WEBVTT

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.780
 Yeah, maybe I will, Tom.

00:00:03.780 --> 00:00:17.080
 Okay, team, why don't we make a go of it?

00:00:20.839 --> 00:00:22.460
 What's in a name?

00:00:23.800 --> 00:00:27.060
 At the very heart of the Christian faith is, arguably,

00:00:27.900 --> 00:00:27.060
!

00:00:27.059 --> 00:00:32.560
 Not an ethical way of living in the world, though this is important,

00:00:33.320 --> 00:00:37.879
 nor even a set of doctrines, as vital as this is also,

00:00:38.679 --> 00:00:43.420
 but perhaps most fundamentally, a name.

00:00:44.500 --> 00:00:46.359
 As Peter proclaimed to the Jewish crowd,

00:00:46.640 --> 00:00:52.840
 there is no other name under heaven given by which we are saved.

00:00:53.000 --> 00:00:53.899
 Acts 4.12

00:00:53.899 --> 00:00:58.299
 As new converts responded to Christ, they took his name,

00:00:59.199 --> 00:01:03.600
 declaring their allegiance to the one whose name they now would bear.

00:01:04.319 --> 00:01:05.879
 I am Christ's.

00:01:06.259 --> 00:01:07.840
 I belong to Christ.

00:01:08.340 --> 00:01:09.180
 I am a Christian.

00:01:09.719 --> 00:01:12.579
 I believe in his name.

00:01:12.579 --> 00:01:17.879
 But what did it mean to believe in his name?

00:01:18.879 --> 00:01:25.280
 What was in that name in which, that is to say, in whom we believe?

00:01:25.280 --> 00:01:30.700
 And the creeds emerged in answer to that question.

00:01:31.820 --> 00:01:39.780
 Perhaps the first proto-creed was Peter's answer to the question Jesus posed at Caesarea Philippi.

00:01:40.579 --> 00:01:42.219
 Who do you say that I am?

00:01:42.219 --> 00:01:45.060
 You are the Christ.

00:01:45.060 --> 00:01:47.500
 The son of the living God.

00:01:48.760 --> 00:01:57.780
 And especially in the name was the relation of Jesus to the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

00:01:58.120 --> 00:02:00.799
 The Lord and his saving arm.

00:02:00.799 --> 00:02:04.979
 As the apostle to the Gentiles preached to the Romans,

00:02:05.259 --> 00:02:12.400
 if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead,

00:02:12.500 --> 00:02:13.979
 you will be saved.

00:02:15.079 --> 00:02:19.620
 And fundamental to the name was these divine relationships.

00:02:20.519 --> 00:02:25.639
 What we only later came to describe as Trinitarian relationships.

00:02:25.639 --> 00:02:31.339
 Ringing in the first Christians' ears was Jesus' final charge at his ascension

00:02:31.339 --> 00:02:34.279
 to make disciples across the whole world,

00:02:34.719 --> 00:02:37.719
 baptizing them in the name, note the singular,

00:02:37.979 --> 00:02:41.659
 the name of the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit.

00:02:42.859 --> 00:02:48.159
 So much indeed was in this name into which Christians believed,

00:02:48.799 --> 00:02:50.339
 into which they were baptized,

00:02:51.500 --> 00:02:54.519
 and to which they came to belong.

00:02:55.639 --> 00:02:59.339
 And faith, like all strong conviction,

00:03:00.199 --> 00:03:04.359
 has a desire to utter itself before others.

00:03:05.399 --> 00:03:06.759
 As the Master says,

00:03:07.099 --> 00:03:10.399
 out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks.

00:03:11.599 --> 00:03:14.379
 I believe, therefore I spoke out,

00:03:14.679 --> 00:03:16.939
 echoes the apostle in 2 Corinthians 4.

00:03:16.939 --> 00:03:23.159
 Whether this was in the marketplace,

00:03:24.159 --> 00:03:26.599
 or at the baptismal pool,

00:03:26.599 --> 00:03:30.579
 whether in answer to the puzzled neighbor's query,

00:03:31.039 --> 00:03:32.300
 who are you?

00:03:33.099 --> 00:03:36.120
 Or perhaps, whose are you?

00:03:36.699 --> 00:03:38.280
 Or in answer to the question,

00:03:38.539 --> 00:03:41.319
 put the catechumens at the font, the baptismal font.

00:03:41.319 --> 00:03:44.500
 Christian, in whom do you believe?

00:03:45.419 --> 00:03:49.000
 The language of creedal confession came forth.

00:03:50.599 --> 00:03:53.000
 Among these creedal confessions,

00:03:53.159 --> 00:03:55.579
 it sprang up where the gospel of Christ

00:03:55.579 --> 00:03:57.979
 was responded to in faith and allegiance,

00:03:58.719 --> 00:03:59.340
 earliest,

00:03:59.340 --> 00:04:03.379
 to gain wide formal recognition,

00:04:04.900 --> 00:04:06.219
 and use, also,

00:04:06.759 --> 00:04:08.300
 in the West, that is,

00:04:08.680 --> 00:04:10.500
 was the Apostles' Creed.

00:04:11.939 --> 00:04:15.439
 It took that name from the early belief

00:04:15.439 --> 00:04:17.079
 that it had been composed

00:04:17.079 --> 00:04:19.560
 by the Twelve Apostles themselves,

00:04:20.399 --> 00:04:21.840
 each contributing

00:04:21.839 --> 00:04:24.919
 one particular phrase.

00:04:25.759 --> 00:04:27.299
 This, it was said,

00:04:28.239 --> 00:04:30.779
 attested to the apostolic unity

00:04:30.779 --> 00:04:31.819
 of conviction

00:04:31.819 --> 00:04:34.000
 before they all parted

00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:35.459
 to go to the ends of the earth,

00:04:35.579 --> 00:04:36.879
 spreading the good news.

00:04:38.620 --> 00:04:40.079
 Thus, Peter

00:04:40.079 --> 00:04:42.059
 was said to have supplied

00:04:42.059 --> 00:04:43.739
 the opening phrase,

00:04:44.519 --> 00:04:46.959
 I believe in God the Father Almighty.

00:04:48.019 --> 00:04:50.379
 Then he handed the composition over to Andrew,

00:04:50.759 --> 00:04:51.339
 who added,

00:04:51.339 --> 00:04:52.839
 and in Jesus Christ,

00:04:53.279 --> 00:04:54.279
 his only son.

00:04:55.039 --> 00:04:56.079
 James then added,

00:04:56.399 --> 00:04:57.639
 born of the Holy Spirit

00:04:57.639 --> 00:04:58.879
 and the Virgin Mary.

00:04:59.839 --> 00:05:00.599
 And so on,

00:05:00.659 --> 00:05:02.219
 through all the Twelve Apostles

00:05:02.219 --> 00:05:03.339
 until Matthias

00:05:03.339 --> 00:05:04.659
 concluded with,

00:05:05.219 --> 00:05:06.019
 life everlasting.

00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:07.479
 Okay, so,

00:05:08.039 --> 00:05:09.859
 that was,

00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:11.639
 that was the story

00:05:11.639 --> 00:05:13.439
 as they had understood it.

00:05:14.339 --> 00:05:17.059
 But before we continue this story,

00:05:17.439 --> 00:05:20.259
 let's hear the Apostles' Creed

00:05:20.259 --> 00:05:22.319
 that it be fresh in our minds

00:05:22.319 --> 00:05:24.599
 as we make some observations.

00:05:25.539 --> 00:05:27.339
 So why don't we recite it

00:05:27.339 --> 00:05:27.719
 together,

00:05:28.939 --> 00:05:30.019
 if you feel comfortable,

00:05:30.560 --> 00:05:31.500
 if, for you,

00:05:31.579 --> 00:05:33.139
 reciting it before studying it

00:05:33.139 --> 00:05:34.879
 is kind of like signing a document

00:05:34.879 --> 00:05:35.860
 before you've read it,

00:05:35.920 --> 00:05:36.180
 you know,

00:05:36.279 --> 00:05:37.839
 lawyers would warn us

00:05:37.839 --> 00:05:38.719
 against such a thing.

00:05:39.719 --> 00:05:41.000
 Well, please don't feel

00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:41.639
 any embarrassment

00:05:41.639 --> 00:05:42.579
 and refraining

00:05:42.579 --> 00:05:44.339
 or any pressure

00:05:44.339 --> 00:05:45.099
 to participate.

00:05:45.359 --> 00:05:45.759
 But let's,

00:05:46.459 --> 00:05:46.899
 if you,

00:05:46.959 --> 00:05:49.079
 you have on your handout

00:05:49.079 --> 00:05:52.240
 two,

00:05:52.519 --> 00:05:53.339
 one is called

00:05:53.339 --> 00:05:55.419
 the Old Roman form,

00:05:55.519 --> 00:05:56.379
 the Old Rome,

00:05:56.779 --> 00:05:58.039
 the earliest one,

00:05:58.040 --> 00:05:59.000
 and then the second

00:05:59.000 --> 00:05:59.939
 is called T

00:05:59.939 --> 00:06:01.840
 from Textus Receptus.

00:06:01.980 --> 00:06:03.260
 That is the Received form.

00:06:03.600 --> 00:06:04.319
 That's the one

00:06:04.319 --> 00:06:05.220
 that we all say

00:06:05.220 --> 00:06:06.439
 around the world today.

00:06:06.840 --> 00:06:07.040
 So,

00:06:07.160 --> 00:06:08.700
 why don't we say together,

00:06:09.180 --> 00:06:10.560
 reading from

00:06:10.560 --> 00:06:12.220
 the Received form

00:06:12.220 --> 00:06:13.300
 that developed

00:06:13.300 --> 00:06:14.120
 in the 8th century.

00:06:14.500 --> 00:06:14.620
 Now,

00:06:14.660 --> 00:06:15.820
 why don't we say it together,

00:06:15.920 --> 00:06:16.780
 if you feel comfortable.

00:06:16.779 --> 00:06:20.159
 I believe in God,

00:06:20.279 --> 00:06:21.479
 the Father Almighty,

00:06:22.039 --> 00:06:23.859
 maker of heaven and earth,

00:06:24.399 --> 00:06:26.059
 and in Jesus Christ,

00:06:26.259 --> 00:06:27.259
 his only Son,

00:06:27.399 --> 00:06:28.079
 our Lord,

00:06:28.659 --> 00:06:29.779
 who was conceived

00:06:29.779 --> 00:06:31.159
 by the Holy Spirit,

00:06:31.839 --> 00:06:33.259
 born of the Virgin Mary,

00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:35.639
 suffered under Pontius Pilate,

00:06:36.159 --> 00:06:37.000
 was crucified,

00:06:37.619 --> 00:06:37.939
 dead,

00:06:38.079 --> 00:06:38.599
 and buried.

00:06:39.119 --> 00:06:40.619
 He descended into hell.

00:06:41.459 --> 00:06:42.579
 The third day,

00:06:42.739 --> 00:06:43.559
 he rose again

00:06:43.559 --> 00:06:44.339
 from the dead.

00:06:44.939 --> 00:06:46.379
 He ascended into heaven.

00:06:46.779 --> 00:06:47.959
 He is seated

00:06:47.959 --> 00:06:49.139
 at the right hand

00:06:49.139 --> 00:06:49.679
 of God,

00:06:49.739 --> 00:06:50.819
 the Father Almighty.

00:06:51.619 --> 00:06:52.799
 Whence he will come

00:06:52.799 --> 00:06:53.919
 to judge the living

00:06:53.919 --> 00:06:54.639
 and the dead.

00:06:55.299 --> 00:06:57.139
 I believe in the Holy Spirit,

00:06:57.979 --> 00:06:59.659
 the Holy Catholic Church,

00:07:00.339 --> 00:07:01.799
 the communion of saints,

00:07:02.379 --> 00:07:03.799
 the forgiveness of sins,

00:07:04.399 --> 00:07:05.859
 the resurrection of the body,

00:07:06.699 --> 00:07:08.000
 and the life everlasting.

00:07:08.979 --> 00:07:09.319
 Amen.

00:07:09.979 --> 00:07:11.000
 Here it was.

00:07:12.319 --> 00:07:12.699
 Well,

00:07:12.919 --> 00:07:14.839
 before we delve

00:07:14.839 --> 00:07:15.919
 into particulars,

00:07:15.920 --> 00:07:17.240
 what I wonder,

00:07:18.020 --> 00:07:19.199
 if you're not already

00:07:19.199 --> 00:07:20.759
 familiar with the Creed,

00:07:21.180 --> 00:07:21.980
 I wonder what your

00:07:21.980 --> 00:07:23.740
 first general impressions are.

00:07:24.920 --> 00:07:25.960
 Any thoughts?

00:07:26.199 --> 00:07:27.660
 Any first general impressions?

00:07:27.660 --> 00:07:27.860
 questions?

00:07:32.260 --> 00:07:33.720
 What strikes you about it?

00:07:33.720 --> 00:07:34.660
 First things first.

00:07:34.800 --> 00:07:35.720
 First things first.

00:07:35.880 --> 00:07:35.980
 Yeah.

00:07:36.580 --> 00:07:37.720
 Deals with...

00:07:37.720 --> 00:07:38.560
 There you go.

00:07:38.640 --> 00:07:39.120
 That's right.

00:07:39.200 --> 00:07:40.100
 Really fundamental.

00:07:40.320 --> 00:07:41.900
 Let's get right out of the gate

00:07:41.900 --> 00:07:44.000
 with the most important things,

00:07:44.060 --> 00:07:45.300
 the primary things,

00:07:45.460 --> 00:07:46.560
 the fundamentals.

00:07:46.560 --> 00:07:48.620
 and see that they're pretty similar.

00:07:50.240 --> 00:07:50.519
 Yeah,

00:07:50.620 --> 00:07:51.120
 we'll come...

00:07:51.120 --> 00:07:51.319
 Similar.

00:07:51.500 --> 00:07:51.720
 Yeah,

00:07:51.780 --> 00:07:51.899
 yeah,

00:07:51.939 --> 00:07:52.319
 we'll come,

00:07:52.399 --> 00:07:52.500
 rather,

00:07:52.579 --> 00:07:53.139
 to the comparison

00:07:53.139 --> 00:07:53.780
 in just a minute.

00:07:53.939 --> 00:07:54.139
 Yeah,

00:07:54.360 --> 00:07:54.639
 yeah,

00:07:54.860 --> 00:07:55.160
 that's,

00:07:55.280 --> 00:07:55.480
 yeah,

00:07:55.540 --> 00:07:56.800
 they are very similar.

00:07:57.899 --> 00:07:58.180
 Yeah,

00:07:58.220 --> 00:07:58.339
 yeah,

00:07:58.339 --> 00:07:58.579
 Richard.

00:07:58.980 --> 00:07:59.500
 For me,

00:07:59.720 --> 00:08:02.240
 these words are very familiar

00:08:02.240 --> 00:08:04.199
 since I've recited them

00:08:04.199 --> 00:08:05.060
 from childhood

00:08:05.060 --> 00:08:06.639
 having been brought up

00:08:06.639 --> 00:08:07.519
 in the Church of Rome.

00:08:07.720 --> 00:08:08.180
 Yes,

00:08:08.199 --> 00:08:08.519
 okay,

00:08:08.680 --> 00:08:09.240
 so very,

00:08:09.400 --> 00:08:09.879
 very familiar,

00:08:10.100 --> 00:08:10.240
 yeah.

00:08:10.540 --> 00:08:11.079
 And is that,

00:08:11.160 --> 00:08:12.500
 is that familiarity

00:08:12.500 --> 00:08:14.300
 a comfort to you?

00:08:14.420 --> 00:08:14.680
 Is that,

00:08:14.759 --> 00:08:15.139
 is that,

00:08:15.340 --> 00:08:15.600
 is it,

00:08:15.600 --> 00:08:15.960
 is it,

00:08:15.960 --> 00:08:16.300
 yeah,

00:08:16.500 --> 00:08:16.699
 yeah,

00:08:16.879 --> 00:08:17.460
 mostly,

00:08:17.639 --> 00:08:17.960
 okay.

00:08:19.079 --> 00:08:19.500
 Yeah,

00:08:19.900 --> 00:08:20.280
 yeah,

00:08:20.460 --> 00:08:20.600
 yeah.

00:08:20.600 --> 00:08:22.519
 I just find it grounding.

00:08:23.280 --> 00:08:23.680
 Grounding.

00:08:24.879 --> 00:08:26.560
 Because I'm not in a church

00:08:26.560 --> 00:08:28.060
 that repeats the Creed often.

00:08:29.500 --> 00:08:30.500
 There's something,

00:08:30.500 --> 00:08:32.259
 yeah,

00:08:32.639 --> 00:08:33.220
 anchoring.

00:08:33.539 --> 00:08:33.899
 Yeah,

00:08:34.159 --> 00:08:34.519
 yeah.

00:08:35.059 --> 00:08:35.259
 There,

00:08:35.379 --> 00:08:36.039
 there is,

00:08:36.379 --> 00:08:37.179
 it's,

00:08:37.460 --> 00:08:38.860
 you know,

00:08:38.919 --> 00:08:40.100
 that it has been uttered

00:08:40.100 --> 00:08:40.860
 with conviction

00:08:40.860 --> 00:08:42.179
 by people

00:08:42.179 --> 00:08:44.600
 across cultural differences

00:08:44.600 --> 00:08:46.100
 of time and place.

00:08:46.559 --> 00:08:46.779
 Dude,

00:08:46.879 --> 00:08:47.200
 don't they,

00:08:47.200 --> 00:08:47.940
 it kind of gives it

00:08:47.940 --> 00:08:50.360
 a Gibraltar-like character.

00:08:51.019 --> 00:08:52.000
 Amid so much

00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:53.259
 that ebbs and flows

00:08:53.259 --> 00:08:53.740
 in life

00:08:53.740 --> 00:08:55.139
 that rises and falls,

00:08:55.399 --> 00:08:56.799
 emerges and passes away,

00:08:57.320 --> 00:08:59.399
 this has endured

00:08:59.399 --> 00:09:01.059
 the tides

00:09:01.059 --> 00:09:02.319
 and time

00:09:02.319 --> 00:09:03.899
 and taste,

00:09:04.059 --> 00:09:04.679
 tides of time

00:09:04.679 --> 00:09:05.159
 and taste.

00:09:05.399 --> 00:09:05.620
 Yeah,

00:09:05.720 --> 00:09:06.220
 that it is,

00:09:06.279 --> 00:09:06.740
 I feel,

00:09:06.840 --> 00:09:07.659
 I feel that way too.

00:09:07.720 --> 00:09:09.019
 It's grounded in history.

00:09:09.939 --> 00:09:10.220
 Yeah,

00:09:10.600 --> 00:09:10.879
 that's,

00:09:10.959 --> 00:09:11.199
 yeah.

00:09:11.579 --> 00:09:12.159
 Pontius Pilate.

00:09:12.299 --> 00:09:12.919
 Pontius Pilate,

00:09:12.980 --> 00:09:13.419
 there you go.

00:09:13.519 --> 00:09:13.659
 Yeah,

00:09:13.740 --> 00:09:14.819
 we'll comment about that

00:09:14.819 --> 00:09:15.259
 in a little bit.

00:09:15.379 --> 00:09:15.539
 Yeah,

00:09:15.600 --> 00:09:15.819
 yeah.

00:09:15.819 --> 00:09:16.139
 Yeah,

00:09:16.139 --> 00:09:16.799
 I remember

00:09:16.799 --> 00:09:18.240
 upon hearing someone say,

00:09:18.379 --> 00:09:19.720
 Pontius Pilate gets

00:09:19.720 --> 00:09:21.179
 a place in the Creed.

00:09:21.319 --> 00:09:21.740
 It's like

00:09:21.740 --> 00:09:23.600
 entering a big ballroom

00:09:23.600 --> 00:09:24.539
 and you see a dog.

00:09:24.779 --> 00:09:24.939
 Yeah.

00:09:24.940 --> 00:09:28.260
 Pontius Pilate

00:09:28.260 --> 00:09:29.800
 is a story.

00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:30.360
 Yeah,

00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:31.140
 that's right.

00:09:31.280 --> 00:09:32.180
 Anchored in history.

00:09:32.440 --> 00:09:32.940
 That's right.

00:09:33.120 --> 00:09:33.280
 Yeah,

00:09:33.340 --> 00:09:33.580
 Matt?

00:09:34.180 --> 00:09:35.300
 A little bit said

00:09:35.300 --> 00:09:36.140
 about the Father

00:09:36.140 --> 00:09:38.000
 and then the Jesus section

00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:39.540
 just goes on and on and on

00:09:39.540 --> 00:09:41.000
 and the Holy Spirit

00:09:41.000 --> 00:09:42.060
 kind of added is,

00:09:42.500 --> 00:09:43.380
 I guess we have to...

00:09:43.380 --> 00:09:43.560
 Yeah,

00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:43.820
 yeah,

00:09:43.920 --> 00:09:44.120
 yeah,

00:09:44.140 --> 00:09:44.720
 isn't that interesting?

00:09:44.860 --> 00:09:45.080
 Right,

00:09:45.160 --> 00:09:45.400
 right.

00:09:45.520 --> 00:09:47.480
 So the centerpiece,

00:09:48.060 --> 00:09:48.400
 Jesus,

00:09:49.300 --> 00:09:50.980
 that God's great gift

00:09:50.980 --> 00:09:52.020
 to us is salvation.

00:09:52.019 --> 00:09:53.779
 He is the storehouse

00:09:53.779 --> 00:09:55.460
 of all the treasury

00:09:55.460 --> 00:09:56.179
 that is ours

00:09:56.179 --> 00:09:57.100
 as believers.

00:09:57.620 --> 00:09:57.620


00:09:57.740 --> 00:09:58.179
 yeah,

00:09:58.360 --> 00:09:58.639
 yeah.

00:09:58.659 --> 00:09:59.860
 Clearly not made up

00:09:59.860 --> 00:10:00.779
 by Pentecostals.

00:10:04.779 --> 00:10:05.340
 Yeah,

00:10:05.340 --> 00:10:07.620
 the language

00:10:07.620 --> 00:10:08.699
 kind of

00:10:08.699 --> 00:10:09.340
 in its

00:10:09.340 --> 00:10:10.460
 tersely

00:10:10.460 --> 00:10:11.340
 concentrated

00:10:11.340 --> 00:10:12.179
 expression

00:10:12.179 --> 00:10:13.220
 just kind of

00:10:13.220 --> 00:10:14.159
 has a lapidary

00:10:14.159 --> 00:10:14.699
 quality,

00:10:14.799 --> 00:10:15.299
 doesn't it?

00:10:15.500 --> 00:10:15.980
 It's just

00:10:15.980 --> 00:10:16.939
 kind of like

00:10:16.939 --> 00:10:17.879
 what you'd describe

00:10:17.879 --> 00:10:18.720
 on a tombstone.

00:10:18.840 --> 00:10:19.539
 Just nice,

00:10:19.699 --> 00:10:19.980
 terse,

00:10:20.120 --> 00:10:20.759
 short phrases.

00:10:20.759 --> 00:10:22.360
 I love that

00:10:22.360 --> 00:10:23.779
 quality about it.

00:10:24.159 --> 00:10:24.879
 And even the

00:10:24.879 --> 00:10:26.259
 rhythmic

00:10:26.259 --> 00:10:27.759
 pleasing cadences

00:10:27.759 --> 00:10:29.139
 kind of have the effect

00:10:29.139 --> 00:10:29.659
 upon the

00:10:29.659 --> 00:10:30.960
 ear

00:10:30.960 --> 00:10:32.319
 that retains it

00:10:32.319 --> 00:10:33.740
 as like a smooth

00:10:33.740 --> 00:10:34.779
 stone in the hand

00:10:34.779 --> 00:10:35.399
 that holds it.

00:10:35.600 --> 00:10:36.319
 You ever walk along

00:10:36.319 --> 00:10:36.639
 a beach,

00:10:36.700 --> 00:10:37.379
 you pick up a stone

00:10:37.379 --> 00:10:37.759
 and you just

00:10:37.759 --> 00:10:39.139
 want to keep holding it

00:10:39.139 --> 00:10:40.279
 because it's just so smooth.

00:10:41.120 --> 00:10:42.139
 Same sort of thing

00:10:42.139 --> 00:10:42.659
 to get it

00:10:42.659 --> 00:10:44.360
 to our

00:10:44.360 --> 00:10:45.600
 ear.

