460 --> 00:55:00.159
 in 1523.

00:55:01.159 --> 00:55:01.639
 But,

00:55:01.720 --> 00:55:03.500
 in the following disputations to come,

00:55:04.139 --> 00:55:07.059
 it's actually Zwingli versus the Anabaptists.

00:55:07.320 --> 00:55:07.500
 And,

00:55:07.500 --> 00:55:10.440
 he feuds with them over issues like infant baptism,

00:55:11.039 --> 00:55:13.940
 and particularly over the separation of church and state.

00:55:15.320 --> 00:55:16.539
 On the latter issue,

00:55:16.659 --> 00:55:17.599
 over issues like,

00:55:17.780 --> 00:55:20.780
 over issues like religious liberty,

00:55:21.039 --> 00:55:22.179
 and separation of church and state.

00:55:22.179 --> 00:55:24.899
 The Anabaptists are actually

00:55:24.899 --> 00:55:26.339
 a little bit ahead of their time.

00:55:26.500 --> 00:55:28.059
 They argue for things like

00:55:28.059 --> 00:55:29.299
 separation of church and state.

00:55:32.199 --> 00:55:32.819
 And so,

00:55:33.039 --> 00:55:34.639
 for a couple of these different reasons

00:55:34.639 --> 00:55:36.579
 of these disagreements,

00:55:37.079 --> 00:55:39.339
 Zwingli now considers his former disciples

00:55:39.339 --> 00:55:41.079
 very dangerous radicals.

00:55:42.119 --> 00:55:42.359
 And so,

00:55:42.419 --> 00:55:43.879
 under the influence of Zwingli,

00:55:44.000 --> 00:55:45.319
 the church council of Zurch,

00:55:45.960 --> 00:55:47.719
 they condemn the Anabaptists,

00:55:48.159 --> 00:55:48.879
 and they condemn,

00:55:49.039 --> 00:55:50.699
 they execute them as heretics.

00:55:50.699 --> 00:55:52.059
 Most notably,

00:55:52.239 --> 00:55:52.599
 famously,

00:55:53.239 --> 00:55:54.579
 drowning Felix Manns

00:55:54.579 --> 00:55:56.159
 in 1517,

00:55:56.379 --> 00:55:57.559
 or 1527,

00:55:58.599 --> 00:55:59.939
 to which Zwingli,

00:56:00.219 --> 00:56:02.480
 he doesn't make any objection at all.

00:56:03.500 --> 00:56:05.579
 The rest of the Anabaptists scatter,

00:56:06.299 --> 00:56:07.419
 and their movement spreads,

00:56:07.739 --> 00:56:08.439
 it survives,

00:56:08.879 --> 00:56:11.099
 and it eventually goes on to influence

00:56:11.099 --> 00:56:12.359
 the development of other branches

00:56:12.359 --> 00:56:13.679
 of Christianity,

00:56:13.879 --> 00:56:14.579
 like the Amish,

00:56:14.739 --> 00:56:16.399
 or the Mennonites.

00:56:16.839 --> 00:56:17.000
 So,

00:56:17.639 --> 00:56:19.579
 if you know anything about the Amish Mennonites,

00:56:19.579 --> 00:56:21.299
 this is kind of the root

00:56:21.299 --> 00:56:22.319
 of where they get started.

00:56:23.119 --> 00:56:25.599
 And it remains one of the great ironies

00:56:25.599 --> 00:56:26.420
 of the Reformation

00:56:26.420 --> 00:56:27.860
 that many reformers,

00:56:28.000 --> 00:56:29.259
 they sought freedom

00:56:29.259 --> 00:56:30.860
 from persecution from Rome,

00:56:31.079 --> 00:56:33.960
 but they deny that same kind of treatment

00:56:33.960 --> 00:56:36.679
 to people who reformed further than them.

00:56:38.960 --> 00:56:39.519
 Finally,

00:56:39.739 --> 00:56:40.699
 getting to his death,

00:56:40.840 --> 00:56:41.940
 back to the life of Zwingli.

00:56:42.139 --> 00:56:42.420
 Now,

00:56:42.500 --> 00:56:43.099
 at that time,

00:56:43.199 --> 00:56:45.400
 Switzerland wasn't a united nation.

00:56:45.579 --> 00:56:47.519
 It's actually a confederation of cantons,

00:56:47.519 --> 00:56:50.440
 a confederation of different cities and towns.

00:56:51.199 --> 00:56:51.739
 And there was no,

00:56:51.820 --> 00:56:52.340
 as I said,

00:56:52.380 --> 00:56:53.699
 no separation of church and state.

00:56:54.679 --> 00:56:57.039
 And there's a division of cantons.

00:56:57.139 --> 00:56:59.000
 There's kind of a growing tension,

00:56:59.159 --> 00:57:00.219
 a civil war brewing,

00:57:00.820 --> 00:57:02.239
 between the Protestant cantons,

00:57:03.139 --> 00:57:03.820
 like Zurich,

00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:06.059
 and then the Catholic cantons.

00:57:06.059 --> 00:57:09.920
 And this tension escalates so bad

00:57:09.920 --> 00:57:12.239
 that it amounts to open conflict.