00:10:47.019 --> 00:10:47.919
 And in the

00:10:47.919 --> 00:10:48.439
 phrase of

00:10:48.439 --> 00:10:49.220
 Philip Schaaf,

00:10:49.319 --> 00:10:50.000
 one of the

00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:51.200
 great church

00:10:51.200 --> 00:10:51.779
 historians,

00:10:52.419 --> 00:10:53.440
 do you not

00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:54.019
 catch

00:10:54.019 --> 00:10:55.480
 what he calls

00:10:55.480 --> 00:10:56.340
 the scent

00:10:56.340 --> 00:10:57.639
 of antiquity?

00:10:58.299 --> 00:10:58.759
 And perhaps

00:10:58.759 --> 00:10:59.419
 you need not

00:10:59.419 --> 00:11:00.120
 be an historian

00:11:00.120 --> 00:11:00.879
 to even

00:11:00.879 --> 00:11:02.100
 say the

00:11:02.100 --> 00:11:02.720
 fragrance

00:11:02.720 --> 00:11:04.179
 of antiquity.

00:11:04.240 --> 00:11:04.679
 Then it goes

00:11:04.679 --> 00:11:05.179
 back

00:11:05.179 --> 00:11:06.860
 so far

00:11:06.860 --> 00:11:07.960
 that Christians

00:11:07.960 --> 00:11:08.840
 were saying

00:11:08.840 --> 00:11:09.379
 this

00:11:09.379 --> 00:11:10.440
 centuries

00:11:10.440 --> 00:11:11.240
 and centuries

00:11:11.240 --> 00:11:11.659
 ago

00:11:11.659 --> 00:11:12.419
 and we still

00:11:12.419 --> 00:11:13.379
 feel comfortable

00:11:13.379 --> 00:11:14.179
 saying it now.

00:11:14.639 --> 00:11:15.080
 Those are

00:11:15.080 --> 00:11:16.039
 pretty special

00:11:16.039 --> 00:11:16.639
 things.

00:11:17.440 --> 00:11:18.000
 Pretty special

00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:18.519
 things.

00:11:18.519 --> 00:11:19.399
 And it's all

00:11:19.399 --> 00:11:19.980
 in order.

00:11:20.860 --> 00:11:21.340
 God,

00:11:21.580 --> 00:11:22.059
 Creator,

00:11:22.539 --> 00:11:22.879
 Jesus,

00:11:23.240 --> 00:11:23.659
 Lord,

00:11:24.159 --> 00:11:24.980
 Holy Spirit,

00:11:25.139 --> 00:11:25.879
 Virgin Mary,

00:11:26.279 --> 00:11:28.379
 the life of Christ.

00:11:28.700 --> 00:11:29.080
 It's not

00:11:29.080 --> 00:11:30.899
 I believe in God

00:11:30.899 --> 00:11:31.379
 the Father

00:11:31.379 --> 00:11:32.500
 is the last thing.

00:11:32.679 --> 00:11:33.639
 It's the first thing.

00:11:33.779 --> 00:11:34.139
 Yeah.

00:11:34.559 --> 00:11:34.840
 In order.

00:11:35.159 --> 00:11:35.419
 Yeah.

00:11:35.679 --> 00:11:36.440
 It's as if

00:11:36.440 --> 00:11:38.000
 it probably took

00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:39.240
 its skeletal shape

00:11:39.240 --> 00:11:39.659
 which we're going

00:11:39.659 --> 00:11:40.419
 to find in a moment

00:11:40.419 --> 00:11:42.039
 from Jesus

00:11:42.039 --> 00:11:42.620
 when he said

00:11:42.620 --> 00:11:43.399
 go into all the world

00:11:43.399 --> 00:11:44.240
 and baptize them

00:11:44.240 --> 00:11:45.100
 in the name

00:11:45.100 --> 00:11:46.139
 of the Father,

00:11:46.659 --> 00:11:47.340
 the Son,

00:11:47.779 --> 00:11:48.860
 and the Holy Spirit.

00:11:49.259 --> 00:11:49.799
 So that's kind

00:11:49.799 --> 00:11:50.559
 of the skeletal outline.

00:11:50.679 --> 00:11:51.539
 It just expands

00:11:51.539 --> 00:11:52.480
 each one a little bit.

00:11:52.600 --> 00:11:53.279
 So absolutely.

00:11:53.779 --> 00:11:54.199
 Absolutely.

00:11:54.799 --> 00:11:55.100
 Yeah.

00:11:55.819 --> 00:11:56.139
 Well,

00:11:56.179 --> 00:11:56.919
 let's look a little bit

00:11:56.919 --> 00:11:58.159
 at the history.

00:11:58.679 --> 00:12:00.539
 How did the Apostles' Creed

00:12:00.539 --> 00:12:01.439
 emerge

00:12:01.439 --> 00:12:02.699
 and develop

00:12:02.699 --> 00:12:03.799
 into its final

00:12:03.799 --> 00:12:04.699
 received form?

00:12:04.860 --> 00:12:05.000
 Okay.

00:12:05.079 --> 00:12:05.519
 So the one

00:12:05.519 --> 00:12:06.659
 the

00:12:06.659 --> 00:12:09.419
 T

00:12:09.419 --> 00:12:10.439
 down at the

00:12:10.439 --> 00:12:11.439
 bottom there,

00:12:11.559 --> 00:12:12.579
 the bigger one,

00:12:12.720 --> 00:12:13.360
 that's called

00:12:13.360 --> 00:12:14.319
 the received form.

00:12:14.419 --> 00:12:15.899
 That's the Textus Receptus.

00:12:16.379 --> 00:12:16.480
 Okay.

00:12:16.639 --> 00:12:17.779
 But then the first one

00:12:17.779 --> 00:12:18.539
 that you have there,

00:12:18.840 --> 00:12:20.100
 that's the earliest one.

00:12:20.179 --> 00:12:20.559
 That's called

00:12:20.559 --> 00:12:21.819
 the Old Roman Symbol

00:12:21.819 --> 00:12:22.559
 or R

00:12:22.559 --> 00:12:23.779
 as it's referred to.

00:12:24.100 --> 00:12:24.960
 So we want to know

00:12:24.960 --> 00:12:26.259
 how the Apostles' Creed

00:12:26.259 --> 00:12:27.659
 emerged and developed

00:12:27.659 --> 00:12:28.779
 into its final form.

00:12:28.860 --> 00:12:29.419
 How did you get

00:12:29.419 --> 00:12:31.000
 from that first one

00:12:31.000 --> 00:12:31.559
 that we have

00:12:31.559 --> 00:12:32.259
 there on your paper

00:12:32.259 --> 00:12:33.299
 to the bottom one?

00:12:33.579 --> 00:12:34.139
 The upper one

00:12:34.139 --> 00:12:34.759
 to the bottom one.

00:12:34.759 --> 00:12:35.679
 Well,

00:12:36.379 --> 00:12:36.740
 I think

00:12:36.740 --> 00:12:38.100
 we may safely

00:12:38.100 --> 00:12:38.860
 say

00:12:38.860 --> 00:12:40.259
 that the origin

00:12:40.259 --> 00:12:41.399
 of the Apostles' Creed

00:12:41.399 --> 00:12:43.000
 as the collective

00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:43.759
 creation

00:12:43.759 --> 00:12:44.480
 of the twelve

00:12:44.480 --> 00:12:45.600
 apostles themselves,

00:12:46.480 --> 00:12:46.759
 yeah,

00:12:47.139 --> 00:12:47.939
 I think that's

00:12:47.939 --> 00:12:49.000
 probably fictional.

00:12:50.700 --> 00:12:50.860
 You know,

00:12:50.919 --> 00:12:52.519
 though this legend

00:12:52.519 --> 00:12:53.080
 won near

00:12:53.080 --> 00:12:54.439
 universal acceptance

00:12:54.439 --> 00:12:55.480
 down through

00:12:55.480 --> 00:12:56.519
 the Middle Ages,

00:12:57.519 --> 00:12:58.799
 I think many

00:12:58.799 --> 00:13:00.340
 and entrenchant

00:13:00.340 --> 00:13:01.360
 are the arguments

00:13:01.360 --> 00:13:02.519
 against it.

00:13:03.240 --> 00:13:03.559
 First,

00:13:03.740 --> 00:13:03.819
 there's,

00:13:03.820 --> 00:13:05.300
 it seems to me,

00:13:05.360 --> 00:13:05.940
 the intrinsic

00:13:05.940 --> 00:13:07.400
 improbability

00:13:07.400 --> 00:13:09.220
 of such a collective

00:13:09.220 --> 00:13:10.520
 construction

00:13:10.520 --> 00:13:11.440
 of something

00:13:11.440 --> 00:13:12.460
 like a creed.

00:13:13.100 --> 00:13:13.260
 You know,

00:13:13.280 --> 00:13:13.740
 when it comes

00:13:13.740 --> 00:13:14.360
 to a creed,

00:13:14.440 --> 00:13:15.540
 experience tells us

00:13:15.540 --> 00:13:16.879
 that even if a committee

00:13:16.879 --> 00:13:18.080
 is tasked

00:13:18.080 --> 00:13:19.260
 of generating

00:13:19.260 --> 00:13:19.720
 the thing,

00:13:20.120 --> 00:13:21.220
 usually it's

00:13:21.220 --> 00:13:21.920
 fundamentally

00:13:21.920 --> 00:13:22.500
 the work

00:13:22.500 --> 00:13:23.400
 of a single mind,

00:13:23.480 --> 00:13:24.240
 even if other people

00:13:24.240 --> 00:13:24.800
 edit it.

00:13:25.020 --> 00:13:25.140
 You know,

00:13:25.160 --> 00:13:26.220
 that's just kind of

00:13:26.220 --> 00:13:26.860
 how these things

00:13:26.860 --> 00:13:27.960
 work historically.

00:13:27.960 --> 00:13:30.280
 besides,

00:13:30.879 --> 00:13:32.300
 there's no trace

00:13:32.300 --> 00:13:33.000
 at all

00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:34.379
 of the origin

00:13:34.379 --> 00:13:35.280
 story among

00:13:35.280 --> 00:13:36.240
 the apostolics

00:13:36.240 --> 00:13:37.259
 of the earliest,

00:13:37.480 --> 00:13:37.940
 those people

00:13:37.940 --> 00:13:38.580
 who are alive

00:13:38.580 --> 00:13:39.080
 during the time,

00:13:39.120 --> 00:13:39.620
 the apostles,

00:13:39.820 --> 00:13:40.360
 those Christians,

00:13:40.900 --> 00:13:42.080
 and the

00:13:42.080 --> 00:13:43.040
 Nicene fathers.

00:13:43.900 --> 00:13:44.800
 And had they

00:13:44.800 --> 00:13:45.759
 known

00:13:45.759 --> 00:13:47.360
 of such a story,

00:13:47.840 --> 00:13:48.980
 it would be

00:13:48.980 --> 00:13:50.019
 hard to imagine,

00:13:50.120 --> 00:13:50.900
 it seems to me,

00:13:51.120 --> 00:13:52.139
 they're superseding

00:13:52.139 --> 00:13:52.700
 this creed.

00:13:52.700 --> 00:13:53.500
 if they really

00:13:53.500 --> 00:13:53.800
 thought,

00:13:53.920 --> 00:13:54.020
 hey,

00:13:54.080 --> 00:13:54.520
 this thing

00:13:54.520 --> 00:13:55.800
 came from

00:13:55.800 --> 00:13:56.379
 the apostles,

00:13:57.020 --> 00:13:57.440
 it would have

00:13:57.440 --> 00:13:57.820
 been hard

00:13:57.820 --> 00:13:58.400
 to imagine

00:13:58.400 --> 00:13:59.280
 that they would

00:13:59.280 --> 00:13:59.640
 have felt

00:13:59.640 --> 00:14:00.040
 at liberty

00:14:00.040 --> 00:14:00.520
 to just kind

00:14:00.520 --> 00:14:01.080
 of make up

00:14:01.080 --> 00:14:02.259
 their own.

00:14:02.340 --> 00:14:02.660
 They might have

00:14:02.660 --> 00:14:03.100
 added a few

00:14:03.100 --> 00:14:03.500
 things,

00:14:03.580 --> 00:14:04.300
 but to make

00:14:04.300 --> 00:14:04.680
 it up.

00:14:06.060 --> 00:14:06.259
 So,

00:14:06.540 --> 00:14:06.759
 you know,

00:14:06.800 --> 00:14:08.379
 can you imagine

00:14:08.379 --> 00:14:08.540
 the,

00:14:08.620 --> 00:14:08.800
 yeah,

00:14:08.860 --> 00:14:09.020
 yeah,

00:14:09.100 --> 00:14:10.520
 not bad

00:14:10.520 --> 00:14:10.960
 apostles,

00:14:11.120 --> 00:14:11.600
 but I think

00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:12.140
 I like mine

00:14:12.140 --> 00:14:12.379
 better,

00:14:12.480 --> 00:14:12.820
 we'll just

00:14:12.820 --> 00:14:13.700
 choose this

00:14:13.700 --> 00:14:13.980
 mine.

00:14:14.080 --> 00:14:14.320
 No,

00:14:14.440 --> 00:14:15.120
 probably not.

00:14:15.500 --> 00:14:16.300
 Probably not.

00:14:16.900 --> 00:14:17.100
 No,

00:14:17.160 --> 00:14:17.860
 it seems that

00:14:17.860 --> 00:14:19.040
 the origin

00:14:19.040 --> 00:14:20.180
 of what

00:14:20.180 --> 00:14:21.540
 in its

00:14:21.540 --> 00:14:22.340
 primitive form

00:14:22.340 --> 00:14:22.920
 came to be

00:14:22.920 --> 00:14:23.519
 known as

00:14:23.519 --> 00:14:24.200
 the Apostles'

00:14:24.320 --> 00:14:24.580
 Creed,

00:14:24.899 --> 00:14:26.000
 was originally

00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:26.700
 the old

00:14:26.700 --> 00:14:27.580
 catechetical

00:14:27.580 --> 00:14:28.660
 creed used

00:14:28.660 --> 00:14:30.100
 for instructing

00:14:30.100 --> 00:14:31.060
 baptismal

00:14:31.060 --> 00:14:31.620
 candidates

00:14:31.620 --> 00:14:32.480
 in the

00:14:32.480 --> 00:14:32.920
 Church of

00:14:32.920 --> 00:14:33.259
 Rome.

00:14:34.379 --> 00:14:35.180
 And in its

00:14:35.180 --> 00:14:36.460
 simple structure

00:14:36.460 --> 00:14:37.060
 we see that

00:14:37.060 --> 00:14:37.600
 it goes all

00:14:37.600 --> 00:14:38.320
 the way back

00:14:38.320 --> 00:14:39.080
 to the command

00:14:39.080 --> 00:14:39.580
 of Jesus

00:14:39.580 --> 00:14:40.720
 to baptize

00:14:40.720 --> 00:14:41.320
 disciples in

00:14:41.320 --> 00:14:41.519
 the name

00:14:41.519 --> 00:14:42.080
 of the Father,

00:14:42.220 --> 00:14:42.519
 the Son,

00:14:42.580 --> 00:14:42.840
 and the Holy

00:14:42.840 --> 00:14:43.200
 Spirit.

00:14:43.340 --> 00:14:43.840
 Raul has

00:14:43.840 --> 00:14:44.440
 noticed that

00:14:44.440 --> 00:14:45.840
 structure.

00:14:46.920 --> 00:14:47.060
 So,

00:14:47.200 --> 00:14:47.759
 how did it

00:14:47.759 --> 00:14:49.280
 develop then

00:14:49.280 --> 00:14:49.660
 from that

00:14:49.660 --> 00:14:51.259
 first baptismal

00:14:51.259 --> 00:14:52.580
 creed?

00:14:53.139 --> 00:14:53.379
 Well,

00:14:53.460 --> 00:14:54.399
 over time,

00:14:55.139 --> 00:14:55.939
 in different

00:14:55.939 --> 00:14:56.460
 places,

00:14:56.779 --> 00:14:57.819
 a few phrases

00:14:57.819 --> 00:14:59.080
 were added

00:14:59.080 --> 00:14:59.559
 to the

00:14:59.559 --> 00:14:59.960
 core,

00:15:00.580 --> 00:15:01.480
 usually

00:15:01.480 --> 00:15:03.019
 to exclude

00:15:03.019 --> 00:15:03.919
 errors that

00:15:03.919 --> 00:15:04.460
 were gaining

00:15:04.460 --> 00:15:05.179
 currency,

00:15:05.600 --> 00:15:06.279
 or to try

00:15:06.279 --> 00:15:06.840
 to affirm

00:15:06.840 --> 00:15:07.840
 some truth

00:15:07.840 --> 00:15:08.799
 in need

00:15:08.799 --> 00:15:09.740
 of reinforcement.

00:15:12.100 --> 00:15:13.059
 Notably,

00:15:13.799 --> 00:15:14.759
 these editions

00:15:14.759 --> 00:15:15.899
 had their

00:15:15.899 --> 00:15:16.559
 origin

00:15:16.559 --> 00:15:17.720
 outside

00:15:17.720 --> 00:15:18.700
 of Rome,

00:15:19.420 --> 00:15:19.820
 in some

00:15:19.820 --> 00:15:20.139
 of the

00:15:20.139 --> 00:15:21.100
 outskirts

00:15:21.100 --> 00:15:22.440
 of the

00:15:22.440 --> 00:15:23.360
 spread of

00:15:23.360 --> 00:15:23.940
 the gospel

00:15:23.940 --> 00:15:24.860
 up in

00:15:24.860 --> 00:15:25.580
 Europe.

00:15:27.139 --> 00:15:27.779
 But,

00:15:28.259 --> 00:15:28.879
 they were

00:15:28.879 --> 00:15:29.779
 recognized

00:15:29.779 --> 00:15:30.420
 back in

00:15:30.420 --> 00:15:30.820
 Rome

00:15:30.820 --> 00:15:31.860
 as true

00:15:31.860 --> 00:15:32.300
 to the

00:15:32.300 --> 00:15:32.740
 faith

00:15:32.740 --> 00:15:34.060
 and were

00:15:34.060 --> 00:15:34.840
 assimilated

00:15:34.840 --> 00:15:35.600
 to give us

00:15:35.600 --> 00:15:36.240
 the final

00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:37.259
 form of the

00:15:37.259 --> 00:15:37.740
 Apostles'

00:15:37.840 --> 00:15:38.060
 Creed,

00:15:38.180 --> 00:15:38.600
 what we now

00:15:38.600 --> 00:15:39.040
 call the

00:15:39.040 --> 00:15:39.480
 Textus

00:15:39.480 --> 00:15:40.060
 Receptus,

00:15:40.139 --> 00:15:40.560
 the received

00:15:40.560 --> 00:15:41.019
 text.

00:15:41.540 --> 00:15:41.820
 So,

00:15:41.920 --> 00:15:42.259
 we'll come

00:15:42.259 --> 00:15:42.600
 to these

00:15:42.600 --> 00:15:43.200
 accruals

00:15:43.200 --> 00:15:44.519
 in a moment,

00:15:44.519 --> 00:15:45.559
 but first

00:15:45.559 --> 00:15:46.500
 let's look

00:15:46.500 --> 00:15:46.740
 at the

00:15:46.740 --> 00:15:47.059
 creedal

00:15:47.059 --> 00:15:47.779
 affirmations

00:15:47.779 --> 00:15:48.319
 present in

00:15:48.319 --> 00:15:48.919
 the first

00:15:48.919 --> 00:15:49.299
 form,

00:15:49.419 --> 00:15:49.860
 the old

00:15:49.860 --> 00:15:50.740
 Roman symbol,

00:15:51.279 --> 00:15:52.139
 and consider

00:15:52.139 --> 00:15:52.879
 something of

00:15:52.879 --> 00:15:53.519
 their meaning.

00:15:54.220 --> 00:15:54.579
 So,

00:15:54.639 --> 00:15:55.039
 we're looking

00:15:55.039 --> 00:15:55.419
 at the

00:15:55.419 --> 00:15:56.120
 top one

00:15:56.120 --> 00:15:56.460
 now,

00:15:56.759 --> 00:15:57.139
 just going

00:15:57.139 --> 00:15:57.419
 to walk

00:15:57.419 --> 00:15:57.659
 down

00:15:57.659 --> 00:15:57.879
 through

00:15:57.879 --> 00:15:58.220
 that

00:15:58.220 --> 00:15:59.699
 and make

00:15:59.699 --> 00:16:00.019
 a couple

00:16:00.019 --> 00:16:00.679
 observations.

00:16:01.240 --> 00:16:01.340
 So,

00:16:01.399 --> 00:16:01.600
 go ahead

00:16:01.600 --> 00:16:02.220
 and glance

00:16:02.220 --> 00:16:02.639
 down at

00:16:02.639 --> 00:16:03.340
 that top

00:16:03.340 --> 00:16:03.559
 one.

00:16:05.279 --> 00:16:05.480
 So,

00:16:05.579 --> 00:16:06.319
 I believe

00:16:06.319 --> 00:16:06.860
 in God

00:16:06.860 --> 00:16:07.439
 the Father

00:16:07.439 --> 00:16:07.960
 Almighty.

00:16:09.779 --> 00:16:09.980
 So,

00:16:10.199 --> 00:16:10.699
 here,

00:16:11.100 --> 00:16:12.120
 while God

00:16:12.120 --> 00:16:13.159
 as Father

00:16:13.159 --> 00:16:14.659
 would have

00:16:14.659 --> 00:16:15.219
 been for

00:16:15.219 --> 00:16:15.539
 the early

00:16:15.539 --> 00:16:15.980
 Christians

00:16:15.980 --> 00:16:17.100
 primarily

00:16:17.100 --> 00:16:17.939
 in reference

00:16:17.939 --> 00:16:19.100
 to the

00:16:19.100 --> 00:16:19.620
 Son,

00:16:20.100 --> 00:16:20.519
 he was the

00:16:20.519 --> 00:16:21.000
 Father of

00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:21.379
 the Son,

00:16:21.459 --> 00:16:21.860
 his relation

00:16:21.860 --> 00:16:22.319
 to Jesus,

00:16:22.459 --> 00:16:22.799
 and Tom

00:16:22.799 --> 00:16:23.360
 talked about

00:16:23.360 --> 00:16:23.879
 how important

00:16:23.879 --> 00:16:24.539
 that was

00:16:24.539 --> 00:16:25.579
 in the last

00:16:25.579 --> 00:16:26.139
 session,

00:16:26.600 --> 00:16:27.779
 it is clear

00:16:27.779 --> 00:16:28.179
 from their

00:16:28.179 --> 00:16:28.799
 writings that

00:16:28.799 --> 00:16:29.519
 it was also

00:16:29.519 --> 00:16:30.339
 taken to be

00:16:30.339 --> 00:16:30.959
 in relation

00:16:30.959 --> 00:16:32.039
 to us,

00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:34.139
 our Father.

00:16:34.899 --> 00:16:35.299
 And that

00:16:35.299 --> 00:16:35.839
 was a thought

00:16:35.839 --> 00:16:36.179
 that was

00:16:36.179 --> 00:16:36.959
 cherished as

00:16:36.959 --> 00:16:37.720
 very precious

00:16:37.720 --> 00:16:39.039
 to the early

00:16:39.039 --> 00:16:39.519
 Christians.

00:16:40.959 --> 00:16:41.720
 The term

00:16:41.720 --> 00:16:42.419
 Almighty

00:16:42.419 --> 00:16:43.979
 Almighty,

00:16:44.259 --> 00:16:44.379
 well,

00:16:44.419 --> 00:16:44.779
 it comes

00:16:44.779 --> 00:16:45.279
 to us

00:16:45.279 --> 00:16:46.839
 in translation

00:16:46.839 --> 00:16:47.379
 from the

00:16:47.379 --> 00:16:47.839
 Latin

00:16:47.839 --> 00:16:49.500
 omnipotentum,

00:16:50.939 --> 00:16:52.279
 and it's

00:16:52.279 --> 00:16:52.879
 understandable,

00:16:53.079 --> 00:16:53.839
 omnipotent,

00:16:54.059 --> 00:16:54.679
 well,

00:16:54.819 --> 00:16:55.860
 that seems

00:16:55.860 --> 00:16:56.299
 to be

00:16:56.299 --> 00:16:56.839
 Almighty

00:16:56.839 --> 00:16:57.199
 would be

00:16:57.199 --> 00:16:57.479
 a good

00:16:57.479 --> 00:16:58.059
 translation

00:16:58.059 --> 00:16:59.620
 for omnipotent,

00:16:59.959 --> 00:17:01.059
 but it's

00:17:01.059 --> 00:17:01.879
 likely that

00:17:01.879 --> 00:17:02.679
 the original

00:17:02.679 --> 00:17:03.579
 Roman symbol

00:17:03.579 --> 00:17:04.859
 was written

00:17:04.859 --> 00:17:05.779
 in Greek

00:17:05.779 --> 00:17:06.440
 first,

00:17:06.680 --> 00:17:07.180
 because the

00:17:07.180 --> 00:17:07.859
 earliest church

00:17:07.859 --> 00:17:08.279
 in Rome,

00:17:08.460 --> 00:17:09.240
 even though

00:17:09.240 --> 00:17:10.119
 there were

00:17:10.119 --> 00:17:10.779
 many Romans,

00:17:10.940 --> 00:17:11.220
 they would

00:17:11.220 --> 00:17:11.460
 have been

00:17:11.460 --> 00:17:12.359
 Greek-speaking

00:17:12.359 --> 00:17:12.919
 Romans,

00:17:13.819 --> 00:17:14.979
 so historians

00:17:14.979 --> 00:17:15.539
 think that

00:17:15.539 --> 00:17:16.059
 probably the

00:17:16.059 --> 00:17:16.879
 original was

00:17:16.879 --> 00:17:17.599
 in Greek,

00:17:18.259 --> 00:17:19.019
 and there

00:17:19.019 --> 00:17:20.659
 the term

00:17:20.659 --> 00:17:22.639
 is from a

00:17:22.639 --> 00:17:23.119
 term called

00:17:23.119 --> 00:17:23.719
 Ponto

00:17:23.719 --> 00:17:24.199
 Krator,

00:17:25.199 --> 00:17:26.119
 which is a

00:17:26.119 --> 00:17:27.279
 very active

00:17:27.279 --> 00:17:27.939
 word,

00:17:28.079 --> 00:17:28.639
 conveying not

00:17:28.639 --> 00:17:29.699
 just a capacity,

00:17:30.219 --> 00:17:30.519
 but an

00:17:30.519 --> 00:17:31.599
 actualization

00:17:31.599 --> 00:17:32.519
 of capacity.

00:17:33.259 --> 00:17:33.619
 Ponto,

00:17:33.740 --> 00:17:34.159
 all things

00:17:34.159 --> 00:17:34.599
 Krator,

00:17:34.819 --> 00:17:35.199
 ruler.

00:17:35.199 --> 00:17:36.059
 So really

00:17:36.059 --> 00:17:36.740
 what's conveyed

00:17:36.740 --> 00:17:38.039
 here is,

00:17:38.039 --> 00:17:40.700
 we might say,

00:17:41.039 --> 00:17:42.299
 all-rueling.

00:17:44.420 --> 00:17:45.299
 I believe in

00:17:45.299 --> 00:17:45.740
 God the

00:17:45.740 --> 00:17:46.079
 Father,

00:17:46.480 --> 00:17:47.940
 all-rueling,

00:17:48.299 --> 00:17:50.119
 or all-sovereign.

00:17:51.740 --> 00:17:52.539
 And what an

00:17:52.539 --> 00:17:53.119
 incomparable

00:17:53.119 --> 00:17:53.599
 comfort,

00:17:53.819 --> 00:17:54.359
 incomparable

00:17:54.359 --> 00:17:55.139
 comfort it is

00:17:55.139 --> 00:17:55.599
 to know

00:17:55.599 --> 00:17:56.519
 that God our

00:17:56.519 --> 00:17:57.000
 Father is

00:17:57.000 --> 00:17:57.599
 sovereign in all

00:17:57.599 --> 00:17:57.819
 things.

00:17:57.879 --> 00:17:58.299
 So as you hear

00:17:58.299 --> 00:17:58.940
 that Almighty,

00:17:59.319 --> 00:17:59.680
 think of it

00:17:59.680 --> 00:18:00.200
 also in the

00:18:00.200 --> 00:18:00.720
 fuller sense

00:18:00.720 --> 00:18:02.319
 of all-sovereign,

00:18:02.500 --> 00:18:03.039
 sovereign over

00:18:03.039 --> 00:18:03.940
 all things.

00:18:07.420 --> 00:18:08.079
 And in

00:18:08.079 --> 00:18:08.960
 Jesus Christ,

00:18:09.299 --> 00:18:09.740
 His only

00:18:09.740 --> 00:18:10.440
 begotten Son,

00:18:10.480 --> 00:18:10.839
 our Lord.

00:18:11.039 --> 00:18:11.420
 You know what?

00:18:11.559 --> 00:18:11.940
 I'm going to

00:18:11.940 --> 00:18:13.420
 skip over that

00:18:13.420 --> 00:18:14.139
 because Tom

00:18:14.139 --> 00:18:14.680
 did such a

00:18:14.680 --> 00:18:15.420
 good job on

00:18:15.420 --> 00:18:15.700
 that.

00:18:16.180 --> 00:18:16.759
 The Nicene

00:18:16.759 --> 00:18:18.000
 Creed does

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:18.680
 a lot of

00:18:18.680 --> 00:18:19.259
 work there.

00:18:20.639 --> 00:18:21.059
 But then

00:18:21.059 --> 00:18:21.440
 notice,

00:18:22.059 --> 00:18:22.779
 there follows

00:18:22.779 --> 00:18:23.720
 an expansion

00:18:23.720 --> 00:18:24.639
 on Jesus

00:18:24.639 --> 00:18:25.279
 Christ,

00:18:25.899 --> 00:18:26.659
 who was born

00:18:26.659 --> 00:18:27.019
 of the Holy

00:18:27.019 --> 00:18:27.619
 Spirit of the

00:18:27.619 --> 00:18:28.259
 Virgin Mary,

00:18:29.000 --> 00:18:29.759
 crucified under

00:18:29.759 --> 00:18:30.559
 Pontius Pilate,

00:18:30.659 --> 00:18:31.259
 was buried.

00:18:31.680 --> 00:18:32.039
 The third

00:18:32.039 --> 00:18:32.599
 day He rose

00:18:32.599 --> 00:18:32.960
 again from

00:18:32.960 --> 00:18:33.220
 the dead.

00:18:33.440 --> 00:18:33.860
 He ascended

00:18:33.860 --> 00:18:34.380
 into heaven

00:18:34.380 --> 00:18:35.079
 and sits

00:18:35.079 --> 00:18:35.500
 at the right

00:18:35.500 --> 00:18:35.779
 hand of

00:18:35.779 --> 00:18:36.200
 the Father.

00:18:36.799 --> 00:18:37.440
 From whence

00:18:37.440 --> 00:18:38.019
 He shall

00:18:38.019 --> 00:18:38.539
 come to

00:18:38.539 --> 00:18:39.440
 judge the

00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:40.380
 quick and

00:18:40.380 --> 00:18:40.759
 the dead.

00:18:42.500 --> 00:18:43.000
 Now,

00:18:43.059 --> 00:18:43.819
 it's likely

00:18:43.819 --> 00:18:44.960
 that some

00:18:44.960 --> 00:18:45.319
 of this

00:18:45.319 --> 00:18:45.980
 enlargement

00:18:45.980 --> 00:18:46.519
 would have

00:18:46.519 --> 00:18:47.319
 been connected

00:18:47.319 --> 00:18:48.059
 with

00:18:48.059 --> 00:18:49.640
 counterattack,

00:18:49.740 --> 00:18:49.960
 what we

00:18:49.960 --> 00:18:50.360
 might think

00:18:50.360 --> 00:18:51.019
 of as

00:18:51.019 --> 00:18:52.220
 counterattack.

00:18:52.819 --> 00:18:53.660
 That is,

00:18:54.039 --> 00:18:54.759
 if someone

00:18:54.759 --> 00:18:55.340
 made some

00:18:55.340 --> 00:18:55.720
 sort of

00:18:55.720 --> 00:18:56.420
 claim

00:18:56.420 --> 00:18:58.400
 that was

00:18:58.400 --> 00:18:59.019
 heretical,

00:18:59.860 --> 00:19:00.680
 we'd have

00:19:00.680 --> 00:19:01.240
 to say,

00:19:01.519 --> 00:19:01.960
 as Orthodox,

00:19:01.960 --> 00:19:02.660
 no,

00:19:02.779 --> 00:19:03.140
 that's

00:19:03.140 --> 00:19:03.900
 not right,

00:19:04.079 --> 00:19:04.420
 in fact,

00:19:04.500 --> 00:19:04.759
 that's

00:19:04.759 --> 00:19:05.519
 consequentially

00:19:05.519 --> 00:19:06.079
 wrong,

00:19:06.400 --> 00:19:06.960
 this is

00:19:06.960 --> 00:19:07.380
 the truth

00:19:07.380 --> 00:19:07.860
 instead,

00:19:08.079 --> 00:19:08.480
 that's

00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:08.880
 not the

00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:09.220
 case,

00:19:09.539 --> 00:19:10.059
 this is

00:19:10.059 --> 00:19:10.559
 rather the

00:19:10.559 --> 00:19:10.920
 case.

00:19:11.539 --> 00:19:11.940
 So you

00:19:11.940 --> 00:19:12.279
 would get

00:19:12.279 --> 00:19:14.019
 phrases that

00:19:14.019 --> 00:19:14.380
 would be

00:19:14.380 --> 00:19:14.700
 kind of

00:19:14.700 --> 00:19:15.620
 filled out

00:19:15.620 --> 00:19:16.319
 to say,

00:19:16.640 --> 00:19:16.819
 no,

00:19:16.880 --> 00:19:17.059
 no,

00:19:17.120 --> 00:19:17.420
 no,

00:19:17.700 --> 00:19:18.340
 that's

00:19:18.340 --> 00:19:19.000
 cordoned off,

00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:19.519
 don't go

00:19:19.519 --> 00:19:19.819
 there,

00:19:19.980 --> 00:19:20.220
 that would

00:19:20.220 --> 00:19:22.799
 be wrong

00:19:22.799 --> 00:19:23.640
 belief.

00:19:23.640 --> 00:19:25.460
 one of

00:19:25.460 --> 00:19:26.440
 the earliest

00:19:26.440 --> 00:19:27.320
 heresies

00:19:27.320 --> 00:19:28.380
 to afflict

00:19:28.380 --> 00:19:29.020
 the church,

00:19:29.080 --> 00:19:29.440
 to challenge

00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:29.840
 the church,

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:30.600
 was called

00:19:30.600 --> 00:19:31.800
 docetism.

00:19:33.160 --> 00:19:33.880
 Docetism,

00:19:34.280 --> 00:19:35.660
 they held

00:19:35.660 --> 00:19:37.100
 that Christ's

00:19:37.100 --> 00:19:38.480
 physical body

00:19:38.480 --> 00:19:39.820
 was not

00:19:39.820 --> 00:19:40.500
 real,

00:19:41.200 --> 00:19:42.200
 it only

00:19:42.200 --> 00:19:43.320
 seemed to

00:19:43.320 --> 00:19:43.800
 be real,

00:19:43.900 --> 00:19:44.360
 it only had

00:19:44.360 --> 00:19:45.020
 the appearance

00:19:45.020 --> 00:19:45.520
 of being

00:19:45.520 --> 00:19:45.840
 real,

00:19:45.940 --> 00:19:46.200
 from the

00:19:46.200 --> 00:19:46.380
 Greek

00:19:46.380 --> 00:19:47.380
 docetism,

00:19:47.660 --> 00:19:47.840
 or to

00:19:47.840 --> 00:19:48.360
 appear

00:19:48.360 --> 00:19:49.640
 that way.

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:50.740
 So he

00:19:50.740 --> 00:19:51.420
 really only

00:19:51.420 --> 00:19:52.120
 appeared to

00:19:52.120 --> 00:19:52.600
 be material,

00:19:52.740 --> 00:19:53.360
 he did not

00:19:53.360 --> 00:19:53.900
 really have

00:19:53.900 --> 00:19:54.420
 a physical

00:19:54.420 --> 00:19:55.480
 body,

00:19:56.080 --> 00:19:56.620
 not a

00:19:56.620 --> 00:19:57.220
 material body.

00:19:57.480 --> 00:19:57.780
 And again,

00:19:58.000 --> 00:19:58.560
 you can

00:19:58.560 --> 00:19:59.180
 probably

00:19:59.180 --> 00:19:59.800
 recognize

00:19:59.800 --> 00:20:00.420
 some of

00:20:00.420 --> 00:20:01.260
 the Greek

00:20:01.260 --> 00:20:02.360
 notion of

00:20:02.360 --> 00:20:03.020
 kind of a

00:20:03.020 --> 00:20:03.860
 Gnostic view

00:20:03.860 --> 00:20:04.080
 that,

00:20:04.360 --> 00:20:04.560
 well,

00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:06.240
 the spiritual

00:20:06.240 --> 00:20:06.840
 is good

00:20:06.840 --> 00:20:07.500
 and positive

00:20:07.500 --> 00:20:08.140
 and the

00:20:08.140 --> 00:20:08.560
 material

00:20:08.560 --> 00:20:09.260
 is bad

00:20:09.260 --> 00:20:10.120
 and stained,

00:20:10.560 --> 00:20:11.040
 so God

00:20:11.040 --> 00:20:11.580
 could never

00:20:11.580 --> 00:20:11.960
 have any

00:20:11.960 --> 00:20:12.240
 sort of

00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:12.860
 relation of

00:20:12.860 --> 00:20:13.600
 physicality,

00:20:13.860 --> 00:20:14.760
 anything like

00:20:14.760 --> 00:20:15.020
 that.

00:20:15.520 --> 00:20:15.700
 So,

00:20:15.700 --> 00:20:16.360
 no,

00:20:16.480 --> 00:20:16.700
 no,

00:20:17.740 --> 00:20:18.019
 no,

00:20:18.200 --> 00:20:18.900
 in contrast

00:20:18.900 --> 00:20:19.680
 to that,

00:20:19.819 --> 00:20:20.500
 we affirm

00:20:20.500 --> 00:20:21.220
 these things.

00:20:21.340 --> 00:20:21.559
 Can you

00:20:21.559 --> 00:20:22.539
 see anything

00:20:22.539 --> 00:20:24.019
 in the

00:20:24.019 --> 00:20:24.440
 description

00:20:24.440 --> 00:20:25.100
 of Christ

00:20:25.100 --> 00:20:26.299
 that might

00:20:26.299 --> 00:20:26.700
 have been

00:20:26.700 --> 00:20:27.299
 a buttress

00:20:27.299 --> 00:20:27.779
 against

00:20:27.779 --> 00:20:28.799
 the claim

00:20:28.799 --> 00:20:29.460
 that he

00:20:29.460 --> 00:20:29.840
 had no

00:20:29.840 --> 00:20:30.700
 materiality?

00:20:32.460 --> 00:20:32.799
 Any of

00:20:32.799 --> 00:20:33.360
 those phrases

00:20:33.360 --> 00:20:33.759
 that you

00:20:33.759 --> 00:20:34.019
 think?

00:20:34.840 --> 00:20:35.059
 Well,

00:20:35.180 --> 00:20:36.019
 born of

00:20:36.019 --> 00:20:36.420
 the birth.

00:20:36.900 --> 00:20:37.600
 There you

00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:37.920
 go.

00:20:38.460 --> 00:20:38.819
 Yeah,

00:20:39.059 --> 00:20:39.460
 bingo.

00:20:39.819 --> 00:20:39.940
 Yeah,

00:20:40.259 --> 00:20:40.759
 born.

00:20:40.880 --> 00:20:41.420
 Natural birth.

00:20:41.500 --> 00:20:42.259
 Natural birth,

00:20:42.319 --> 00:20:42.539
 there you

00:20:42.539 --> 00:20:42.799
 go.

00:20:43.740 --> 00:20:44.539
 That's a

00:20:44.539 --> 00:20:44.819
 little too

00:20:44.819 --> 00:20:45.240
 material.

00:20:45.240 --> 00:20:45.779
 That's

00:20:45.779 --> 00:20:46.039
 kind of

00:20:46.039 --> 00:20:46.579
 sanguinary

00:20:46.579 --> 00:20:46.880
 and all

00:20:46.880 --> 00:20:47.200
 that stuff.

00:20:47.279 --> 00:20:47.400
 No,

00:20:47.599 --> 00:20:48.140
 doesn't get

00:20:48.140 --> 00:20:49.279
 any more

00:20:49.279 --> 00:20:49.799
 material than

00:20:49.799 --> 00:20:50.160
 that.

00:20:50.819 --> 00:20:51.120
 Yeah,

00:20:51.420 --> 00:20:51.819
 yeah,

00:20:52.079 --> 00:20:52.920
 exactly.

00:20:54.819 --> 00:20:55.140
 Yeah.

00:20:56.279 --> 00:20:56.740
 How about

00:20:56.740 --> 00:20:57.039
 dead?

00:20:57.140 --> 00:20:58.039
 Why do you

00:20:58.039 --> 00:20:58.359
 have to

00:20:58.359 --> 00:20:58.839
 bury something?

00:20:58.839 --> 00:20:58.960
 Well,

00:20:58.960 --> 00:20:59.400
 you only

00:20:59.400 --> 00:20:59.920
 bury a

00:20:59.920 --> 00:21:00.180
 body.

00:21:00.279 --> 00:21:00.400
 You don't

00:21:00.400 --> 00:21:00.880
 bury a

00:21:00.880 --> 00:21:01.220
 spirit.

00:21:02.500 --> 00:21:02.720
 So,

00:21:02.799 --> 00:21:03.420
 these things

00:21:03.420 --> 00:21:04.339
 would have

00:21:04.339 --> 00:21:05.740
 been affirming.

00:21:05.940 --> 00:21:06.200
 So,

00:21:06.279 --> 00:21:07.000
 if you

00:21:07.000 --> 00:21:08.019
 were a

00:21:08.019 --> 00:21:08.779
 docetist,

00:21:09.200 --> 00:21:09.700
 you wouldn't

00:21:09.700 --> 00:21:10.079
 really have

00:21:10.079 --> 00:21:10.380
 been able

00:21:10.380 --> 00:21:11.820
 to say

00:21:11.820 --> 00:21:12.280
 that.

00:21:12.980 --> 00:21:13.340
 So,

00:21:13.500 --> 00:21:13.780
 that would

00:21:13.780 --> 00:21:14.840
 kind of

00:21:14.840 --> 00:21:15.580
 surface the

00:21:15.580 --> 00:21:15.800
 people.

00:21:15.900 --> 00:21:16.060
 Oh,

00:21:16.400 --> 00:21:16.820
 uh-oh,

00:21:17.280 --> 00:21:17.800
 we noticed

00:21:17.800 --> 00:21:19.860
 that Rufus

00:21:19.860 --> 00:21:21.980
 here closed

00:21:21.980 --> 00:21:22.580
 his mouth and

00:21:22.580 --> 00:21:23.060
 didn't affirm

00:21:23.060 --> 00:21:23.360
 this.

00:21:23.600 --> 00:21:24.080
 Oh,

00:21:24.080 --> 00:21:24.860
 there's

00:21:24.860 --> 00:21:25.340
 suspicion.

00:21:25.580 --> 00:21:26.060
 Let's put

00:21:26.060 --> 00:21:26.680
 the elders on

00:21:26.680 --> 00:21:26.980
 this.

00:21:27.300 --> 00:21:27.800
 He can't

00:21:27.800 --> 00:21:28.280
 affirm this.

00:21:28.340 --> 00:21:28.720
 Let's make

00:21:28.720 --> 00:21:29.020
 sure that

00:21:29.020 --> 00:21:29.780
 there's nothing

00:21:29.780 --> 00:21:30.280
 that's gone

00:21:30.280 --> 00:21:31.060
 too wrong

00:21:31.060 --> 00:21:31.340
 here.

00:21:31.760 --> 00:21:32.080
 So,

00:21:32.140 --> 00:21:32.680
 then pastoral

00:21:32.680 --> 00:21:33.000
 care.

00:21:33.380 --> 00:21:33.780
 Put them on

00:21:33.780 --> 00:21:34.200
 the pastoral

00:21:34.200 --> 00:21:34.860
 care list if

00:21:34.860 --> 00:21:35.200
 they couldn't

00:21:35.200 --> 00:21:35.720
 affirm these

00:21:35.720 --> 00:21:36.039
 things.

00:21:37.420 --> 00:21:37.900
 So,

00:21:38.059 --> 00:21:38.680
 this is how

00:21:38.680 --> 00:21:39.140
 a lot of

00:21:39.140 --> 00:21:39.740
 the phrases

00:21:39.740 --> 00:21:41.079
 then would

00:21:41.079 --> 00:21:42.120
 have been

00:21:42.120 --> 00:21:42.700
 added.

00:21:43.200 --> 00:21:43.519
 Again,

00:21:43.579 --> 00:21:44.480
 as a defense

00:21:44.480 --> 00:21:45.360
 of orthodoxy

00:21:45.360 --> 00:21:45.880
 or as an

00:21:45.880 --> 00:21:46.819
 affirmation of

00:21:46.819 --> 00:21:47.460
 some certain

00:21:47.460 --> 00:21:48.240
 aspects of

00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:48.759
 the truth

00:21:48.759 --> 00:21:49.600
 that some

00:21:49.600 --> 00:21:50.100
 people either

00:21:50.100 --> 00:21:50.819
 denied or

00:21:50.819 --> 00:21:51.500
 were wobbly

00:21:51.500 --> 00:21:51.960
 about.

00:21:54.360 --> 00:21:54.880
 But,

00:21:54.980 --> 00:21:56.400
 we probably

00:21:56.400 --> 00:21:56.960
 ought not to

00:21:56.960 --> 00:21:57.740
 exaggerate the

00:21:57.740 --> 00:21:58.200
 motive of

00:21:58.200 --> 00:21:58.839
 counterattack

00:21:58.839 --> 00:21:59.740
 against heresy

00:21:59.740 --> 00:22:00.480
 too,

00:22:00.620 --> 00:22:01.180
 too much

00:22:01.180 --> 00:22:02.759
 as this

00:22:02.759 --> 00:22:03.120
 sort of

00:22:03.120 --> 00:22:03.960
 historical

00:22:03.960 --> 00:22:04.600
 expansion

00:22:04.600 --> 00:22:05.680
 also follows

00:22:05.680 --> 00:22:06.200
 the pattern

00:22:06.200 --> 00:22:06.860
 of apostolic

00:22:06.860 --> 00:22:07.320
 preaching.

00:22:07.720 --> 00:22:07.940
 Does it

00:22:07.940 --> 00:22:08.279
 kind of,

00:22:08.560 --> 00:22:08.700
 you know,

00:22:08.779 --> 00:22:09.600
 you're probably

00:22:09.600 --> 00:22:10.680
 reminded of

00:22:10.680 --> 00:22:11.580
 Paul's words

00:22:11.580 --> 00:22:12.539
 when he

00:22:12.539 --> 00:22:13.259
 summarizes the

00:22:13.259 --> 00:22:13.759
 gospel in

00:22:13.759 --> 00:22:14.320
 1 Corinthians

00:22:14.320 --> 00:22:15.019
 15.

00:22:15.740 --> 00:22:16.299
 I gave you

00:22:16.299 --> 00:22:16.700
 what was of

00:22:16.700 --> 00:22:17.920
 first importance.

00:22:18.519 --> 00:22:19.220
 There we go

00:22:19.220 --> 00:22:19.500
 again.

00:22:20.019 --> 00:22:20.180
 You know,

00:22:20.380 --> 00:22:21.039
 Christ died for

00:22:21.039 --> 00:22:21.340
 our sins

00:22:21.340 --> 00:22:21.700
 according to

00:22:21.700 --> 00:22:22.100
 the scriptures.

00:22:22.279 --> 00:22:22.460
 He was

00:22:22.460 --> 00:22:22.720
 buried,

00:22:22.840 --> 00:22:23.299
 you were

00:22:23.299 --> 00:22:23.620
 crucified,

00:22:23.840 --> 00:22:24.000
 buried.

00:22:24.460 --> 00:22:24.759
 So,

00:22:25.140 --> 00:22:25.480
 you know,

00:22:25.519 --> 00:22:26.100
 there's good

00:22:26.100 --> 00:22:26.660
 reason there

00:22:26.660 --> 00:22:27.120
 just in the

00:22:27.120 --> 00:22:27.560
 apostolic

00:22:27.560 --> 00:22:28.500
 preaching to

00:22:28.500 --> 00:22:28.980
 add these

00:22:28.980 --> 00:22:29.480
 things to.