00:57:12.820 --> 00:57:13.779
 And it leads to war,

00:57:13.860 --> 00:57:17.099
 the second war of Kappel in 1531.

00:57:18.079 --> 00:57:18.940
 And so Zwingli,

00:57:19.079 --> 00:57:20.679
 he's decked in full armor.

00:57:21.239 --> 00:57:23.900
 He actually goes out to battle

00:57:23.900 --> 00:57:24.719
 with his troops,

00:57:25.199 --> 00:57:26.299
 the troops of Zurich,

00:57:26.599 --> 00:57:27.739
 as a chaplain,

00:57:27.900 --> 00:57:28.820
 as a spiritual leader.

00:57:28.820 --> 00:57:29.340
 Um,

00:57:29.740 --> 00:57:31.160
 but very quickly,

00:57:31.300 --> 00:57:32.940
 Zurich and her forces,

00:57:33.180 --> 00:57:33.440
 uh,

00:57:33.440 --> 00:57:36.080
 they realize they are badly outnumbered,

00:57:36.080 --> 00:57:37.940
 and they are soundly defeated.

00:57:38.720 --> 00:57:39.100
 Um,

00:57:39.140 --> 00:57:39.820
 his body,

00:57:40.180 --> 00:57:40.539
 uh,

00:57:40.559 --> 00:57:41.180
 I think that,

00:57:41.340 --> 00:57:42.440
 I don't know if this is actually true,

00:57:42.500 --> 00:57:43.000
 it could be legend,

00:57:43.140 --> 00:57:43.280
 but,

00:57:43.940 --> 00:57:44.300
 uh,

00:57:44.680 --> 00:57:46.000
 the story goes that

00:57:46.000 --> 00:57:46.960
 he was found wounded,

00:57:47.160 --> 00:57:47.920
 but alive,

00:57:47.920 --> 00:57:48.820
 on the battlefield.

00:57:49.280 --> 00:57:50.920
 And the Catholics come,

00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:51.720
 and they find him,

00:57:51.780 --> 00:57:52.420
 and ask him,

00:57:52.580 --> 00:57:54.160
 do you want your last rites?

00:57:54.400 --> 00:57:54.660
 Do you,

00:57:54.700 --> 00:57:55.559
 do you want to renounce,

00:57:55.780 --> 00:57:56.140
 uh,

00:57:56.140 --> 00:57:56.960
 all your heresies?

00:57:57.180 --> 00:57:58.019
 And he says no,

00:57:58.019 --> 00:57:59.719
 and they kill him on the spot.

00:58:00.500 --> 00:58:01.719
 His body is then

00:58:01.719 --> 00:58:03.239
 ritually humiliated,

00:58:03.340 --> 00:58:04.519
 it's reduced to ashes,

00:58:04.519 --> 00:58:05.259
 and,

00:58:05.300 --> 00:58:05.539
 uh,

00:58:05.759 --> 00:58:05.980
 he,

00:58:06.059 --> 00:58:06.280
 he,

00:58:06.340 --> 00:58:07.719
 he's not given a proper burial,

00:58:07.920 --> 00:58:08.539
 proper funeral.

00:58:09.980 --> 00:58:10.259
 Um,

00:58:10.259 --> 00:58:11.780
 Zwingli should have been less concerned

00:58:11.780 --> 00:58:12.980
 to defend the gospel

00:58:12.980 --> 00:58:15.079
 by political and military means,

00:58:15.079 --> 00:58:16.139
 but,

00:58:16.259 --> 00:58:17.280
 I think at the heart of it,

00:58:17.679 --> 00:58:18.000
 the,

00:58:18.059 --> 00:58:19.219
 the heart of Zwingli

00:58:19.219 --> 00:58:21.360
 is captured in one of his last admonitions,

00:58:21.360 --> 00:58:24.079
 is to do something bold for God.

00:58:24.639 --> 00:58:24.860
 Right?

00:58:24.940 --> 00:58:25.079
 He,

00:58:25.219 --> 00:58:26.420
 that's his heart's desire,

00:58:26.460 --> 00:58:27.539
 to do something bold for God.

00:58:27.539 --> 00:58:27.579
 Um,

00:58:27.820 --> 00:58:28.460
 and he,

00:58:28.460 --> 00:58:30.519
 he goes out with a bang in battle.

00:58:32.900 --> 00:58:33.759
 As I've said,

00:58:34.099 --> 00:58:34.980
 Zwingli is the,

00:58:34.980 --> 00:58:36.739
 the start of the reformed tradition,

00:58:36.739 --> 00:58:37.360
 um,

00:58:37.380 --> 00:58:37.960
 in Switzerland,

00:58:37.960 --> 00:58:41.779
 and he's actually a major influence on John Calvin,

00:58:41.900 --> 00:58:43.579
 who is a second generation reformer.

00:58:44.199 --> 00:58:44.679
 And,

00:58:44.820 --> 00:58:46.199
 we're gonna take up the mantle,

00:58:46.199 --> 00:58:46.480
 and,

00:58:46.519 --> 00:58:48.719
 and talk about him next week.

00:58:49.179 --> 00:58:49.699
 So,

00:58:49.759 --> 00:58:50.579
 that concludes all the,

00:58:50.739 --> 00:58:50.739


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