00:22:29.600 --> 00:22:30.060
 You barely

00:22:30.060 --> 00:22:30.480
 need the

00:22:30.480 --> 00:22:31.120
 inducement of

00:22:31.120 --> 00:22:31.519
 heresies,

00:22:31.620 --> 00:22:32.400
 although that

00:22:32.400 --> 00:22:32.880
 can be a

00:22:32.880 --> 00:22:33.500
 spur also.

00:22:33.500 --> 00:22:35.960
 Now,

00:22:36.039 --> 00:22:36.539
 we've already

00:22:36.539 --> 00:22:36.940
 commented,

00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:37.359
 you've picked

00:22:37.359 --> 00:22:37.759
 this up,

00:22:37.799 --> 00:22:38.299
 at first sight

00:22:38.299 --> 00:22:38.799
 it may seem

00:22:38.799 --> 00:22:39.579
 puzzling for

00:22:39.579 --> 00:22:40.940
 a dog to

00:22:40.940 --> 00:22:41.279
 show up at

00:22:41.279 --> 00:22:41.579
 the party,

00:22:41.680 --> 00:22:42.420
 Pontius Pilate,

00:22:42.920 --> 00:22:43.980
 to be

00:22:43.980 --> 00:22:44.460
 accorded a

00:22:44.460 --> 00:22:44.839
 place in

00:22:44.839 --> 00:22:45.359
 the church's

00:22:45.359 --> 00:22:45.940
 confession.

00:22:47.539 --> 00:22:48.019
 And again,

00:22:48.660 --> 00:22:49.180
 any thoughts?

00:22:50.019 --> 00:22:50.640
 Why would

00:22:50.640 --> 00:22:51.099
 that be?

00:22:51.220 --> 00:22:51.839
 Why would

00:22:51.839 --> 00:22:52.339
 that be so

00:22:52.339 --> 00:22:52.900
 important to

00:22:52.900 --> 00:22:53.380
 put him in?

00:22:53.460 --> 00:22:54.119
 What might

00:22:54.119 --> 00:22:55.400
 early Christians

00:22:55.400 --> 00:22:55.660
 have been

00:22:55.660 --> 00:22:56.339
 getting at

00:22:56.339 --> 00:22:57.920
 in putting

00:22:57.920 --> 00:22:58.740
 Pontius Pilate

00:22:58.740 --> 00:22:58.960
 in?

00:22:58.960 --> 00:22:59.779
 Any thoughts?

00:23:01.100 --> 00:23:01.340
 Yeah,

00:23:01.440 --> 00:23:01.640
 yeah.

00:23:02.140 --> 00:23:03.220
 What better

00:23:03.220 --> 00:23:03.880
 way to

00:23:03.880 --> 00:23:05.880
 mark the

00:23:05.880 --> 00:23:06.559
 messiahs

00:23:06.559 --> 00:23:07.440
 coming into

00:23:07.440 --> 00:23:09.259
 history than

00:23:09.259 --> 00:23:10.299
 to cite

00:23:10.299 --> 00:23:12.940
 a historical

00:23:12.940 --> 00:23:14.299
 personage with

00:23:14.299 --> 00:23:15.380
 which everyone

00:23:15.380 --> 00:23:16.039
 would agree,

00:23:16.180 --> 00:23:17.220
 yes, he's

00:23:17.220 --> 00:23:17.539
 part of

00:23:17.539 --> 00:23:17.940
 history.

00:23:18.200 --> 00:23:18.779
 Absolutely.

00:23:19.100 --> 00:23:19.640
 Yeah, I think

00:23:19.640 --> 00:23:21.380
 you're spot on.

00:23:21.579 --> 00:23:22.720
 This was their

00:23:22.720 --> 00:23:24.140
 instinct.

00:23:24.640 --> 00:23:25.360
 The importance

00:23:25.360 --> 00:23:26.220
 of anchoring

00:23:26.220 --> 00:23:27.160
 all of these

00:23:27.160 --> 00:23:27.819
 things, all of

00:23:27.819 --> 00:23:28.559
 these saving

00:23:28.559 --> 00:23:29.480
 truths, our

00:23:29.480 --> 00:23:30.339
 saving truths

00:23:30.339 --> 00:23:31.599
 in salvation,

00:23:31.779 --> 00:23:32.480
 they really

00:23:32.480 --> 00:23:33.159
 happened.

00:23:33.439 --> 00:23:33.839
 They really

00:23:33.839 --> 00:23:35.059
 happened in

00:23:35.059 --> 00:23:35.439
 history.

00:23:35.859 --> 00:23:36.960
 Yeah, absolutely.

00:23:39.740 --> 00:23:40.859
 Perhaps, too,

00:23:41.019 --> 00:23:44.099
 notice, maybe

00:23:44.099 --> 00:23:44.879
 it's felt, we

00:23:44.879 --> 00:23:45.779
 don't seem to

00:23:45.779 --> 00:23:46.879
 add such

00:23:46.879 --> 00:23:47.799
 stress, perhaps

00:23:47.799 --> 00:23:48.460
 on Christ's

00:23:48.460 --> 00:23:49.879
 ascension or

00:23:49.879 --> 00:23:50.700
 his session

00:23:50.700 --> 00:23:51.859
 that is being

00:23:51.859 --> 00:23:52.679
 seated at the

00:23:52.679 --> 00:23:53.220
 right hand of

00:23:53.220 --> 00:23:53.559
 the Father

00:23:53.559 --> 00:23:54.359
 Almighty, his

00:23:54.359 --> 00:23:55.419
 session, it's

00:23:55.419 --> 00:23:55.799
 called.

00:23:56.759 --> 00:23:57.339
 But this

00:23:57.339 --> 00:23:58.139
 truth was

00:23:58.139 --> 00:23:59.059
 very precious

00:23:59.059 --> 00:23:59.720
 to the early

00:23:59.720 --> 00:24:00.559
 believers, as

00:24:00.559 --> 00:24:01.079
 for them, as

00:24:01.079 --> 00:24:01.519
 it should be

00:24:01.519 --> 00:24:02.139
 for us.

00:24:02.919 --> 00:24:04.019
 It meant that

00:24:04.019 --> 00:24:05.179
 Christ was the

00:24:05.179 --> 00:24:06.599
 great victor

00:24:06.599 --> 00:24:07.959
 who had

00:24:07.959 --> 00:24:09.000
 triumphed over

00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:10.000
 all the hostile

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:11.259
 powers opposed

00:24:11.259 --> 00:24:12.240
 to him, and

00:24:12.240 --> 00:24:13.439
 consequently his

00:24:13.439 --> 00:24:14.879
 victory was

00:24:14.879 --> 00:24:16.799
 ours, that of

00:24:16.799 --> 00:24:17.519
 his people.

00:24:18.779 --> 00:24:19.779
 It's interesting

00:24:19.779 --> 00:24:21.019
 that probably

00:24:21.019 --> 00:24:22.480
 the Old Testament

00:24:22.480 --> 00:24:23.379
 scripture most

00:24:23.379 --> 00:24:24.480
 cited, both in the

00:24:24.480 --> 00:24:25.480
 apostolic preaching,

00:24:25.700 --> 00:24:27.079
 we see this in

00:24:27.079 --> 00:24:27.960
 the New Testament,

00:24:28.620 --> 00:24:29.299
 in the epistles,

00:24:29.680 --> 00:24:30.480
 and also in the

00:24:30.480 --> 00:24:32.779
 early writers, was

00:24:32.779 --> 00:24:34.480
 probably Psalm 110,

00:24:35.120 --> 00:24:36.140
 verse 1.

00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:37.920
 The Lord said to

00:24:37.920 --> 00:24:39.000
 my Lord, sit at

00:24:39.000 --> 00:24:40.279
 my right hand until

00:24:40.279 --> 00:24:41.259
 I make your

00:24:41.259 --> 00:24:41.900
 enemies your

00:24:41.900 --> 00:24:42.660
 footstool.

00:24:42.900 --> 00:24:44.200
 That is Christ's

00:24:44.200 --> 00:24:45.799
 triumphal session

00:24:45.799 --> 00:24:47.120
 where he reigns over

00:24:47.120 --> 00:24:48.160
 all his defeated

00:24:48.160 --> 00:24:48.980
 enemies.

00:24:49.460 --> 00:24:50.539
 This was very,

00:24:50.660 --> 00:24:51.180
 very meaningful.

00:24:51.180 --> 00:24:52.400
 works its way

00:24:52.400 --> 00:24:53.519
 into that

00:24:53.519 --> 00:24:54.360
 creed that has

00:24:54.360 --> 00:24:55.600
 those things of

00:24:55.600 --> 00:24:56.259
 fundamental

00:24:56.259 --> 00:24:57.080
 importance.

00:24:57.180 --> 00:24:57.759
 Fundamental

00:24:57.759 --> 00:24:58.340
 importance.

00:24:58.900 --> 00:24:59.539
 This was to

00:24:59.539 --> 00:24:59.799
 them.

00:25:01.080 --> 00:25:01.940
 So, then

00:25:01.940 --> 00:25:02.920
 finally, I

00:25:02.920 --> 00:25:03.460
 believe in the

00:25:03.460 --> 00:25:04.120
 Holy Spirit.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:06.100
 And this

00:25:06.100 --> 00:25:06.640
 kind of

00:25:06.640 --> 00:25:07.440
 completes the

00:25:07.440 --> 00:25:08.000
 Trinity,

00:25:08.640 --> 00:25:10.340
 the Trinity

00:25:10.340 --> 00:25:11.340
 name formula,

00:25:11.560 --> 00:25:12.000
 which is the

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:13.160
 skeleton of

00:25:13.160 --> 00:25:13.820
 the creed.

00:25:14.620 --> 00:25:15.120
 But then

00:25:15.120 --> 00:25:16.259
 there follow

00:25:16.259 --> 00:25:17.680
 what seem

00:25:17.680 --> 00:25:18.700
 a string of

00:25:18.700 --> 00:25:20.080
 miscellaneous

00:25:20.080 --> 00:25:20.880
 credenda.

00:25:21.180 --> 00:25:21.820
 as Kelly

00:25:21.820 --> 00:25:22.380
 puts it.

00:25:22.880 --> 00:25:23.420
 Well, then a

00:25:23.420 --> 00:25:23.880
 few other

00:25:23.880 --> 00:25:24.400
 things that we

00:25:24.400 --> 00:25:25.100
 believe too.

00:25:25.480 --> 00:25:25.960
 The Holy

00:25:25.960 --> 00:25:26.480
 Church,

00:25:26.860 --> 00:25:27.539
 forgiveness of

00:25:27.539 --> 00:25:28.120
 sins,

00:25:28.880 --> 00:25:29.440
 the resurrection

00:25:29.440 --> 00:25:30.160
 of the body.

00:25:31.259 --> 00:25:32.240
 It could

00:25:32.240 --> 00:25:32.860
 seem like an

00:25:32.860 --> 00:25:33.660
 odd pairing

00:25:33.660 --> 00:25:35.320
 to range

00:25:35.320 --> 00:25:36.140
 one's belief

00:25:36.140 --> 00:25:36.519
 in the

00:25:36.519 --> 00:25:37.700
 Church with

00:25:37.700 --> 00:25:38.240
 the belief

00:25:38.240 --> 00:25:38.519
 in the

00:25:38.519 --> 00:25:39.259
 Holy Spirit.

00:25:39.460 --> 00:25:39.620
 I mean,

00:25:39.660 --> 00:25:40.080
 after all,

00:25:40.120 --> 00:25:40.380
 the Holy

00:25:40.380 --> 00:25:41.340
 Spirit's one

00:25:41.340 --> 00:25:42.500
 of the Divine

00:25:42.500 --> 00:25:43.039
 Persons of

00:25:43.039 --> 00:25:43.460
 the Trinity.

00:25:44.299 --> 00:25:45.759
 Well, maybe,

00:25:45.940 --> 00:25:46.680
 maybe not.

00:25:47.320 --> 00:25:48.180
 It did take

00:25:48.180 --> 00:25:49.120
 the early

00:25:49.120 --> 00:25:49.640
 Church a little

00:25:49.640 --> 00:25:50.340
 time to work

00:25:50.339 --> 00:25:51.199
 out the

00:25:51.199 --> 00:25:51.539
 Trinity,

00:25:52.039 --> 00:25:52.359
 and the

00:25:52.359 --> 00:25:52.799
 Holy Spirit

00:25:52.799 --> 00:25:53.179
 was kind

00:25:53.179 --> 00:25:53.379
 of the

00:25:53.379 --> 00:25:54.419
 final person

00:25:54.419 --> 00:25:55.500
 to be given

00:25:55.500 --> 00:25:56.259
 sustained

00:25:56.259 --> 00:25:57.119
 attention,

00:25:57.299 --> 00:25:57.679
 theological

00:25:57.679 --> 00:25:58.500
 attention to.

00:25:58.799 --> 00:25:59.399
 So in the

00:25:59.399 --> 00:25:59.959
 earliest creeds,

00:26:00.039 --> 00:26:00.439
 we believe in

00:26:00.439 --> 00:26:00.799
 the Father.

00:26:00.899 --> 00:26:01.199
 We believe

00:26:01.199 --> 00:26:01.419
 this,

00:26:01.500 --> 00:26:01.659
 this,

00:26:01.740 --> 00:26:01.959
 and this,

00:26:02.019 --> 00:26:02.279
 and this,

00:26:02.319 --> 00:26:02.619
 and we

00:26:02.619 --> 00:26:02.939
 believe in

00:26:02.939 --> 00:26:03.199
 the Son,

00:26:03.220 --> 00:26:03.379
 and we

00:26:03.379 --> 00:26:03.779
 believe this,

00:26:03.859 --> 00:26:04.000
 this,

00:26:04.059 --> 00:26:04.199
 this,

00:26:04.199 --> 00:26:04.439
 this,

00:26:04.439 --> 00:26:04.659
 this,

00:26:04.659 --> 00:26:04.879
 and this,

00:26:04.879 --> 00:26:05.099
 and this,

00:26:05.099 --> 00:26:05.319
 and this,

00:26:05.319 --> 00:26:06.019
 and we

00:26:06.019 --> 00:26:06.359
 believe in

00:26:06.359 --> 00:26:06.599
 the Holy

00:26:06.599 --> 00:26:06.980
 Spirit.

00:26:07.240 --> 00:26:07.379
 Yeah,

00:26:07.459 --> 00:26:07.559
 well,

00:26:07.639 --> 00:26:08.539
 what particularly

00:26:08.539 --> 00:26:09.000
 do you believe?

00:26:10.619 --> 00:26:11.119
 We'll get

00:26:11.119 --> 00:26:11.579
 back to you on

00:26:11.579 --> 00:26:11.799
 that.

00:26:12.220 --> 00:26:12.519
 And they

00:26:12.519 --> 00:26:12.740
 did,

00:26:12.839 --> 00:26:13.240
 they did.

00:26:13.359 --> 00:26:13.619
 It just,

00:26:13.779 --> 00:26:13.959
 you know,

00:26:14.039 --> 00:26:14.939
 you can only put

00:26:20.339 --> 00:26:21.199
 be sweeping.

00:26:21.339 --> 00:26:21.579
 You just,

00:26:21.699 --> 00:26:21.819
 you know,

00:26:21.839 --> 00:26:22.359
 one thing at a

00:26:22.359 --> 00:26:22.740
 time.

00:26:23.459 --> 00:26:24.220
 And they got

00:26:24.220 --> 00:26:24.579
 to it.

00:26:24.839 --> 00:26:25.759
 They got to it.

00:26:26.199 --> 00:26:26.819
 So it's a little

00:26:26.819 --> 00:26:27.980
 sparse on the

00:26:27.980 --> 00:26:28.619
 Holy Spirit at

00:26:28.619 --> 00:26:28.959
 first,

00:26:29.220 --> 00:26:30.459
 but they would

00:26:30.459 --> 00:26:31.059
 add to it.

00:26:33.240 --> 00:26:33.720
 So,

00:26:34.139 --> 00:26:36.639
 and there is,

00:26:36.759 --> 00:26:37.339
 we need to

00:26:37.339 --> 00:26:37.699
 remember,

00:26:38.079 --> 00:26:38.980
 a development

00:26:38.980 --> 00:26:40.939
 of clarification

00:26:40.939 --> 00:26:42.459
 and expression

00:26:42.459 --> 00:26:43.980
 even where

00:26:43.980 --> 00:26:44.359
 there is

00:26:44.359 --> 00:26:45.299
 robust faith.

00:26:46.439 --> 00:26:46.619
 You know,

00:26:46.679 --> 00:26:47.579
 we can have

00:26:47.579 --> 00:26:48.699
 deep intuitions,

00:26:48.759 --> 00:26:49.139
 and I'm sure

00:26:49.139 --> 00:26:49.939
 Tom talked about

00:26:49.939 --> 00:26:50.240
 this,

00:26:50.240 --> 00:26:50.420
 that,

00:26:50.599 --> 00:26:50.759
 hey,

00:26:50.960 --> 00:26:51.740
 we worship

00:26:51.740 --> 00:26:52.519
 Jesus as

00:26:52.519 --> 00:26:53.079
 God.

00:26:53.680 --> 00:26:54.380
 We know

00:26:54.380 --> 00:26:54.940
 he was a

00:26:54.940 --> 00:26:55.279
 man.

00:26:56.220 --> 00:26:56.680
 How does

00:26:56.680 --> 00:26:57.240
 that work?

00:26:57.839 --> 00:26:58.200
 That he's

00:26:58.200 --> 00:26:58.640
 God and

00:26:58.640 --> 00:26:59.079
 he's man?

00:27:00.559 --> 00:27:01.099
 That's a

00:27:01.099 --> 00:27:01.759
 great question.

00:27:02.000 --> 00:27:02.559
 We'll get

00:27:02.559 --> 00:27:02.940
 back to you

00:27:02.940 --> 00:27:03.460
 on that one.

00:27:04.079 --> 00:27:04.960
 So sometimes

00:27:04.960 --> 00:27:05.460
 you can

00:27:05.460 --> 00:27:06.120
 believe it

00:27:06.120 --> 00:27:06.779
 vehemently,

00:27:06.940 --> 00:27:07.640
 robustly.

00:27:07.720 --> 00:27:07.960
 You have

00:27:07.960 --> 00:27:08.740
 no doubts.

00:27:09.400 --> 00:27:09.859
 But just

00:27:09.859 --> 00:27:10.200
 how to

00:27:10.200 --> 00:27:11.279
 explain it

00:27:11.279 --> 00:27:12.120
 can be a

00:27:12.120 --> 00:27:12.599
 little tricky

00:27:12.599 --> 00:27:13.319
 sometimes.

00:27:13.759 --> 00:27:14.120
 You need

00:27:14.120 --> 00:27:14.660
 to really

00:27:14.660 --> 00:27:15.240
 call upon

00:27:15.240 --> 00:27:15.539
 some of

00:27:15.539 --> 00:27:16.259
 the wonderful

00:27:16.259 --> 00:27:16.980
 gifts that

00:27:16.980 --> 00:27:17.420
 God has

00:27:17.420 --> 00:27:18.220
 given the

00:27:18.220 --> 00:27:18.680
 church to

00:27:18.680 --> 00:27:19.120
 be able to

00:27:19.120 --> 00:27:19.579
 work these

00:27:19.579 --> 00:27:20.000
 things out

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:20.539
 and articulate

00:27:20.539 --> 00:27:21.680
 them in the

00:27:21.680 --> 00:27:22.420
 vernaculars of

00:27:22.420 --> 00:27:22.839
 the day.

00:27:24.339 --> 00:27:24.859
 So that's,

00:27:25.099 --> 00:27:25.599
 it'll take a

00:27:25.599 --> 00:27:26.279
 little time to

00:27:26.279 --> 00:27:27.019
 do that with

00:27:27.019 --> 00:27:27.640
 the Holy Spirit.

00:27:27.759 --> 00:27:28.619
 But we get

00:27:28.619 --> 00:27:28.880
 there.

00:27:28.880 --> 00:27:32.420
 You know,

00:27:32.620 --> 00:27:34.040
 the first

00:27:34.040 --> 00:27:35.560
 line there was

00:27:35.560 --> 00:27:36.340
 crucified under

00:27:36.340 --> 00:27:37.320
 Pontius Pilate

00:27:37.320 --> 00:27:38.180
 and was

00:27:38.180 --> 00:27:38.640
 buried.

00:27:39.200 --> 00:27:39.600
 That's the

00:27:39.600 --> 00:27:40.220
 only thing

00:27:40.220 --> 00:27:40.540
 that a

00:27:40.540 --> 00:27:41.260
 non-believer,

00:27:42.440 --> 00:27:42.820
 if a

00:27:42.820 --> 00:27:43.420
 non-believer

00:27:43.420 --> 00:27:45.040
 is going to

00:27:45.040 --> 00:27:46.400
 believe anything,

00:27:46.560 --> 00:27:46.880
 it would be

00:27:46.880 --> 00:27:47.620
 only that line.

00:27:47.720 --> 00:27:48.000
 Everything

00:27:48.000 --> 00:27:48.940
 else is

00:27:48.940 --> 00:27:49.700
 fabulous.

00:27:51.140 --> 00:27:52.240
 He ascended,

00:27:52.460 --> 00:27:53.000
 he sits at

00:27:53.000 --> 00:27:53.360
 the right

00:27:53.360 --> 00:27:53.880
 hand,

00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:54.280
 he will

00:27:54.280 --> 00:27:54.720
 come to

00:27:54.720 --> 00:27:55.340
 judge living

00:27:55.340 --> 00:27:55.640
 and the

00:27:55.640 --> 00:27:55.980
 dead,

00:27:55.980 --> 00:27:56.600
 the Holy

00:27:56.600 --> 00:27:57.120
 Spirit,

00:27:57.300 --> 00:27:57.780
 the church,

00:27:57.779 --> 00:27:58.480
 forgiveness of

00:27:58.480 --> 00:27:58.660
 sins.

00:27:58.700 --> 00:27:58.960
 Yeah.

00:27:59.460 --> 00:28:00.240
 This has to

00:28:00.240 --> 00:28:00.819
 be believed

00:28:00.819 --> 00:28:01.740
 by a believer.

00:28:02.119 --> 00:28:02.559
 Absolutely.

00:28:02.940 --> 00:28:03.299
 Except

00:28:03.299 --> 00:28:04.539
 Pontius Pilate.

00:28:04.980 --> 00:28:05.200
 Yeah,

00:28:05.299 --> 00:28:05.539
 yeah,

00:28:05.899 --> 00:28:06.200
 yeah,

00:28:06.319 --> 00:28:06.579
 yeah.

00:28:06.639 --> 00:28:07.119
 You'd have to

00:28:07.119 --> 00:28:07.460
 be pretty

00:28:07.460 --> 00:28:08.460
 skeptical to

00:28:08.460 --> 00:28:08.680
 have,

00:28:08.759 --> 00:28:09.200
 to have

00:28:09.200 --> 00:28:09.599
 difficulty

00:28:09.599 --> 00:28:10.099
 with that.

00:28:10.319 --> 00:28:11.399
 That's right.

00:28:11.400 --> 00:28:17.600
 when we,

00:28:17.600 --> 00:28:17.660
 when we,

00:28:17.660 --> 00:28:18.960
 oh,

00:28:23.120 --> 00:28:23.360
 yeah,

00:28:23.360 --> 00:28:24.360
 one thing

00:28:24.360 --> 00:28:24.880
 that's probably

00:28:24.880 --> 00:28:25.519
 worth noting,

00:28:25.720 --> 00:28:27.400
 that the

00:28:27.400 --> 00:28:28.460
 preposition for

00:28:28.460 --> 00:28:29.340
 belief in

00:28:29.340 --> 00:28:29.900
 reference to

00:28:29.900 --> 00:28:30.400
 the Father,

00:28:30.580 --> 00:28:30.920
 Son,

00:28:31.600 --> 00:28:32.340
 is the same

00:28:32.340 --> 00:28:33.060
 as that of

00:28:33.060 --> 00:28:33.380
 the Holy

00:28:33.380 --> 00:28:33.840
 Spirit.

00:28:35.100 --> 00:28:35.340
 So,

00:28:35.560 --> 00:28:36.320
 I believe

00:28:36.320 --> 00:28:36.980
 in,

00:28:37.480 --> 00:28:37.940
 or we could

00:28:37.940 --> 00:28:38.400
 even say

00:28:38.400 --> 00:28:38.980
 into,

00:28:39.180 --> 00:28:39.519
 in Greek

00:28:39.519 --> 00:28:39.960
 it would be

00:28:39.960 --> 00:28:40.460
 ace.

00:28:40.920 --> 00:28:41.079
 So,

00:28:41.240 --> 00:28:41.559
 into,

00:28:41.720 --> 00:28:42.119
 I believe

00:28:42.119 --> 00:28:42.639
 into,

00:28:43.319 --> 00:28:45.200
 and one

00:28:45.200 --> 00:28:45.819
 could,

00:28:45.940 --> 00:28:46.319
 and I think

00:28:46.319 --> 00:28:47.319
 should think,

00:28:47.619 --> 00:28:48.400
 I think,

00:28:48.720 --> 00:28:49.980
 read this as a

00:28:49.980 --> 00:28:50.940
 personal trust

00:28:50.940 --> 00:28:51.839
 and reliance

00:28:51.839 --> 00:28:52.519
 upon.

00:28:53.700 --> 00:28:54.139
 And when we

00:28:54.139 --> 00:28:54.500
 come to the

00:28:54.500 --> 00:28:55.160
 Holy Church,

00:28:55.539 --> 00:28:56.420
 in the final,

00:28:56.480 --> 00:28:57.240
 final form,

00:28:57.299 --> 00:28:57.700
 when we come to

00:28:57.700 --> 00:28:58.500
 the Holy Church,

00:28:59.420 --> 00:28:59.980
 and the following

00:28:59.980 --> 00:29:00.460
 phrases,

00:29:00.759 --> 00:29:01.599
 we simply have

00:29:01.599 --> 00:29:02.400
 believe,

00:29:02.599 --> 00:29:03.279
 it's simply a

00:29:03.279 --> 00:29:04.319
 Greek accusative.

00:29:04.319 --> 00:29:04.539
 narrative.

00:29:06.099 --> 00:29:06.339
 So,

00:29:06.579 --> 00:29:07.579
 there is a

00:29:07.579 --> 00:29:07.960
 little bit of

00:29:07.960 --> 00:29:08.519
 a distinction

00:29:08.519 --> 00:29:10.359
 in the way

00:29:10.359 --> 00:29:10.980
 in which we

00:29:10.980 --> 00:29:11.559
 believe.

00:29:11.839 --> 00:29:12.419
 It's not as

00:29:12.419 --> 00:29:13.139
 if we are

00:29:13.139 --> 00:29:14.839
 relying personally

00:29:14.839 --> 00:29:15.539
 in terms of

00:29:15.539 --> 00:29:15.939
 faith,

00:29:16.119 --> 00:29:17.200
 trust for our

00:29:17.200 --> 00:29:17.700
 salvation,

00:29:18.159 --> 00:29:18.799
 in terms of

00:29:18.799 --> 00:29:19.980
 these other

00:29:19.980 --> 00:29:20.259
 things,

00:29:20.319 --> 00:29:20.679
 in the way

00:29:20.679 --> 00:29:21.139
 that we do.

00:29:21.240 --> 00:29:21.339
 So,

00:29:21.439 --> 00:29:21.759
 there's not

00:29:21.759 --> 00:29:22.859
 quite an

00:29:22.859 --> 00:29:23.379
 equivalence

00:29:23.379 --> 00:29:23.619
 and a

00:29:23.619 --> 00:29:23.819
 parody,

00:29:23.960 --> 00:29:24.240
 and there's

00:29:24.240 --> 00:29:24.960
 language here

00:29:24.960 --> 00:29:25.659
 that preserves

00:29:25.659 --> 00:29:26.379
 that.

00:29:29.419 --> 00:29:30.059
 It's certainly

00:29:30.059 --> 00:29:30.599
 how I like

00:29:30.599 --> 00:29:30.919
 to read

00:29:30.919 --> 00:29:31.099
 it.

00:29:31.099 --> 00:29:35.559
 And perhaps

00:29:35.559 --> 00:29:36.399
 we might

00:29:36.399 --> 00:29:37.079
 think of

00:29:37.079 --> 00:29:37.839
 these phrases

00:29:37.839 --> 00:29:38.679
 as connected

00:29:38.679 --> 00:29:39.079
 with the

00:29:39.079 --> 00:29:39.339
 Spirit,

00:29:39.439 --> 00:29:39.679
 the ones

00:29:39.679 --> 00:29:40.019
 that follow

00:29:40.019 --> 00:29:40.539
 the Spirit,

00:29:41.439 --> 00:29:42.500
 as showing

00:29:42.500 --> 00:29:43.299
 us the

00:29:43.299 --> 00:29:44.039
 Spirit in

00:29:44.039 --> 00:29:44.599
 action,

00:29:45.919 --> 00:29:46.319
 gathering

00:29:46.319 --> 00:29:47.139
 the Church,

00:29:47.980 --> 00:29:48.480
 imparting

00:29:48.480 --> 00:29:49.019
 forgiveness

00:29:49.019 --> 00:29:49.779
 by uniting

00:29:49.779 --> 00:29:50.279
 us with

00:29:50.279 --> 00:29:50.899
 Christ,

00:29:51.559 --> 00:29:52.339
 and finally

00:29:52.339 --> 00:29:52.899
 quickening

00:29:52.899 --> 00:29:53.439
 our mortal

00:29:53.439 --> 00:29:54.539
 flesh in

00:29:54.539 --> 00:29:55.019
 resurrection.

00:29:55.519 --> 00:29:55.619
 So,

00:29:55.679 --> 00:29:56.000
 that's a

00:29:56.000 --> 00:29:56.419
 work of

00:29:56.419 --> 00:29:56.879
 the Spirit.

00:29:57.259 --> 00:29:57.359
 So,

00:29:57.439 --> 00:29:57.599
 in one

00:29:57.599 --> 00:29:57.919
 sense,

00:29:58.079 --> 00:29:58.539
 it kind

00:29:58.539 --> 00:29:59.619
 of follows

00:29:59.619 --> 00:29:59.959
 on.

00:30:01.099 --> 00:30:02.500
 And if

00:30:02.500 --> 00:30:03.119
 the term

00:30:03.119 --> 00:30:04.039
 holy

00:30:04.039 --> 00:30:05.240
 church

00:30:05.240 --> 00:30:06.899
 grates

00:30:06.899 --> 00:30:07.639
 as somewhat

00:30:07.639 --> 00:30:08.219
 exalted,

00:30:08.779 --> 00:30:09.639
 remember that

00:30:09.639 --> 00:30:10.019
 the term

00:30:10.019 --> 00:30:10.859
 church,

00:30:11.439 --> 00:30:11.980
 ecclesia,

00:30:12.719 --> 00:30:13.519
 was borrowed

00:30:13.519 --> 00:30:14.000
 from the

00:30:14.000 --> 00:30:14.899
 Septuagint,

00:30:15.219 --> 00:30:15.639
 that is,

00:30:15.959 --> 00:30:18.480
 the Greek

00:30:18.480 --> 00:30:19.379
 translation of

00:30:19.379 --> 00:30:19.719
 the Old

00:30:19.719 --> 00:30:20.179
 Testament,

00:30:20.980 --> 00:30:21.679
 where it

00:30:21.679 --> 00:30:22.139
 was used

00:30:22.139 --> 00:30:22.779
 to translate

00:30:22.779 --> 00:30:23.359
 the Hebrew

00:30:23.359 --> 00:30:24.219
 kahal,

00:30:25.079 --> 00:30:25.519
 that is,

00:30:25.779 --> 00:30:26.259
 the title

00:30:26.259 --> 00:30:27.439
 commonly given

00:30:27.439 --> 00:30:28.279
 to the chosen

00:30:28.279 --> 00:30:28.899
 people of

00:30:28.899 --> 00:30:29.379
 Israel,

00:30:29.380 --> 00:30:30.920
 gathered in

00:30:30.920 --> 00:30:31.400
 solemn

00:30:31.400 --> 00:30:31.940
 assembly

00:30:31.940 --> 00:30:32.900
 before God.

00:30:33.540 --> 00:30:33.740
 So,

00:30:33.840 --> 00:30:34.520
 that's what

00:30:34.520 --> 00:30:35.160
 the church

00:30:35.160 --> 00:30:35.420
 meant,

00:30:36.040 --> 00:30:36.740
 that kahal.

00:30:36.980 --> 00:30:38.740
 God's people.

00:30:38.920 --> 00:30:39.060
 Exactly.

00:30:39.700 --> 00:30:39.920
 So,

00:30:40.060 --> 00:30:41.000
 it was used

00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:41.700
 here by

00:30:41.700 --> 00:30:42.340
 Christians,

00:30:42.900 --> 00:30:43.600
 it expressed

00:30:43.600 --> 00:30:44.300
 their convictions

00:30:44.300 --> 00:30:45.560
 that they,

00:30:46.060 --> 00:30:46.820
 believers in

00:30:46.820 --> 00:30:47.820
 Jesus Christ,

00:30:48.440 --> 00:30:49.380
 through Christ,

00:30:50.100 --> 00:30:50.680
 were the

00:30:50.680 --> 00:30:51.500
 new Israel,

00:30:52.100 --> 00:30:52.740
 and heirs to

00:30:52.740 --> 00:30:53.220
 all the

00:30:53.220 --> 00:30:54.800
 promises that

00:30:54.800 --> 00:30:55.140
 were given

00:30:55.140 --> 00:30:55.680
 to God's

00:30:55.680 --> 00:30:56.000
 people.

00:30:56.000 --> 00:30:56.039
 people.

00:30:56.740 --> 00:30:56.880
 So,

00:30:56.980 --> 00:30:57.900
 that's what

00:30:57.900 --> 00:30:58.400
 they meant

00:30:58.400 --> 00:31:00.079
 by church.

00:31:00.799 --> 00:31:01.460
 And recall

00:31:01.460 --> 00:31:02.559
 that holy,

00:31:03.140 --> 00:31:03.880
 hagios,

00:31:04.440 --> 00:31:05.400
 also goes

00:31:05.400 --> 00:31:05.900
 back to the

00:31:05.900 --> 00:31:06.460
 Old Testament,

00:31:06.819 --> 00:31:07.279
 where it

00:31:07.279 --> 00:31:07.940
 applied,

00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:08.680
 principally,

00:31:08.819 --> 00:31:09.819
 to whatever

00:31:09.819 --> 00:31:10.940
 belonged to

00:31:10.940 --> 00:31:11.559
 God.

00:31:11.900 --> 00:31:12.259
 That's what

00:31:12.259 --> 00:31:12.779
 made something

00:31:12.779 --> 00:31:13.099
 holy,

00:31:13.440 --> 00:31:14.920
 belonging to

00:31:14.920 --> 00:31:16.279
 God,

00:31:16.960 --> 00:31:17.400
 and in

00:31:17.400 --> 00:31:17.880
 particular,

00:31:18.160 --> 00:31:18.579
 in reference

00:31:18.579 --> 00:31:19.059
 to his

00:31:19.059 --> 00:31:19.480
 people,

00:31:19.920 --> 00:31:20.420
 his holy

00:31:20.420 --> 00:31:20.720
 people,

00:31:20.779 --> 00:31:21.019
 that is,

00:31:21.119 --> 00:31:21.579
 the people

00:31:21.579 --> 00:31:22.079
 that belong

00:31:22.079 --> 00:31:22.640
 to God.

00:31:22.640 --> 00:31:24.120
 So,

00:31:24.480 --> 00:31:25.100
 that's

00:31:25.100 --> 00:31:25.880
 really what

00:31:25.880 --> 00:31:26.320
 the term

00:31:26.320 --> 00:31:27.320
 holy church

00:31:27.320 --> 00:31:27.640
 means.

00:31:27.759 --> 00:31:27.860
 So,

00:31:27.900 --> 00:31:28.300
 when we say

00:31:28.300 --> 00:31:29.040
 holy church,

00:31:29.540 --> 00:31:30.820
 we're simply

00:31:30.820 --> 00:31:31.300
 saying,

00:31:32.100 --> 00:31:32.720
 God's

00:31:32.720 --> 00:31:34.020
 God-gathered

00:31:34.020 --> 00:31:34.580
 people.

00:31:35.220 --> 00:31:35.640
 That's what

00:31:35.640 --> 00:31:36.120
 we're saying.

00:31:37.640 --> 00:31:37.780
 So,

00:31:37.980 --> 00:31:38.180
 the...

00:31:38.180 --> 00:31:38.680
 Set apart.

00:31:39.200 --> 00:31:39.440
 Yeah,

00:31:39.540 --> 00:31:40.060
 set apart.

00:31:40.180 --> 00:31:40.300
 Yeah,

00:31:40.380 --> 00:31:40.520
 yeah,

00:31:40.660 --> 00:31:41.660
 for God,

00:31:41.820 --> 00:31:42.100
 for his,

00:31:42.240 --> 00:31:43.200
 his special

00:31:43.200 --> 00:31:43.740
 possession,

00:31:44.100 --> 00:31:44.759
 his people,

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:45.500
 his gathered

00:31:45.500 --> 00:31:45.860
 ones,

00:31:46.380 --> 00:31:46.960
 his church.

00:31:47.100 --> 00:31:47.480
 That's what

00:31:47.480 --> 00:31:47.800
 we mean

00:31:47.800 --> 00:31:48.280
 when we say

00:31:48.280 --> 00:31:48.580
 this.

00:31:49.080 --> 00:31:49.240
 Yeah,

00:31:49.340 --> 00:31:49.480
 yeah,

00:31:49.540 --> 00:31:49.780
 Tom,

00:31:49.860 --> 00:31:50.080
 please.

00:31:50.080 --> 00:31:51.000
 That's

00:31:51.000 --> 00:31:51.520
 serious,

00:31:51.759 --> 00:31:51.960
 you know?

00:31:51.960 --> 00:31:52.779
 I've noticed

00:31:52.779 --> 00:31:53.360
 that before,

00:31:53.600 --> 00:31:56.660
 and if I

00:31:56.660 --> 00:31:58.400
 can just

00:31:58.400 --> 00:31:58.900
 summarize,

00:31:59.100 --> 00:32:00.000
 so the

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:01.240
 word church

00:32:01.240 --> 00:32:02.700
 in Greek

00:32:02.700 --> 00:32:03.480
 is not

00:32:03.480 --> 00:32:04.079
 special.

00:32:05.160 --> 00:32:05.819
 In the

00:32:05.819 --> 00:32:06.259
 Old Testament,

00:32:06.420 --> 00:32:06.740
 it's used

00:32:06.740 --> 00:32:07.340
 of the

00:32:07.340 --> 00:32:08.000
 assembly of

00:32:08.000 --> 00:32:08.340
 the Israelites.

00:32:08.620 --> 00:32:08.880
 Yes.

00:32:09.200 --> 00:32:10.120
 But in

00:32:10.120 --> 00:32:11.400
 other Greek

00:32:11.400 --> 00:32:11.980
 contexts,

00:32:12.120 --> 00:32:12.519
 it just

00:32:12.519 --> 00:32:13.180
 means assembly.

00:32:13.640 --> 00:32:13.860
 Yes,

00:32:13.940 --> 00:32:14.160
 yes,

00:32:14.340 --> 00:32:14.660
 yeah,

00:32:14.700 --> 00:32:15.079
 exactly.

00:32:15.079 --> 00:32:15.779
 And so,

00:32:15.960 --> 00:32:16.480
 if they said,

00:32:16.579 --> 00:32:17.100
 I believe in

00:32:17.100 --> 00:32:17.600
 the assembly,

00:32:17.799 --> 00:32:18.100
 you'd be like,

00:32:18.220 --> 00:32:18.400
 what?

00:32:19.400 --> 00:32:20.840
 Our English

00:32:20.840 --> 00:32:21.279
 translation,

00:32:21.279 --> 00:32:21.819
 I think it

00:32:21.819 --> 00:32:22.319
 does a little

00:32:22.319 --> 00:32:22.680
 bit of a

00:32:22.680 --> 00:32:23.059
 disservice,

00:32:23.200 --> 00:32:24.599
 because there's

00:32:24.599 --> 00:32:26.000
 technically all

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:26.680
 churches should

00:32:26.680 --> 00:32:27.180
 be holy.

00:32:27.379 --> 00:32:27.720
 So when you

00:32:27.720 --> 00:32:28.039
 say the

00:32:28.039 --> 00:32:28.579
 holy church,

00:32:28.660 --> 00:32:29.039
 you're like,

00:32:29.639 --> 00:32:30.220
 kind of making

00:32:30.220 --> 00:32:31.700
 a particular

00:32:31.700 --> 00:32:32.299
 church,

00:32:32.680 --> 00:32:33.559
 but in Greek,

00:32:33.599 --> 00:32:34.000
 it wouldn't have

00:32:34.000 --> 00:32:34.599
 that context.

00:32:34.740 --> 00:32:35.180
 It's simply

00:32:35.180 --> 00:32:36.339
 referring to all

00:32:36.339 --> 00:32:37.240
 Christians

00:32:37.240 --> 00:32:37.940
 assembled

00:32:37.940 --> 00:32:39.180
 everywhere.

00:32:40.180 --> 00:32:40.940
 And there's

00:32:40.940 --> 00:32:41.220
 going to be

00:32:41.220 --> 00:32:41.740
 another term

00:32:41.740 --> 00:32:42.039
 that's going

00:32:42.039 --> 00:32:42.680
 to be added,

00:32:42.899 --> 00:32:43.220
 Catholic,

00:32:43.379 --> 00:32:43.619
 that will

00:32:43.619 --> 00:32:44.339
 really emphasize

00:32:44.339 --> 00:32:45.099
 that point,

00:32:45.240 --> 00:32:45.359
 too,

00:32:45.420 --> 00:32:46.039
 and we'll get

00:32:46.039 --> 00:32:46.559
 to that in a

00:32:46.559 --> 00:32:46.799
 moment.

00:32:46.799 --> 00:32:51.399
 So these,

00:32:51.539 --> 00:32:51.740
 then,

00:32:51.899 --> 00:32:52.480
 were the

00:32:52.480 --> 00:32:52.799
 creedal

00:32:52.799 --> 00:32:53.419
 affirmations

00:32:53.419 --> 00:32:53.639
 of the

00:32:53.639 --> 00:32:54.220
 old Roman

00:32:54.220 --> 00:32:54.740
 creed,

00:32:55.159 --> 00:32:56.419
 out of which

00:32:56.419 --> 00:32:57.099
 the Apostles'

00:32:57.220 --> 00:32:57.539
 Creed,

00:32:57.799 --> 00:32:58.440
 as we know

00:32:58.440 --> 00:32:58.599
 it,

00:32:58.659 --> 00:32:58.899
 grew.

00:32:59.940 --> 00:33:01.059
 So when

00:33:01.059 --> 00:33:01.440
 did the

00:33:01.440 --> 00:33:01.919
 Apostles'

00:33:02.059 --> 00:33:03.019
 Creed receive

00:33:03.019 --> 00:33:03.519
 its final

00:33:03.519 --> 00:33:03.960
 form,

00:33:04.299 --> 00:33:04.859
 and what

00:33:04.859 --> 00:33:05.579
 was added

00:33:05.579 --> 00:33:06.319
 to it,

00:33:06.879 --> 00:33:07.559
 and why?

00:33:07.720 --> 00:33:08.099
 So that's

00:33:08.099 --> 00:33:08.460
 what we want

00:33:08.460 --> 00:33:08.859
 to consider

00:33:08.859 --> 00:33:09.180
 now.

00:33:09.539 --> 00:33:10.159
 What was

00:33:10.159 --> 00:33:10.839
 added on

00:33:10.839 --> 00:33:11.079
 to the

00:33:11.079 --> 00:33:11.599
 old Roman

00:33:11.599 --> 00:33:12.720
 symbol that

00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:13.139
 we've just

00:33:13.139 --> 00:33:13.579
 looked at?

00:33:13.799 --> 00:33:14.299
 So back to

00:33:14.299 --> 00:33:14.839
 history for a

00:33:14.839 --> 00:33:15.059
 moment.

00:33:15.059 --> 00:33:17.059
 Well,

00:33:17.200 --> 00:33:17.740
 the earliest

00:33:17.740 --> 00:33:18.940
 appearance of

00:33:18.940 --> 00:33:19.539
 the Apostles'

00:33:19.659 --> 00:33:19.980
 Creed in

00:33:19.980 --> 00:33:20.639
 its final

00:33:20.639 --> 00:33:21.039
 form,

00:33:21.119 --> 00:33:21.379
 what you

00:33:21.379 --> 00:33:21.879
 have there

00:33:21.879 --> 00:33:22.139
 on the

00:33:22.139 --> 00:33:22.519
 page,

00:33:23.059 --> 00:33:24.000
 is found

00:33:24.000 --> 00:33:24.240
 in the

00:33:24.240 --> 00:33:24.759
 writings of

00:33:24.759 --> 00:33:25.119
 a Saint

00:33:25.119 --> 00:33:25.819
 Prominius,

00:33:26.139 --> 00:33:26.879
 who was a

00:33:26.879 --> 00:33:27.240
 missionary,

00:33:27.740 --> 00:33:28.179
 who worked

00:33:28.179 --> 00:33:29.980
 in the area

00:33:29.980 --> 00:33:30.500
 of Lake

00:33:30.500 --> 00:33:31.500
 Constance,

00:33:32.079 --> 00:33:32.639
 right at the

00:33:32.639 --> 00:33:33.059
 borders of

00:33:33.059 --> 00:33:33.399
 Germany,

00:33:33.519 --> 00:33:33.819
 Austria,

00:33:33.919 --> 00:33:34.440
 and Switzerland

00:33:34.440 --> 00:33:35.619
 now,

00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:36.599
 a little

00:33:36.599 --> 00:33:37.399
 bit prior,

00:33:37.480 --> 00:33:37.919
 just a little

00:33:37.919 --> 00:33:38.500
 bit prior,

00:33:38.859 --> 00:33:39.799
 to that

00:33:39.799 --> 00:33:40.259
 pivotal

00:33:40.259 --> 00:33:40.960
 battle of

00:33:40.960 --> 00:33:41.539
 Tours,

00:33:42.779 --> 00:33:43.700
 732,

00:33:43.700 --> 00:33:44.759
 there was

00:33:44.759 --> 00:33:45.319
 a very

00:33:45.319 --> 00:33:46.120
 significant

00:33:46.120 --> 00:33:46.779
 historical

00:33:46.779 --> 00:33:47.299
 battle

00:33:47.299 --> 00:33:47.840
 where

00:33:47.840 --> 00:33:48.539
 Charles

00:33:48.539 --> 00:33:49.519
 Martel

00:33:49.519 --> 00:33:51.080
 halted

00:33:51.080 --> 00:33:52.120
 and then

00:33:52.120 --> 00:33:52.980
 repulsed

00:33:52.980 --> 00:33:53.840
 the Muslim

00:33:53.840 --> 00:33:54.559
 advance that

00:33:54.559 --> 00:33:55.039
 was coming up

00:33:55.039 --> 00:33:55.640
 through Spain

00:33:55.640 --> 00:33:56.920
 into Central

00:33:56.920 --> 00:33:57.420
 Europe.

00:33:58.799 --> 00:33:59.400
 And Charles

00:33:59.400 --> 00:34:00.080
 Martel,

00:34:00.259 --> 00:34:00.880
 the hero of

00:34:00.880 --> 00:34:01.500
 that battle,

00:34:01.980 --> 00:34:02.799
 he was the

00:34:02.799 --> 00:34:03.759
 founder of

00:34:03.759 --> 00:34:04.880
 the Carolingian

00:34:04.880 --> 00:34:05.460
 dynasty.

00:34:06.000 --> 00:34:06.299
 He was

00:34:06.299 --> 00:34:06.980
 succeeded by

00:34:06.980 --> 00:34:07.519
 his son,

00:34:07.600 --> 00:34:07.860
 Charles

00:34:07.860 --> 00:34:08.480
 Martel's

00:34:08.480 --> 00:34:08.780
 son,

00:34:09.260 --> 00:34:09.800
 Pepin the

00:34:09.800 --> 00:34:10.099
 Short,

00:34:10.099 --> 00:34:11.699
 and then

00:34:11.699 --> 00:34:12.779
 his grandson,

00:34:13.860 --> 00:34:14.599
 Charlemagne,

00:34:15.239 --> 00:34:15.619
 or Carl

00:34:15.619 --> 00:34:16.179
 the Great,

00:34:16.360 --> 00:34:17.179
 Charlemagne,

00:34:17.360 --> 00:34:19.679
 we call him

00:34:19.679 --> 00:34:20.059
 in English.

00:34:20.839 --> 00:34:21.239
 And under

00:34:21.239 --> 00:34:22.299
 these

00:34:22.299 --> 00:34:23.739
 Carolingian

00:34:23.739 --> 00:34:24.400
 kings,

00:34:24.980 --> 00:34:25.900
 an alliance

00:34:25.900 --> 00:34:26.860
 was forged

00:34:26.860 --> 00:34:27.719
 between

00:34:27.719 --> 00:34:28.400
 them,

00:34:28.639 --> 00:34:28.860
 there,

00:34:29.159 --> 00:34:30.059
 the Frankish

00:34:30.059 --> 00:34:31.019
 regents,

00:34:31.420 --> 00:34:31.839
 and the

00:34:31.839 --> 00:34:32.119
 Roman

00:34:32.119 --> 00:34:32.880
 pontiffs.

00:34:33.880 --> 00:34:34.559
 So it

00:34:34.559 --> 00:34:34.739
 was,

00:34:35.259 --> 00:34:35.860
 their whole

00:34:35.860 --> 00:34:36.500
 territory was

00:34:36.500 --> 00:34:37.480
 evangelized

00:34:37.480 --> 00:34:38.980
 by missionaries,

00:34:38.980 --> 00:34:39.519
 these missionaries

00:34:39.519 --> 00:34:39.780
 like,

00:34:39.880 --> 00:34:40.019
 St.

00:34:40.099 --> 00:34:40.599
 Perminius,

00:34:40.960 --> 00:34:42.300
 and they

00:34:42.300 --> 00:34:43.240
 forged an

00:34:43.240 --> 00:34:43.940
 alliance.

00:34:45.480 --> 00:34:45.860
 And the

00:34:45.860 --> 00:34:46.400
 Frankish

00:34:46.400 --> 00:34:47.360
 kings

00:34:47.360 --> 00:34:49.159
 desired their

00:34:49.159 --> 00:34:49.780
 subjects,

00:34:49.840 --> 00:34:50.260
 all their

00:34:50.260 --> 00:34:50.740
 subjects,

00:34:51.019 --> 00:34:51.400
 to be

00:34:51.400 --> 00:34:52.099
 educated

00:34:52.099 --> 00:34:53.460
 uniformly

00:34:53.460 --> 00:34:54.800
 in the

00:34:54.800 --> 00:34:55.260
 Lord's

00:34:55.260 --> 00:34:55.699
 Prayer

00:34:55.699 --> 00:34:56.639
 and in

00:34:56.639 --> 00:34:56.820
 the

00:34:56.820 --> 00:34:57.420
 Creed.

00:34:58.360 --> 00:34:58.639
 They

00:34:58.639 --> 00:34:58.800
 wanted

00:34:58.800 --> 00:34:59.380
 to be

00:34:59.380 --> 00:34:59.659
 saying

00:34:59.659 --> 00:34:59.840
 the

00:34:59.840 --> 00:35:00.240
 exact

00:35:00.240 --> 00:35:00.579
 same

00:35:00.579 --> 00:35:00.960
 thing

00:35:00.960 --> 00:35:01.559
 all

00:35:01.559 --> 00:35:01.960
 across

00:35:01.960 --> 00:35:02.159
 the

00:35:02.159 --> 00:35:02.460
 kingdom

00:35:02.460 --> 00:35:03.139
 for

00:35:03.139 --> 00:35:03.599
 unity's

00:35:03.599 --> 00:35:03.800
 sake.

00:35:04.320 --> 00:35:04.420
 And

00:35:04.420 --> 00:35:05.340
 Rome,

00:35:06.260 --> 00:35:06.559
 on the

00:35:06.559 --> 00:35:06.699
 other

00:35:06.699 --> 00:35:06.880
 side

00:35:06.880 --> 00:35:06.940
 of

00:35:06.940 --> 00:35:07.039
 the

00:35:07.039 --> 00:35:07.320
 Alps,

00:35:07.639 --> 00:35:08.519
 desired

00:35:08.519 --> 00:35:09.059
 a

00:35:09.059 --> 00:35:09.539
 uniform

00:35:09.539 --> 00:35:10.099
 liturgy

00:35:10.099 --> 00:35:10.559
 also,

00:35:10.699 --> 00:35:10.920
 based

00:35:10.920 --> 00:35:11.179
 upon

00:35:11.179 --> 00:35:11.400
 the

00:35:11.400 --> 00:35:11.679
 Roman

00:35:11.679 --> 00:35:12.360
 practice.

00:35:12.800 --> 00:35:12.980
 So they

00:35:12.980 --> 00:35:13.119
 thought,

00:35:13.259 --> 00:35:13.500
 okay,

00:35:13.699 --> 00:35:14.059
 let's

00:35:14.059 --> 00:35:14.300
 work

00:35:14.300 --> 00:35:14.739
 together.

00:35:15.099 --> 00:35:15.360
 Let's

00:35:15.360 --> 00:35:15.519
 work

00:35:15.519 --> 00:35:15.820
 together

00:35:15.820 --> 00:35:16.039
 on

00:35:16.039 --> 00:35:16.360
 this.

00:35:17.139 --> 00:35:17.400
 And in

00:35:17.400 --> 00:35:17.519
 the

00:35:17.519 --> 00:35:17.759
 royal

00:35:17.759 --> 00:35:18.099
 effort,

00:35:18.259 --> 00:35:18.320
 the

00:35:18.320 --> 00:35:19.119
 Frankish

00:35:19.119 --> 00:35:19.519
 kings,

00:35:19.639 --> 00:35:20.179
 Charlemagne,

00:35:20.659 --> 00:35:21.659
 took

00:35:21.659 --> 00:35:22.239
 inventory

00:35:22.239 --> 00:35:23.340
 first on

00:35:23.340 --> 00:35:24.019
 all the

00:35:24.019 --> 00:35:24.340
 different

00:35:24.340 --> 00:35:24.840
 creeds,

00:35:24.900 --> 00:35:25.139
 as they

00:35:25.139 --> 00:35:25.280
 were

00:35:25.280 --> 00:35:25.579
 said,

00:35:25.619 --> 00:35:25.679
 in

00:35:25.679 --> 00:35:25.820
 his

00:35:25.820 --> 00:35:26.199
 vast

00:35:26.199 --> 00:35:26.659
 sprawling

00:35:26.659 --> 00:35:27.280
 lands.

00:35:27.800 --> 00:35:28.000
 Okay,

00:35:28.159 --> 00:35:29.179
 when you

00:35:29.179 --> 00:35:29.559
 say the

00:35:29.559 --> 00:35:29.840
 creed,

00:35:29.920 --> 00:35:30.159
 what do

00:35:30.159 --> 00:35:30.320
 you

00:35:30.320 --> 00:35:30.619
 say?

00:35:30.739 --> 00:35:30.880
 What

00:35:30.880 --> 00:35:30.960
 do

00:35:30.960 --> 00:35:31.119
 you

00:35:31.119 --> 00:35:31.340
 say?

00:35:31.420 --> 00:35:31.519
 What

00:35:31.519 --> 00:35:31.599
 do

00:35:31.599 --> 00:35:31.759
 you

00:35:31.759 --> 00:35:32.039
 say?

00:35:32.420 --> 00:35:32.639
 And

00:35:32.639 --> 00:35:32.820
 they

00:35:32.820 --> 00:35:33.860
 pulled

00:35:33.860 --> 00:35:34.259
 all

00:35:34.259 --> 00:35:34.619
 these

00:35:34.619 --> 00:35:35.199
 together

00:35:35.199 --> 00:35:37.400
 and

00:35:37.400 --> 00:35:38.759
 they

00:35:38.759 --> 00:35:39.519
 discovered

00:35:39.519 --> 00:35:40.579
 that they

00:35:40.579 --> 00:35:41.000
 were,

00:35:41.420 --> 00:35:42.039
 as Raul

00:35:42.039 --> 00:35:42.779
 observed,

00:35:43.259 --> 00:35:43.619
 they were

00:35:43.619 --> 00:35:44.559
 fundamentally

00:35:44.559 --> 00:35:46.000
 similar,

00:35:47.000 --> 00:35:47.239
 but

00:35:47.239 --> 00:35:48.079
 slightly,

00:35:48.239 --> 00:35:48.719
 the ones

00:35:48.719 --> 00:35:49.299
 outside of

00:35:49.299 --> 00:35:49.519
 Rome,

00:35:49.859 --> 00:35:50.339
 were fundamentally

00:35:50.339 --> 00:35:50.679
 similar,

00:35:50.839 --> 00:35:51.380
 but slightly

00:35:51.380 --> 00:35:52.019
 fuller.

00:35:52.880 --> 00:35:53.119
 There

00:35:53.119 --> 00:35:53.519
 were a

00:35:53.519 --> 00:35:53.779
 few

00:35:53.779 --> 00:35:54.299
 extra

00:35:54.299 --> 00:35:54.960
 phrases

00:35:54.960 --> 00:35:55.639
 that

00:35:55.639 --> 00:35:55.779
 were

00:35:55.779 --> 00:35:56.179
 there

00:35:56.179 --> 00:35:57.639
 as

00:35:57.639 --> 00:35:57.960
 compared

00:35:57.960 --> 00:35:58.339
 to

00:35:58.339 --> 00:35:58.679
 the

00:35:58.679 --> 00:35:58.920
 Roman

00:35:58.920 --> 00:35:59.299
 symbol

00:35:59.299 --> 00:35:59.579
 that we

00:35:59.579 --> 00:35:59.960
 looked at

00:35:59.960 --> 00:36:00.599
 that was

00:36:00.599 --> 00:36:00.880
 used

00:36:00.880 --> 00:36:01.099
 in

00:36:01.099 --> 00:36:01.380
 Rome,

00:36:01.519 --> 00:36:01.679
 the

00:36:01.679 --> 00:36:02.000
 original

00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:02.400
 one.

00:36:02.400 --> 00:36:04.579
 But

00:36:04.579 --> 00:36:05.000
 here

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:05.280
 is

00:36:05.280 --> 00:36:05.500
 an

00:36:05.500 --> 00:36:06.000
 interesting

00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:06.519
 thing.

00:36:07.860 --> 00:36:08.200
 Rather

00:36:08.200 --> 00:36:08.519
 than

00:36:08.519 --> 00:36:08.800
 Rome

00:36:08.800 --> 00:36:09.720
 insisting

00:36:09.720 --> 00:36:10.099
 that

00:36:10.099 --> 00:36:10.320
 the

00:36:10.320 --> 00:36:11.260
 outskirts,

00:36:11.960 --> 00:36:12.079
 the

00:36:12.079 --> 00:36:12.460
 missionary

00:36:12.460 --> 00:36:13.519
 outskirts

00:36:13.519 --> 00:36:14.139
 conform

00:36:14.139 --> 00:36:15.280
 to

00:36:15.280 --> 00:36:15.539
 the

00:36:15.539 --> 00:36:15.920
 Roman

00:36:15.920 --> 00:36:16.780
 creed,

00:36:17.880 --> 00:36:18.280
 Rome

00:36:18.280 --> 00:36:20.940
 adopted

00:36:20.940 --> 00:36:22.380
 the

00:36:22.380 --> 00:36:22.960
 fuller

00:36:22.960 --> 00:36:23.500
 formula

00:36:23.500 --> 00:36:24.500
 from

00:36:24.500 --> 00:36:24.700
 the

00:36:24.700 --> 00:36:25.059
 missionary

00:36:25.059 --> 00:36:25.940
 outskirts.

00:36:26.480 --> 00:36:27.099
 Pretty

00:36:27.099 --> 00:36:27.619
 extraordinary,

00:36:27.960 --> 00:36:28.480
 but that's

00:36:28.480 --> 00:36:29.820
 what they

00:36:29.820 --> 00:36:30.200
 did.

00:36:31.079 --> 00:36:31.740
 It

00:36:31.739 --> 00:36:32.299
 appeared

00:36:32.299 --> 00:36:32.879
 that

00:36:32.879 --> 00:36:33.119
 in

00:36:33.119 --> 00:36:33.339
 these

00:36:33.339 --> 00:36:33.579
 more

00:36:33.579 --> 00:36:34.119
 distant

00:36:34.119 --> 00:36:34.879
 outskirts

00:36:34.879 --> 00:36:35.799
 there

00:36:35.799 --> 00:36:35.959
 were

00:36:35.959 --> 00:36:36.199
 a

00:36:36.199 --> 00:36:36.399
 few

00:36:36.399 --> 00:36:36.839
 more

00:36:36.839 --> 00:36:37.099
 there

00:36:37.099 --> 00:36:37.199
 was

00:36:37.199 --> 00:36:37.319
 a

00:36:37.319 --> 00:36:37.479
 little

00:36:37.479 --> 00:36:37.679
 bit

00:36:37.679 --> 00:36:37.899
 more

00:36:37.899 --> 00:36:38.619
 theological

00:36:38.619 --> 00:36:39.379
 ferment.

00:36:39.379 --> 00:36:40.399
 You'd

00:36:40.399 --> 00:36:40.579
 have

00:36:40.579 --> 00:36:40.819
 some

00:36:40.819 --> 00:36:41.219
 Aryan

00:36:41.219 --> 00:36:41.899
 influences

00:36:41.899 --> 00:36:42.079
 that

00:36:42.079 --> 00:36:42.199
 would

00:36:42.199 --> 00:36:42.519
 come

00:36:42.519 --> 00:36:42.979
 in.

00:36:42.979 --> 00:36:44.019
 There

00:36:44.019 --> 00:36:44.119
 were

00:36:44.119 --> 00:36:44.259
 all

00:36:44.259 --> 00:36:44.619
 kinds

00:36:44.619 --> 00:36:44.759
 of

00:36:44.759 --> 00:36:45.219
 things

00:36:45.219 --> 00:36:45.359
 were

00:36:45.359 --> 00:36:45.579
 going

00:36:45.579 --> 00:36:45.719
 on

00:36:45.719 --> 00:36:45.819
 a

00:36:45.819 --> 00:36:45.959
 little

00:36:45.959 --> 00:36:46.099
 bit

00:36:46.099 --> 00:36:46.219
 of

00:36:46.219 --> 00:36:46.479
 not

00:36:46.479 --> 00:36:47.799
 it's

00:36:47.799 --> 00:36:48.079
 so

00:36:48.079 --> 00:36:49.099
 there

00:36:49.099 --> 00:36:49.279
 were

00:36:49.279 --> 00:36:49.519
 there

00:36:49.519 --> 00:36:49.619
 was

00:36:49.619 --> 00:36:49.699
 a

00:36:49.699 --> 00:36:49.819
 little

00:36:49.819 --> 00:36:49.959
 bit

00:36:49.959 --> 00:36:50.199
 more

00:36:50.199 --> 00:36:51.699
 heretical

00:36:51.699 --> 00:36:52.399
 innovation

00:36:52.399 --> 00:36:52.899
 in

00:36:52.899 --> 00:36:53.019
 the

00:36:53.019 --> 00:36:53.859
 outskirts

00:36:53.859 --> 00:36:54.659
 not

00:36:54.659 --> 00:36:54.799
 as

00:36:54.799 --> 00:36:55.039
 much

00:36:55.039 --> 00:36:55.159
 as

00:36:55.159 --> 00:36:55.279
 you

00:36:55.279 --> 00:36:55.659
 had

00:36:55.659 --> 00:36:56.159
 in

00:36:56.159 --> 00:36:56.619
 Rome.

00:36:57.619 --> 00:36:57.699
!

00:36:57.699 --> 00:36:57.739
 So

00:36:57.739 --> 00:36:57.859
 in

00:36:57.859 --> 00:36:58.539
 consequence

00:36:58.539 --> 00:36:58.679
 they

00:36:58.679 --> 00:36:58.820
 would

00:36:58.820 --> 00:36:59.159
 add

00:36:59.159 --> 00:36:59.400
 some

00:36:59.400 --> 00:36:59.480
 of

00:36:59.480 --> 00:36:59.679
 these

00:36:59.679 --> 00:37:00.400
 phrases

00:37:00.400 --> 00:37:01.539
 that

00:37:01.539 --> 00:37:01.679
 were

00:37:01.679 --> 00:37:01.940
 really

00:37:01.940 --> 00:37:02.380
 helpful

00:37:02.380 --> 00:37:02.739
 as we

00:37:02.739 --> 00:37:03.079
 noticed

00:37:03.079 --> 00:37:03.279
 in

00:37:03.279 --> 00:37:03.820
 shoring

00:37:03.820 --> 00:37:04.099
 up

00:37:04.099 --> 00:37:04.300
 the

00:37:04.300 --> 00:37:04.759
 truth

00:37:04.759 --> 00:37:05.400
 and

00:37:05.400 --> 00:37:05.779
 stating

00:37:05.779 --> 00:37:05.960
 it

00:37:05.960 --> 00:37:06.219
 a little

00:37:06.219 --> 00:37:06.360
 bit

00:37:06.360 --> 00:37:06.539
 more

00:37:06.539 --> 00:37:07.099
 carefully

00:37:07.099 --> 00:37:07.400
 a little

00:37:07.400 --> 00:37:07.559
 bit

00:37:07.559 --> 00:37:07.759
 more

00:37:07.759 --> 00:37:08.599
 forcefully

00:37:08.599 --> 00:37:09.300
 so

00:37:09.300 --> 00:37:09.619
 Rome

00:37:09.619 --> 00:37:09.840
 ended

00:37:09.840 --> 00:37:10.039
 up

00:37:10.039 --> 00:37:10.619
 concluding

00:37:10.619 --> 00:37:11.519
 hey

00:37:11.519 --> 00:37:12.619
 that's

00:37:12.619 --> 00:37:13.039
 actually

00:37:13.039 --> 00:37:13.619
 helpful

00:37:13.619 --> 00:37:14.599
 we

00:37:14.599 --> 00:37:14.900
 kind

00:37:14.900 --> 00:37:15.019
 of

00:37:15.019 --> 00:37:15.320
 like

00:37:15.320 --> 00:37:15.860
 this

00:37:15.860 --> 00:37:18.900
 you've

00:37:18.900 --> 00:37:19.300
 required

00:37:19.300 --> 00:37:19.519
 a little

00:37:19.519 --> 00:37:19.659
 bit

00:37:19.659 --> 00:37:19.880
 more

00:37:19.880 --> 00:37:20.239
 creedal

00:37:20.239 --> 00:37:21.219
 specificity

00:37:21.219 --> 00:37:21.500
 but

00:37:21.500 --> 00:37:21.659
 we

00:37:21.659 --> 00:37:21.900
 like

00:37:21.900 --> 00:37:22.139
 that

00:37:22.139 --> 00:37:23.000
 specificity

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:23.820
 so

00:37:23.820 --> 00:37:24.079
 we're

00:37:24.079 --> 00:37:24.239
 going

00:37:24.239 --> 00:37:24.360
 to

00:37:24.360 --> 00:37:24.619
 just

00:37:24.619 --> 00:37:25.219
 take

00:37:25.219 --> 00:37:25.719
 this

00:37:25.719 --> 00:37:26.340
 as

00:37:26.340 --> 00:37:26.559
 a

00:37:26.559 --> 00:37:27.059
 bulwark

00:37:27.059 --> 00:37:27.460
 against

00:37:27.460 --> 00:37:28.079
 distortion

00:37:28.079 --> 00:37:28.599
 that

00:37:28.599 --> 00:37:29.039
 it

00:37:29.039 --> 00:37:29.240
 was

00:37:29.240 --> 00:37:29.559
 helpful

00:37:29.559 --> 00:37:29.980
 there

00:37:29.980 --> 00:37:30.699
 it'll

00:37:30.699 --> 00:37:31.039
 probably

00:37:31.039 --> 00:37:31.260
 be

00:37:31.260 --> 00:37:31.559
 helpful

00:37:31.559 --> 00:37:32.039
 here

00:37:32.039 --> 00:37:33.079
 and

00:37:33.079 --> 00:37:34.019
 why

00:37:34.019 --> 00:37:34.579
 not

00:37:34.579 --> 00:37:35.320
 make

00:37:35.320 --> 00:37:35.440
 a

00:37:35.440 --> 00:37:35.860
 concession

00:37:35.860 --> 00:37:36.220
 if we're

00:37:36.220 --> 00:37:36.480
 happy

00:37:36.480 --> 00:37:36.860
 to do

00:37:36.860 --> 00:37:37.099
 it

00:37:37.099 --> 00:37:37.559
 say

00:37:37.559 --> 00:37:37.960
 we'll

00:37:37.960 --> 00:37:38.720
 use

00:37:38.720 --> 00:37:39.559
 yours

00:37:39.559 --> 00:37:40.519
 makes

00:37:40.519 --> 00:37:40.960
 the

00:37:40.960 --> 00:37:41.179
 local

00:37:41.179 --> 00:37:41.500
 people

00:37:41.500 --> 00:37:41.920
 happy

00:37:41.920 --> 00:37:42.679
 as you

00:37:42.679 --> 00:37:42.820
 can

00:37:42.820 --> 00:37:43.800
 imagine

00:37:43.800 --> 00:37:45.260
 so

00:37:45.260 --> 00:37:45.720
 that's

00:37:45.720 --> 00:37:45.880
 what

00:37:45.880 --> 00:37:46.059
 they

00:37:46.059 --> 00:37:46.420
 did

00:37:46.420 --> 00:37:46.940
 Rome

00:37:46.940 --> 00:37:47.300
 found

00:37:47.300 --> 00:37:47.440
 the

00:37:47.440 --> 00:37:47.880
 additions

00:37:47.880 --> 00:37:48.380
 a

00:37:48.380 --> 00:37:48.840
 useful

00:37:48.840 --> 00:37:49.519
 enrichment

00:37:49.519 --> 00:37:50.360
 and

00:37:50.360 --> 00:37:50.840
 adopted

00:37:50.840 --> 00:37:51.159
 them

00:37:51.159 --> 00:37:52.500
 as

00:37:52.500 --> 00:37:52.900
 J.

00:37:52.900 --> 00:37:53.119
 N.

00:37:53.119 --> 00:37:53.280
 D.

00:37:53.280 --> 00:37:53.679
 Kelly

00:37:53.679 --> 00:37:54.320
 concludes

00:37:54.320 --> 00:37:55.079
 his

00:37:55.079 --> 00:37:55.639
 is

00:37:55.639 --> 00:37:55.900
 probably

00:37:55.900 --> 00:37:56.119
 one

00:37:56.119 --> 00:37:56.440
 of the

00:37:56.440 --> 00:37:57.199
 magisterial

00:37:57.199 --> 00:37:58.039
 studies

00:37:58.039 --> 00:37:58.299
 of the

00:37:58.299 --> 00:37:58.799
 creeds

00:37:58.799 --> 00:37:59.139
 the

00:37:59.139 --> 00:37:59.480
 early

00:37:59.480 --> 00:37:59.919
 creeds

00:37:59.919 --> 00:38:00.079
 and

00:38:00.079 --> 00:38:00.219
 he

00:38:00.219 --> 00:38:00.519
 writes

00:38:00.519 --> 00:38:01.219
 in

00:38:01.219 --> 00:38:01.980
 persuading

00:38:01.980 --> 00:38:02.460
 Rome

00:38:02.460 --> 00:38:02.639
 to

00:38:02.639 --> 00:38:03.159
 accept

00:38:03.159 --> 00:38:03.419
 a

00:38:03.419 --> 00:38:03.639
 new

00:38:03.639 --> 00:38:04.359
 baptismal

00:38:04.359 --> 00:38:04.919
 confession

00:38:04.919 --> 00:38:05.960
 the

00:38:05.960 --> 00:38:06.239
 church

00:38:06.239 --> 00:38:06.779
 beyond

00:38:06.779 --> 00:38:07.000
 the

00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:07.319
 Alps

00:38:07.319 --> 00:38:07.659
 that is

00:38:07.659 --> 00:38:07.779
 the

00:38:07.779 --> 00:38:08.099
 missionary

00:38:08.099 --> 00:38:08.699
 the

00:38:08.699 --> 00:38:09.899
 mission

00:38:09.899 --> 00:38:10.259
 part

00:38:10.259 --> 00:38:11.019
 the

00:38:11.019 --> 00:38:11.279
 church

00:38:11.279 --> 00:38:11.639
 beyond

00:38:11.639 --> 00:38:11.819
 the

00:38:11.819 --> 00:38:12.059
 Alps

00:38:12.059 --> 00:38:12.439
 was

00:38:12.439 --> 00:38:12.799
 merely

00:38:12.799 --> 00:38:13.399
 handing

00:38:13.399 --> 00:38:13.779
 back

00:38:13.779 --> 00:38:14.179
 to her

00:38:14.179 --> 00:38:14.619
 Rome

00:38:14.619 --> 00:38:15.299
 enriched

00:38:15.299 --> 00:38:15.480
 and

00:38:15.480 --> 00:38:16.039
 improved

00:38:16.039 --> 00:38:16.519
 the

00:38:16.519 --> 00:38:16.899
 same

00:38:16.899 --> 00:38:17.439
 venerable

00:38:17.439 --> 00:38:17.919
 rule

00:38:17.919 --> 00:38:18.419
 of

00:38:18.419 --> 00:38:18.839
 faith

00:38:18.839 --> 00:38:19.500
 which

00:38:19.500 --> 00:38:19.779
 she

00:38:19.779 --> 00:38:20.439
 herself

00:38:20.439 --> 00:38:21.000
 had

00:38:21.000 --> 00:38:21.419
 compiled

00:38:21.419 --> 00:38:21.739
 in the

00:38:21.739 --> 00:38:21.939
 second

00:38:21.939 --> 00:38:22.439
 century

00:38:22.439 --> 00:38:23.039
 as

00:38:23.039 --> 00:38:23.159
 an

00:38:23.159 --> 00:38:23.539
 epitome

00:38:23.539 --> 00:38:24.099
 of the

00:38:24.099 --> 00:38:24.539
 everlasting

00:38:24.539 --> 00:38:25.099
 gospel

00:38:25.099 --> 00:38:25.739
 so

00:38:25.739 --> 00:38:26.259
 that's

00:38:26.260 --> 00:38:26.680
 that's

00:38:26.680 --> 00:38:26.940
 how we

00:38:26.940 --> 00:38:27.260
 got the

00:38:27.260 --> 00:38:27.600
 fuller

00:38:27.600 --> 00:38:27.880
 one

00:38:27.880 --> 00:38:29.500
 from the

00:38:29.500 --> 00:38:29.800
 shorter

00:38:29.800 --> 00:38:30.920
 original

00:38:30.920 --> 00:38:32.800
 extraordinary

00:38:32.800 --> 00:38:34.400
 so

00:38:34.400 --> 00:38:35.600
 let's

00:38:35.600 --> 00:38:36.700
 conclude

00:38:36.700 --> 00:38:37.480
 by considering

00:38:37.480 --> 00:38:39.700
 what were

00:38:39.700 --> 00:38:40.400
 these

00:38:40.400 --> 00:38:40.940
 enriching

00:38:40.940 --> 00:38:41.340
 additions

00:38:41.340 --> 00:38:43.400
 that give

00:38:43.400 --> 00:38:43.820
 us

00:38:43.820 --> 00:38:44.400
 the

00:38:44.400 --> 00:38:44.820
 apostles

00:38:44.820 --> 00:38:45.340
 creed

00:38:45.340 --> 00:38:45.600
 yeah

00:38:45.600 --> 00:38:46.000
 yeah

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:47.180
 I'm sorry

00:38:47.180 --> 00:38:47.400
 but

00:38:47.400 --> 00:38:48.160
 the

00:38:48.160 --> 00:38:49.140
 Roman

00:38:49.140 --> 00:38:49.760
 symbol

00:38:49.760 --> 00:38:50.300
 do we

00:38:50.300 --> 00:38:50.680
 have

00:38:50.680 --> 00:38:51.620
 a

00:38:51.620 --> 00:38:52.140
 date

00:38:52.140 --> 00:38:52.500
 for the

00:38:52.500 --> 00:38:52.960
 earliest

00:38:52.960 --> 00:38:53.780
 extent

00:38:53.780 --> 00:38:54.620
 of

00:38:54.620 --> 00:38:55.140
 manuscript

00:38:55.140 --> 00:38:55.740
 or when

00:38:55.740 --> 00:38:56.000
 we

00:38:56.000 --> 00:38:57.240
 you just

00:38:57.240 --> 00:38:57.579
 mentioned

00:38:57.579 --> 00:38:57.900
 second

00:38:57.900 --> 00:38:58.300
 century

00:38:58.300 --> 00:38:58.579
 yeah

00:38:58.579 --> 00:38:59.039
 yeah

00:38:59.039 --> 00:39:00.320
 we already

00:39:00.320 --> 00:39:01.320
 have it

00:39:01.320 --> 00:39:01.579
 from the

00:39:01.579 --> 00:39:01.780
 second

00:39:01.780 --> 00:39:02.260
 century

00:39:02.260 --> 00:39:03.840
 so

00:39:03.840 --> 00:39:04.460
 that's

00:39:04.460 --> 00:39:05.140
 yeah

00:39:05.140 --> 00:39:06.579
 and we

00:39:06.579 --> 00:39:06.900
 know that

00:39:06.900 --> 00:39:07.140
 it goes

00:39:07.140 --> 00:39:07.620
 back further

00:39:07.620 --> 00:39:08.000
 than that

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:08.420
 but that's

00:39:08.420 --> 00:39:08.700
 where we

00:39:08.700 --> 00:39:09.000
 actually

00:39:09.000 --> 00:39:10.199
 we have

00:39:10.199 --> 00:39:10.820
 we have

00:39:10.820 --> 00:39:11.320
 copies from

00:39:11.320 --> 00:39:11.460
 that

00:39:11.460 --> 00:39:11.659
 wow

00:39:11.659 --> 00:39:12.119
 okay

00:39:12.119 --> 00:39:12.579
 thanks

00:39:12.579 --> 00:39:15.699
 so what

00:39:15.699 --> 00:39:16.199
 were these

00:39:16.199 --> 00:39:16.619
 additions

00:39:16.619 --> 00:39:17.340
 these enriching

00:39:17.340 --> 00:39:17.739
 additions

00:39:17.739 --> 00:39:18.760
 that we

00:39:18.760 --> 00:39:19.400
 now have

00:39:19.400 --> 00:39:20.260
 well

00:39:20.260 --> 00:39:21.019
 a few

00:39:21.019 --> 00:39:21.539
 of them

00:39:21.539 --> 00:39:22.440
 were already

00:39:22.440 --> 00:39:23.260
 contained

00:39:23.260 --> 00:39:23.880
 in

00:39:23.880 --> 00:39:25.099
 or

00:39:25.099 --> 00:39:26.079
 reminiscent

00:39:26.079 --> 00:39:26.559
 of the

00:39:26.559 --> 00:39:27.219
 Nicene

00:39:27.219 --> 00:39:27.760
 creed

00:39:27.760 --> 00:39:28.239
 this is what

00:39:28.239 --> 00:39:28.800
 Tom talked

00:39:28.800 --> 00:39:29.420
 about last

00:39:29.420 --> 00:39:29.800
 week

00:39:29.800 --> 00:39:31.940
 381

00:39:31.940 --> 00:39:33.519
 so for

00:39:33.519 --> 00:39:34.059
 example

00:39:34.059 --> 00:39:35.920
 you'll

00:39:35.920 --> 00:39:36.340
 yeah

00:39:36.340 --> 00:39:37.019
 isn't it

00:39:37.019 --> 00:39:37.300
 the other

00:39:37.300 --> 00:39:37.960
 way around

00:39:37.960 --> 00:39:39.519
 the Nicene

00:39:39.519 --> 00:39:39.900
 creed

00:39:39.900 --> 00:39:40.559
 is reminiscent

00:39:40.559 --> 00:39:41.340
 of these

00:39:41.340 --> 00:39:42.260
 well

00:39:42.260 --> 00:39:43.700
 there are

00:39:43.700 --> 00:39:44.019
 a few

00:39:44.019 --> 00:39:44.700
 phrases

00:39:44.700 --> 00:39:45.260
 that are

00:39:45.260 --> 00:39:45.480
 going to

00:39:45.480 --> 00:39:46.099
 get added

00:39:46.099 --> 00:39:46.539
 to the

00:39:46.539 --> 00:39:46.800
 Roman

00:39:46.800 --> 00:39:47.360
 symbol

00:39:47.360 --> 00:39:48.480
 that when

00:39:48.480 --> 00:39:48.780
 we look

00:39:48.780 --> 00:39:49.039
 at oh

00:39:49.039 --> 00:39:49.440
 that's

00:39:49.440 --> 00:39:49.700
 new

00:39:49.700 --> 00:39:50.059
 where did

00:39:50.059 --> 00:39:50.240
 that

00:39:50.240 --> 00:39:50.480
 come

00:39:50.480 --> 00:39:50.860
 from

00:39:50.860 --> 00:39:51.639
 some

00:39:51.639 --> 00:39:51.820
 of

00:39:51.820 --> 00:39:52.079
 these

00:39:52.079 --> 00:39:52.619
 things

00:39:52.619 --> 00:39:53.960
 we

00:39:53.960 --> 00:39:54.539
 see

00:39:54.539 --> 00:39:54.960
 as

00:39:54.960 --> 00:39:55.559
 echoing

00:39:55.559 --> 00:39:55.800
 what

00:39:55.800 --> 00:39:56.119
 was

00:39:56.119 --> 00:39:56.539
 already

00:39:56.539 --> 00:39:56.860
 in the

00:39:56.860 --> 00:39:57.340
 Nicene

00:39:57.340 --> 00:39:57.940
 creed

00:39:57.940 --> 00:40:00.280
 so when

00:40:00.280 --> 00:40:00.679
 Rome

00:40:00.679 --> 00:40:01.619
 is adopting

00:40:01.619 --> 00:40:01.900
 these

00:40:01.900 --> 00:40:02.220
 things

00:40:02.220 --> 00:40:02.440
 that

00:40:02.440 --> 00:40:03.320
 were

00:40:03.320 --> 00:40:03.659
 used

00:40:03.659 --> 00:40:03.860
 as

00:40:03.860 --> 00:40:04.240
 creeds

00:40:04.240 --> 00:40:04.599
 in the

00:40:04.599 --> 00:40:05.300
 outskirts

00:40:05.300 --> 00:40:05.980
 they said

00:40:05.980 --> 00:40:06.380
 oh

00:40:06.380 --> 00:40:06.760
 look

00:40:06.760 --> 00:40:07.059
 yeah

00:40:07.059 --> 00:40:07.340
 we don't

00:40:07.340 --> 00:40:07.559
 mind

00:40:07.559 --> 00:40:07.800
 taking

00:40:07.800 --> 00:40:08.039
 that

00:40:08.039 --> 00:40:08.420
 phrase

00:40:08.420 --> 00:40:09.159
 in fact

00:40:09.159 --> 00:40:10.059
 we remember

00:40:10.059 --> 00:40:10.639
 seeing that

00:40:10.639 --> 00:40:10.960
 phrase

00:40:10.960 --> 00:40:11.179
 in the

00:40:11.179 --> 00:40:11.539
 Nicene

00:40:11.539 --> 00:40:11.860
 creed

00:40:11.860 --> 00:40:12.139
 that they

00:40:12.139 --> 00:40:12.320
 would have

00:40:12.320 --> 00:40:12.460
 been

00:40:12.460 --> 00:40:12.760
 familiar

00:40:12.760 --> 00:40:13.099
 with

00:40:13.099 --> 00:40:14.619
 so

00:40:14.619 --> 00:40:15.079
 we're

00:40:15.079 --> 00:40:15.260
 in the

00:40:15.260 --> 00:40:15.480
 8th

00:40:15.480 --> 00:40:15.780
 century

00:40:15.780 --> 00:40:16.200
 now

00:40:16.200 --> 00:40:16.639
 they know

00:40:16.639 --> 00:40:16.760
 the

00:40:16.760 --> 00:40:17.139
 Nicene

00:40:17.139 --> 00:40:17.619
 creed

00:40:17.619 --> 00:40:18.599
 and they

00:40:18.599 --> 00:40:18.800
 thought

00:40:18.800 --> 00:40:19.019
 oh

00:40:19.019 --> 00:40:19.280
 yeah

00:40:19.280 --> 00:40:19.840
 so

00:40:19.840 --> 00:40:20.280
 the

00:40:20.280 --> 00:40:20.619
 Gallic

00:40:20.619 --> 00:40:20.980
 churches

00:40:20.980 --> 00:40:21.380
 are

00:40:21.380 --> 00:40:22.280
 suggesting

00:40:22.280 --> 00:40:22.880
 we add

00:40:22.880 --> 00:40:23.119
 this

00:40:23.119 --> 00:40:23.599
 phrase

00:40:23.599 --> 00:40:24.780
 so for

00:40:24.780 --> 00:40:25.179
 example

00:40:25.179 --> 00:40:25.700
 sorry

00:40:25.700 --> 00:40:26.480
 I thought

00:40:26.480 --> 00:40:26.800
 we were

00:40:26.800 --> 00:40:27.360
 still in

00:40:27.360 --> 00:40:27.559
 the

00:40:27.559 --> 00:40:27.820
 second

00:40:27.940 --> 00:40:28.179
 to the

00:40:28.179 --> 00:40:28.400
 fourth

00:40:28.400 --> 00:40:28.720
 century

00:40:28.720 --> 00:40:29.139
 okay

00:40:29.139 --> 00:40:29.500
 I'm

00:40:29.500 --> 00:40:29.780
 sorry

00:40:29.780 --> 00:40:30.000
 no

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:30.360
 this

00:40:30.360 --> 00:40:30.559
 is

00:40:30.559 --> 00:40:31.519
 the

00:40:31.519 --> 00:40:31.880
 eighth

00:40:31.880 --> 00:40:32.260
 century

00:40:32.260 --> 00:40:32.539
 now

00:40:32.539 --> 00:40:32.820
 this

00:40:32.820 --> 00:40:33.000
 is

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:33.380
 when

00:40:33.380 --> 00:40:35.960
 after

00:40:35.960 --> 00:40:36.139
 the

00:40:36.139 --> 00:40:36.360
 battle

00:40:36.360 --> 00:40:36.579
 of

00:40:36.579 --> 00:40:36.960
 Tours

00:40:36.960 --> 00:40:37.679
 in

00:40:37.679 --> 00:40:38.700
 732

00:40:38.700 --> 00:40:41.179
 that's

00:40:41.179 --> 00:40:41.340
 when

00:40:41.340 --> 00:40:41.599
 some

00:40:41.599 --> 00:40:41.700
 of

00:40:41.700 --> 00:40:41.880
 these

00:40:41.880 --> 00:40:42.320
 changes

00:40:42.320 --> 00:40:42.720
 begin

00:40:42.720 --> 00:40:43.019
 to be

00:40:43.019 --> 00:40:43.300
 brought

00:40:43.300 --> 00:40:43.659
 in

00:40:43.659 --> 00:40:45.559
 it

00:40:45.559 --> 00:40:45.780
 is

00:40:45.780 --> 00:40:46.800
 around

00:40:46.800 --> 00:40:48.519
 that

00:40:48.519 --> 00:40:49.139
 time

00:40:49.139 --> 00:40:50.079
 so

00:40:50.079 --> 00:40:50.840
 early

00:40:50.840 --> 00:40:51.220
 eighth

00:40:51.220 --> 00:40:51.720
 century

00:40:51.720 --> 00:40:52.480
 that

00:40:52.480 --> 00:40:52.780
 we

00:40:52.780 --> 00:40:53.400
 have

00:40:53.400 --> 00:40:53.599
 the

00:40:53.599 --> 00:40:54.039
 first

00:40:54.039 --> 00:40:54.619
 appearance

00:40:54.619 --> 00:40:55.440
 in

00:40:55.440 --> 00:40:56.579
 manuscript

00:40:56.579 --> 00:40:57.179
 form

00:40:57.179 --> 00:40:57.940
 of

00:40:57.940 --> 00:40:58.159
 the

00:40:58.159 --> 00:40:58.519
 apostles

00:40:58.519 --> 00:40:59.139
 creed

00:40:59.139 --> 00:41:00.339
 the

00:41:00.339 --> 00:41:00.559
 way

00:41:00.559 --> 00:41:00.759
 we

00:41:00.759 --> 00:41:01.019
 read

00:41:01.019 --> 00:41:01.139
 it

00:41:01.139 --> 00:41:01.440
 now

00:41:01.440 --> 00:41:01.940
 that

00:41:01.940 --> 00:41:03.000
 fuller

00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:03.159
 one

00:41:03.159 --> 00:41:03.279
 that

00:41:03.279 --> 00:41:03.379
 you

00:41:03.379 --> 00:41:03.719
 have

00:41:03.719 --> 00:41:04.079
 that

00:41:04.079 --> 00:41:04.359
 doesn't

00:41:04.359 --> 00:41:04.719
 appear

00:41:04.719 --> 00:41:05.159
 as

00:41:05.159 --> 00:41:05.799
 that

00:41:05.799 --> 00:41:06.119
 we don't

00:41:06.119 --> 00:41:06.339
 have

00:41:06.339 --> 00:41:06.679
 evidence

00:41:06.679 --> 00:41:07.279
 of it

00:41:07.279 --> 00:41:07.940
 exactly

00:41:07.940 --> 00:41:08.399
 in that

00:41:08.399 --> 00:41:08.759
 form

00:41:08.759 --> 00:41:09.399
 until

00:41:09.399 --> 00:41:09.619
 the

00:41:09.619 --> 00:41:09.839
 eighth

00:41:09.839 --> 00:41:10.279
 century

00:41:10.279 --> 00:41:11.519
 so

00:41:11.519 --> 00:41:11.839
 that's

00:41:11.839 --> 00:41:12.000
 yeah

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:12.639
 we're in the

00:41:12.639 --> 00:41:12.779
 eighth

00:41:12.779 --> 00:41:13.039
 century

00:41:13.039 --> 00:41:13.219
 now

00:41:13.219 --> 00:41:13.419
 sorry

00:41:13.419 --> 00:41:13.659
 about

00:41:13.659 --> 00:41:14.419
 that

00:41:14.419 --> 00:41:15.480
 yeah

00:41:15.480 --> 00:41:16.199
 yeah

00:41:16.199 --> 00:41:17.139
 Louis you

00:41:17.139 --> 00:41:17.559
 had a

00:41:17.559 --> 00:41:18.539
 question

00:41:18.539 --> 00:41:19.119
 no

00:41:19.119 --> 00:41:19.379
 okay

00:41:19.380 --> 00:41:21.380
 so

00:41:21.380 --> 00:41:21.980
 let me

00:41:21.980 --> 00:41:22.160
 give you

00:41:22.160 --> 00:41:22.260
 an

00:41:22.260 --> 00:41:22.539
 example

00:41:22.539 --> 00:41:22.740
 this

00:41:22.740 --> 00:41:23.260
 might

00:41:23.260 --> 00:41:23.420
 be

00:41:23.420 --> 00:41:23.720
 helpful

00:41:23.720 --> 00:41:24.400
 so

00:41:24.400 --> 00:41:24.800
 you'll

00:41:24.800 --> 00:41:25.240
 notice

00:41:25.240 --> 00:41:26.019
 that

00:41:26.019 --> 00:41:28.340
 they

00:41:28.340 --> 00:41:28.860
 have

00:41:28.860 --> 00:41:29.800
 in the

00:41:29.800 --> 00:41:30.380
 in the

00:41:30.380 --> 00:41:30.700
 received

00:41:30.700 --> 00:41:31.079
 form

00:41:31.079 --> 00:41:32.440
 I believe

00:41:32.440 --> 00:41:32.700
 in God

00:41:32.700 --> 00:41:33.039
 the Father

00:41:33.039 --> 00:41:33.539
 Almighty

00:41:33.539 --> 00:41:34.740
 maker

00:41:34.740 --> 00:41:35.320
 or creator

00:41:35.320 --> 00:41:35.780
 of heaven

00:41:35.780 --> 00:41:36.260
 and earth

00:41:36.260 --> 00:41:37.099
 so that

00:41:37.099 --> 00:41:37.340
 phrase

00:41:37.340 --> 00:41:37.900
 maker

00:41:37.900 --> 00:41:38.280
 creator

00:41:38.280 --> 00:41:38.579
 of heaven

00:41:38.579 --> 00:41:38.920
 and earth

00:41:38.920 --> 00:41:39.820
 that's

00:41:39.820 --> 00:41:40.860
 that was

00:41:40.860 --> 00:41:41.320
 not part

00:41:41.320 --> 00:41:41.480
 of the

00:41:41.480 --> 00:41:41.860
 original

00:41:41.860 --> 00:41:43.280
 but

00:41:43.280 --> 00:41:43.980
 that was

00:41:43.980 --> 00:41:44.840
 in the

00:41:44.840 --> 00:41:45.019
 eighth

00:41:45.019 --> 00:41:45.360
 century

00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:45.740
 that was

00:41:45.740 --> 00:41:46.059
 in some

00:41:46.059 --> 00:41:46.240
 of these

00:41:46.240 --> 00:41:46.440
 other

00:41:46.440 --> 00:41:46.940
 creeds

00:41:46.940 --> 00:41:47.980
 so Rome's

00:41:47.980 --> 00:41:48.200
 thinking

00:41:48.200 --> 00:41:49.019
 do we

00:41:49.019 --> 00:41:49.659
 do we

00:41:49.659 --> 00:41:49.920
 accept

00:41:49.920 --> 00:41:50.380
 that

00:41:50.380 --> 00:41:50.940
 oh

00:41:50.940 --> 00:41:53.200
 we have

00:41:53.200 --> 00:41:53.659
 no problem

00:41:53.659 --> 00:41:54.099
 with that

00:41:54.099 --> 00:41:54.599
 besides

00:41:54.599 --> 00:41:55.500
 it's a

00:41:55.500 --> 00:41:55.760
 phrase

00:41:55.760 --> 00:41:55.980
 that's

00:41:55.980 --> 00:41:56.300
 in the

00:41:56.300 --> 00:41:56.720
 Nicene

00:41:56.720 --> 00:41:57.019
 creed

00:41:57.019 --> 00:41:57.380
 anyway

00:41:57.380 --> 00:41:58.119
 why

00:41:58.119 --> 00:41:58.320
 would

00:41:58.320 --> 00:41:58.460
 we

00:41:58.460 --> 00:41:58.639
 have

00:41:58.639 --> 00:41:58.780
 any

00:41:58.780 --> 00:41:59.099
 trouble

00:41:59.099 --> 00:42:00.059
 adopting

00:42:00.059 --> 00:42:00.480
 that

00:42:00.480 --> 00:42:00.900
 that

00:42:00.900 --> 00:42:01.179
 doesn't

00:42:01.179 --> 00:42:01.420
 seem

00:42:01.420 --> 00:42:01.679
 too

00:42:01.679 --> 00:42:02.099
 racy

00:42:02.099 --> 00:42:03.000
 you know

00:42:03.000 --> 00:42:03.340
 it doesn't

00:42:03.340 --> 00:42:03.539
 seem

00:42:03.539 --> 00:42:04.079
 too risky

00:42:04.079 --> 00:42:04.460
 it's

00:42:04.460 --> 00:42:04.639
 in the

00:42:04.639 --> 00:42:04.960
 Nicene

00:42:04.960 --> 00:42:05.200
 creed

00:42:05.200 --> 00:42:05.700
 it's

00:42:05.700 --> 00:42:05.920
 not

00:42:05.920 --> 00:42:06.340
 unbiblical

00:42:06.340 --> 00:42:06.760
 yeah

00:42:06.760 --> 00:42:07.079
 that's

00:42:07.079 --> 00:42:07.460
 probably

00:42:07.460 --> 00:42:07.619
 the

00:42:07.619 --> 00:42:07.920
 fundamental

00:42:07.920 --> 00:42:08.320
 question

00:42:08.320 --> 00:42:08.780
 to ask

00:42:08.780 --> 00:42:09.320
 yeah

00:42:09.320 --> 00:42:09.639
 yeah

00:42:09.639 --> 00:42:10.460
 absolutely

00:42:10.460 --> 00:42:11.400
 so

00:42:11.400 --> 00:42:12.420
 so that's

00:42:12.420 --> 00:42:12.740
 one of them

00:42:12.740 --> 00:42:12.960
 and you'll

00:42:12.960 --> 00:42:13.139
 notice

00:42:13.139 --> 00:42:13.519
 that's

00:42:13.519 --> 00:42:14.220
 one of the

00:42:14.220 --> 00:42:15.440
 phrases

00:42:15.440 --> 00:42:16.260
 that gets

00:42:16.260 --> 00:42:16.740
 added

00:42:16.740 --> 00:42:18.920
 creator

00:42:18.920 --> 00:42:19.300
 of heaven

00:42:19.300 --> 00:42:19.740
 and earth

00:42:19.740 --> 00:42:21.340
 so

00:42:21.340 --> 00:42:22.020
 and

00:42:22.020 --> 00:42:22.880
 probably

00:42:22.880 --> 00:42:23.140
 they

00:42:23.140 --> 00:42:23.400
 assume

00:42:23.400 --> 00:42:23.700
 well you

00:42:23.700 --> 00:42:23.780
 know

00:42:23.780 --> 00:42:24.240
 we meant

00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:24.440
 that

00:42:24.440 --> 00:42:24.800
 anyway

00:42:24.800 --> 00:42:25.520
 when we

00:42:25.520 --> 00:42:25.740
 talked

00:42:25.740 --> 00:42:26.020
 about

00:42:26.020 --> 00:42:26.640
 God

00:42:26.640 --> 00:42:26.840
 the

00:42:26.840 --> 00:42:27.500
 father

00:42:27.500 --> 00:42:28.060
 almighty

00:42:28.060 --> 00:42:29.120
 father

00:42:29.120 --> 00:42:29.680
 also

00:42:29.680 --> 00:42:30.100
 meant

00:42:30.100 --> 00:42:31.260
 generator

00:42:31.260 --> 00:42:31.920
 of all

00:42:31.920 --> 00:42:32.340
 things

00:42:32.340 --> 00:42:32.640
 so

00:42:32.640 --> 00:42:33.060
 yeah

00:42:33.060 --> 00:42:33.220
 we

00:42:33.220 --> 00:42:33.560
 probably

00:42:33.560 --> 00:42:33.820
 meant

00:42:33.820 --> 00:42:34.020
 that

00:42:34.020 --> 00:42:34.460
 anyway

00:42:34.460 --> 00:42:35.200
 you know

00:42:35.200 --> 00:42:35.480
 and it's

00:42:35.480 --> 00:42:35.700
 nothing

00:42:35.700 --> 00:42:36.220
 strange

00:42:36.220 --> 00:42:36.440
 and it's

00:42:36.440 --> 00:42:36.740
 biblical

00:42:36.740 --> 00:42:37.300
 so why

00:42:37.300 --> 00:42:37.600
 wouldn't

00:42:37.600 --> 00:42:37.760
 we

00:42:37.760 --> 00:42:38.000
 take

00:42:38.000 --> 00:42:38.280
 that

00:42:38.280 --> 00:42:38.680
 yeah

00:42:38.680 --> 00:42:38.920
 we'll

00:42:38.920 --> 00:42:39.180
 take

00:42:39.180 --> 00:42:39.420
 it

00:42:39.420 --> 00:42:40.100
 we'll

00:42:40.100 --> 00:42:40.300
 add

00:42:40.300 --> 00:42:40.640
 that

00:42:40.640 --> 00:42:41.020
 that's

00:42:41.020 --> 00:42:41.380
 okay

00:42:41.380 --> 00:42:41.840
 we'll

00:42:41.840 --> 00:42:42.020
 add

00:42:42.020 --> 00:42:42.360
 that

00:42:42.360 --> 00:42:42.820
 any

00:42:42.820 --> 00:42:43.700
 demure

00:42:43.700 --> 00:42:44.120
 no

00:42:44.120 --> 00:42:44.420
 no

00:42:44.420 --> 00:42:45.320
 every

00:42:45.320 --> 00:42:45.680
 fort

00:42:45.679 --> 00:42:46.659
 the ace

00:42:46.659 --> 00:42:47.159
 take it

00:42:47.159 --> 00:42:47.879
 universally

00:42:47.879 --> 00:42:48.639
 there we

00:42:48.639 --> 00:42:48.899
 go

00:42:48.899 --> 00:42:49.259
 yeah

00:42:49.259 --> 00:42:49.699
 we'll

00:42:49.699 --> 00:42:50.419
 add this

00:42:50.419 --> 00:42:51.719
 so that

00:42:51.719 --> 00:42:52.119
 would be

00:42:52.119 --> 00:42:52.940
 an example

00:42:52.940 --> 00:42:53.879
 of some

00:42:53.879 --> 00:42:54.099
 of the

00:42:54.099 --> 00:42:54.539
 things that

00:42:54.539 --> 00:42:54.859
 they were

00:42:54.859 --> 00:42:55.839
 willing to

00:42:55.839 --> 00:42:56.139
 add

00:42:56.139 --> 00:42:57.699
 and

00:42:57.699 --> 00:42:58.359
 you know

00:42:58.359 --> 00:42:59.159
 perhaps

00:42:59.159 --> 00:43:00.579
 it can be

00:43:00.579 --> 00:43:01.219
 heard maybe

00:43:01.219 --> 00:43:02.440
 a rumble

00:43:02.440 --> 00:43:03.960
 of anti-gnosticism

00:43:03.960 --> 00:43:04.579
 again

00:43:04.579 --> 00:43:05.219
 gnostics

00:43:05.219 --> 00:43:05.839
 oh

00:43:05.839 --> 00:43:07.599
 creation

00:43:07.599 --> 00:43:08.899
 is

00:43:08.900 --> 00:43:09.200
 is

00:43:09.200 --> 00:43:09.519
 you know

00:43:09.519 --> 00:43:10.460
 god

00:43:10.460 --> 00:43:10.480
 god

00:43:10.480 --> 00:43:10.660
 is

00:43:10.660 --> 00:43:10.860
 never

00:43:10.860 --> 00:43:11.019
 going

00:43:11.019 --> 00:43:11.079
 to

00:43:11.079 --> 00:43:11.260
 have

00:43:11.260 --> 00:43:11.440
 any

00:43:11.440 --> 00:43:11.660
 sort

00:43:11.660 --> 00:43:11.780
 of

00:43:11.780 --> 00:43:12.240
 contact

00:43:12.240 --> 00:43:12.559
 with

00:43:12.559 --> 00:43:12.680
 the

00:43:12.680 --> 00:43:13.000
 material

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:13.480
 universe

00:43:13.480 --> 00:43:14.079
 so if

00:43:14.079 --> 00:43:14.240
 he's

00:43:14.240 --> 00:43:14.340
 going

00:43:14.340 --> 00:43:14.460
 to

00:43:14.460 --> 00:43:14.900
 create

00:43:14.900 --> 00:43:15.740
 he's

00:43:15.740 --> 00:43:16.240
 he's

00:43:16.240 --> 00:43:16.420
 got

00:43:16.420 --> 00:43:16.559
 to

00:43:16.559 --> 00:43:16.880
 have

00:43:16.880 --> 00:43:17.559
 all

00:43:17.559 --> 00:43:17.760
 these

00:43:17.760 --> 00:43:18.599
 intermediators

00:43:18.599 --> 00:43:18.960
 these

00:43:18.960 --> 00:43:19.720
 demiurgs

00:43:19.720 --> 00:43:20.019
 and all

00:43:20.019 --> 00:43:20.260
 that

00:43:20.260 --> 00:43:20.420
 that

00:43:20.420 --> 00:43:20.639
 you know

00:43:20.639 --> 00:43:20.800
 he

00:43:20.800 --> 00:43:22.160
 would

00:43:22.160 --> 00:43:22.599
 never

00:43:22.599 --> 00:43:22.820
 be

00:43:22.820 --> 00:43:22.940
 in

00:43:22.940 --> 00:43:23.160
 direct

00:43:23.160 --> 00:43:23.519
 contact

00:43:23.519 --> 00:43:23.760
 with

00:43:23.760 --> 00:43:24.119
 creation

00:43:24.119 --> 00:43:24.400
 that's

00:43:24.400 --> 00:43:24.760
 material

00:43:24.760 --> 00:43:25.079
 stuff

00:43:25.079 --> 00:43:25.360
 that's

00:43:25.360 --> 00:43:25.660
 yuck

00:43:25.660 --> 00:43:25.880
 yuck

00:43:25.880 --> 00:43:26.200
 yuck

00:43:26.200 --> 00:43:26.200


00:43:26.200 --> 00:43:26.400
 yuck

00:43:26.400 --> 00:43:26.740
 that's

00:43:26.740 --> 00:43:26.940
 too

00:43:26.940 --> 00:43:27.160
 yucky

00:43:27.160 --> 00:43:27.380
 for

00:43:27.380 --> 00:43:27.660
 god

00:43:27.660 --> 00:43:28.880
 no

00:43:28.880 --> 00:43:28.880


00:43:28.880 --> 00:43:29.480
 no

00:43:29.480 --> 00:43:29.880
 no

00:43:29.880 --> 00:43:30.059
 you're

00:43:30.059 --> 00:43:30.460
 absolutely

00:43:30.460 --> 00:43:30.900
 wrong

00:43:30.900 --> 00:43:31.639
 creator

00:43:31.639 --> 00:43:31.879
 creator

00:43:31.879 --> 00:43:32.259
 of

00:43:32.259 --> 00:43:32.579
 heaven

00:43:32.579 --> 00:43:33.099
 and

00:43:33.099 --> 00:43:33.639
 earth

00:43:33.639 --> 00:43:34.519
 okay

00:43:34.519 --> 00:43:34.859
 and

00:43:34.859 --> 00:43:35.179
 heaven

00:43:35.179 --> 00:43:35.319
 and

00:43:35.319 --> 00:43:35.460
 earth

00:43:35.460 --> 00:43:35.659
 is

00:43:35.659 --> 00:43:36.400
 merism

00:43:36.400 --> 00:43:37.099
 if you

00:43:37.099 --> 00:43:37.259
 say

00:43:37.259 --> 00:43:37.619
 you know

00:43:37.619 --> 00:43:38.519
 the two

00:43:38.519 --> 00:43:38.699
 ends

00:43:38.699 --> 00:43:38.920
 of the

00:43:38.920 --> 00:43:39.259
 spectrum

00:43:39.259 --> 00:43:39.799
 includes

00:43:39.799 --> 00:43:40.119
 everything

00:43:40.119 --> 00:43:40.639
 in between

00:43:40.639 --> 00:43:41.000
 creator

00:43:41.000 --> 00:43:41.159
 of

00:43:41.159 --> 00:43:41.679
 everything

00:43:41.679 --> 00:43:42.339
 everything

00:43:42.339 --> 00:43:42.940
 yeah

00:43:42.940 --> 00:43:43.599
 not only

00:43:43.599 --> 00:43:43.859
 that

00:43:43.859 --> 00:43:44.199
 when he

00:43:44.199 --> 00:43:44.639
 created

00:43:44.639 --> 00:43:45.019
 everything

00:43:45.019 --> 00:43:45.579
 he called

00:43:45.579 --> 00:43:46.019
 it good

00:43:46.019 --> 00:43:46.579
 called it

00:43:46.579 --> 00:43:46.759
 good

00:43:46.759 --> 00:43:47.059
 there you

00:43:47.059 --> 00:43:47.279
 go

00:43:47.279 --> 00:43:47.619
 yeah

00:43:47.619 --> 00:43:48.000
 in their

00:43:48.000 --> 00:43:48.339
 face

00:43:48.339 --> 00:43:48.599
 yep

00:43:48.599 --> 00:43:48.900
 there

00:43:48.900 --> 00:43:49.019
 you

00:43:49.019 --> 00:43:49.259
 go

00:43:49.259 --> 00:43:49.859
 got

00:43:49.859 --> 00:43:50.219
 that

00:43:50.219 --> 00:43:51.339
 absolutely

00:43:51.339 --> 00:43:52.299
 I think

00:43:52.299 --> 00:43:52.539
 there's

00:43:52.539 --> 00:43:52.819
 another

00:43:52.819 --> 00:43:53.119
 way

00:43:53.119 --> 00:43:53.279
 to

00:43:53.279 --> 00:43:53.579
 read

00:43:53.579 --> 00:43:53.920
 that

00:43:53.920 --> 00:43:55.039
 clause

00:43:55.039 --> 00:43:55.379
 though

00:43:55.379 --> 00:43:55.639
 and

00:43:55.639 --> 00:43:55.859
 that

00:43:55.859 --> 00:43:56.179
 is

00:43:56.179 --> 00:43:56.699
 as

00:43:56.699 --> 00:43:56.859
 a

00:43:56.859 --> 00:43:57.460
 concession

00:43:57.460 --> 00:43:57.500
!

00:44:01.639 --> 00:44:02.259
 who

00:44:02.259 --> 00:44:03.000
 made

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:03.299
 heaven

00:44:03.299 --> 00:44:03.500
 and

00:44:03.500 --> 00:44:03.819
 earth

00:44:03.819 --> 00:44:05.099
 well

00:44:05.099 --> 00:44:05.659
 God

00:44:05.659 --> 00:44:05.839
 the

00:44:05.839 --> 00:44:06.279
 father

00:44:06.279 --> 00:44:07.039
 right

00:44:07.039 --> 00:44:10.400
 well

00:44:10.400 --> 00:44:13.000
 I

00:44:13.000 --> 00:44:13.879
 think

00:44:13.879 --> 00:44:14.379
 Jesus

00:44:14.379 --> 00:44:15.619
 yeah

00:44:15.619 --> 00:44:16.420
 it's

00:44:16.420 --> 00:44:17.460
 that was

00:44:17.460 --> 00:44:17.859
 a lot

00:44:17.859 --> 00:44:18.059
 of the

00:44:18.059 --> 00:44:18.400
 debate

00:44:18.400 --> 00:44:19.099
 so

00:44:19.099 --> 00:44:19.639
 when

00:44:19.639 --> 00:44:20.079
 if you

00:44:20.079 --> 00:44:20.239
 look

00:44:20.239 --> 00:44:20.359
 in

00:44:20.359 --> 00:44:20.819
 proverbs

00:44:20.819 --> 00:44:21.099
 and

00:44:21.099 --> 00:44:21.739
 I

00:44:21.739 --> 00:44:22.119
 can't

00:44:22.119 --> 00:44:22.239
 get

00:44:22.239 --> 00:44:22.359
 into

00:44:22.359 --> 00:44:22.539
 this

00:44:22.539 --> 00:44:22.819
 too

00:44:22.819 --> 00:44:23.079
 much

00:44:23.079 --> 00:44:23.440
 now

00:44:23.440 --> 00:44:23.779
 and

00:44:23.779 --> 00:44:23.940
 this

00:44:23.940 --> 00:44:24.159
 is

00:44:24.159 --> 00:44:24.659
 hopefully

00:44:24.659 --> 00:44:24.879
 that

00:44:24.879 --> 00:44:25.019
 was

00:44:25.019 --> 00:44:25.359
 Tom's

00:44:25.359 --> 00:44:25.579
 glass

00:44:25.579 --> 00:44:26.159
 territory

00:44:26.159 --> 00:44:27.480
 one

00:44:27.480 --> 00:44:27.699
 of

00:44:27.699 --> 00:44:28.000
 the

00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:29.659
 arguments

00:44:29.659 --> 00:44:29.879
 that

00:44:29.879 --> 00:44:30.460
 Athanasius

00:44:30.460 --> 00:44:31.079
 made

00:44:31.079 --> 00:44:32.299
 was

00:44:32.299 --> 00:44:33.619
 Christ

00:44:33.619 --> 00:44:34.679
 is

00:44:34.679 --> 00:44:35.099
 wisdom

00:44:35.099 --> 00:44:35.340
 he

00:44:35.340 --> 00:44:36.059
 created

00:44:36.059 --> 00:44:36.319
 yes

00:44:36.319 --> 00:44:36.480
 the

00:44:36.480 --> 00:44:36.659
 father

00:44:36.659 --> 00:44:37.019
 created

00:44:37.019 --> 00:44:37.239
 but

00:44:37.239 --> 00:44:37.579
 through

00:44:37.579 --> 00:44:38.079
 wisdom

00:44:38.079 --> 00:44:38.279
 and

00:44:38.279 --> 00:44:38.420
 who

00:44:38.420 --> 00:44:38.659
 was

00:44:38.659 --> 00:44:38.860
 that

00:44:38.860 --> 00:44:39.259
 wisdom

00:44:39.259 --> 00:44:40.259
 that's

00:44:40.259 --> 00:44:40.480
 the

00:44:40.480 --> 00:44:40.980
 son

00:44:40.980 --> 00:44:42.279
 so

00:44:42.279 --> 00:44:42.699
 yes

00:44:42.699 --> 00:44:42.980
 you're

00:44:42.980 --> 00:44:43.239
 right

00:44:43.239 --> 00:44:43.659
 Arians

00:44:43.659 --> 00:44:43.900
 would

00:44:43.900 --> 00:44:44.420
 make

00:44:44.420 --> 00:44:44.759
 this

00:44:44.759 --> 00:44:45.759
 I

00:44:45.759 --> 00:44:45.960
 don't

00:44:45.960 --> 00:44:46.179
 think

00:44:46.179 --> 00:44:46.319
 that

00:44:46.319 --> 00:44:46.480
 this

00:44:46.480 --> 00:44:46.659
 would

00:44:46.659 --> 00:44:46.739
 have

00:44:46.739 --> 00:44:46.819
 been

00:44:46.819 --> 00:44:46.940
 a

00:44:46.940 --> 00:44:47.360
 concession

00:44:47.360 --> 00:44:47.500
 to

00:44:47.500 --> 00:44:47.599
 the

00:44:47.599 --> 00:44:47.920
 Arians

00:44:47.920 --> 00:44:48.079
 because

00:44:48.079 --> 00:44:48.159
 the

00:44:48.159 --> 00:44:48.380
 debate

00:44:48.380 --> 00:44:48.579
 would

00:44:48.579 --> 00:44:48.819
 well

00:44:48.819 --> 00:44:49.099
 yes

00:44:49.099 --> 00:44:49.500
 sure

00:44:49.500 --> 00:44:49.659
 the

00:44:49.659 --> 00:44:49.980
 father

00:44:49.980 --> 00:44:50.259
 was

00:44:50.259 --> 00:44:50.599
 involved

00:44:50.599 --> 00:44:50.819
 but

00:44:50.819 --> 00:44:51.219
 who

00:44:51.219 --> 00:44:51.340
 did

00:44:51.340 --> 00:44:51.440
 he

00:44:51.440 --> 00:44:51.579
 do

00:44:51.579 --> 00:44:51.719
 it

00:44:51.719 --> 00:44:52.019
 through

00:44:52.019 --> 00:44:52.779
 the

00:44:52.779 --> 00:44:53.099
 son

00:44:53.099 --> 00:44:54.699
 so

00:44:54.699 --> 00:44:55.179
 yes

00:44:55.179 --> 00:44:56.199
 this

00:44:56.199 --> 00:44:56.340
 is

00:44:56.340 --> 00:44:56.579
 very

00:44:56.579 --> 00:44:57.259
 unimportant

00:44:57.259 --> 00:44:57.259


00:45:01.079 --> 00:45:02.119
 oh

00:45:02.119 --> 00:45:02.360
 it sounds

00:45:02.360 --> 00:45:02.659
 good to the

00:45:02.659 --> 00:45:02.860
 ear

00:45:02.860 --> 00:45:03.940
 creator

00:45:03.940 --> 00:45:07.099
 I

00:45:07.099 --> 00:45:08.659
 love that

00:45:08.659 --> 00:45:08.880
 yeah

00:45:08.880 --> 00:45:09.159
 yeah

00:45:09.159 --> 00:45:12.179
 antiphonal

00:45:12.179 --> 00:45:12.799
 yeah

00:45:12.799 --> 00:45:14.299
 yeah

00:45:14.299 --> 00:45:15.880
 yeah I like it

00:45:15.880 --> 00:45:16.059
 I mean

00:45:16.059 --> 00:45:16.539
 let's make

00:45:16.539 --> 00:45:16.700
 sure

00:45:16.700 --> 00:45:16.980
 that it's

00:45:16.980 --> 00:45:17.380
 true

00:45:17.380 --> 00:45:17.780
 you're

00:45:17.780 --> 00:45:18.039
 right

00:45:18.039 --> 00:45:18.519
 but

00:45:18.519 --> 00:45:18.760
 then

00:45:18.760 --> 00:45:19.119
 hey

00:45:19.119 --> 00:45:19.420
 I

00:45:19.420 --> 00:45:19.640
 have

00:45:19.640 --> 00:45:19.880
 nothing

00:45:19.880 --> 00:45:20.559
 nothing

00:45:20.559 --> 00:45:20.880
 against

00:45:20.880 --> 00:45:21.099
 it

00:45:21.099 --> 00:45:21.500
 sounding

00:45:21.500 --> 00:45:22.260
 sonorous

00:45:22.260 --> 00:45:23.260
 and lovely

00:45:23.260 --> 00:45:23.840
 cadences

00:45:23.840 --> 00:45:24.640
 what wonderful

00:45:24.640 --> 00:45:25.380
 rhythmic

00:45:25.380 --> 00:45:25.940
 cadences

00:45:25.940 --> 00:45:27.700
 well

00:45:27.700 --> 00:45:28.220
 let's

00:45:28.220 --> 00:45:30.059
 then

00:45:30.059 --> 00:45:33.160
 here

00:45:33.160 --> 00:45:33.980
 you notice

00:45:33.980 --> 00:45:34.500
 the addition

00:45:34.500 --> 00:45:35.380
 of Catholic

00:45:35.380 --> 00:45:36.880
 to Holy Church

00:45:36.880 --> 00:45:37.740
 Holy Catholic

00:45:37.740 --> 00:45:38.160
 Church

00:45:38.160 --> 00:45:38.599
 did you see

00:45:38.599 --> 00:45:38.840
 that

00:45:38.840 --> 00:45:39.559
 that was

00:45:39.559 --> 00:45:40.220
 added to

00:45:40.220 --> 00:45:41.980
 we're going

00:45:41.980 --> 00:45:42.240
 to get to

00:45:42.240 --> 00:45:42.519
 that in

00:45:42.519 --> 00:45:42.840
 just a

00:45:42.840 --> 00:45:43.099
 second

00:45:43.099 --> 00:45:43.519
 okay

00:45:43.519 --> 00:45:43.880
 okay

00:45:43.880 --> 00:45:44.180
 again

00:45:44.180 --> 00:45:45.579
 addition

00:45:45.579 --> 00:45:46.239
 of Catholic

00:45:46.239 --> 00:45:46.559
 Church

00:45:46.559 --> 00:45:46.880
 that was

00:45:46.880 --> 00:45:47.079
 added

00:45:47.079 --> 00:45:47.519
 well

00:45:47.519 --> 00:45:47.880
 that's

00:45:47.880 --> 00:45:48.079
 also

00:45:48.079 --> 00:45:48.380
 founded

00:45:48.380 --> 00:45:48.559
 in the

00:45:48.559 --> 00:45:49.179
 Nicene Creed

00:45:49.179 --> 00:45:49.840
 so okay

00:45:49.840 --> 00:45:50.340
 no trouble

00:45:50.340 --> 00:45:50.900
 no trouble

00:45:50.900 --> 00:45:52.360
 by the way

00:45:52.360 --> 00:45:52.779
 the term

00:45:52.779 --> 00:45:53.539
 simply means

00:45:53.539 --> 00:45:54.539
 universal

00:45:54.539 --> 00:45:55.299
 okay

00:45:55.299 --> 00:45:55.599
 it simply

00:45:55.599 --> 00:45:55.840
 means

00:45:55.840 --> 00:45:56.219
 universal

00:45:56.219 --> 00:45:56.920
 so it

00:45:56.920 --> 00:45:57.279
 comes from

00:45:57.279 --> 00:45:57.840
 the Greek

00:45:57.840 --> 00:45:59.460
 cathodicos

00:45:59.460 --> 00:46:00.440
 cathodicos

00:46:00.440 --> 00:46:01.319
 which is

00:46:01.319 --> 00:46:01.920
 comes from

00:46:01.920 --> 00:46:02.199
 the word

00:46:02.199 --> 00:46:02.819
 kata

00:46:02.819 --> 00:46:03.980
 according to

00:46:03.980 --> 00:46:05.099
 and holos

00:46:05.099 --> 00:46:06.619
 the whole

00:46:06.619 --> 00:46:08.199
 so the church

00:46:08.199 --> 00:46:08.880
 according to

00:46:08.880 --> 00:46:09.279
 the whole

00:46:09.279 --> 00:46:10.099
 that is

00:46:10.099 --> 00:46:10.759
 not just

00:46:10.759 --> 00:46:11.340
 a local

00:46:11.340 --> 00:46:11.739
 church

00:46:11.739 --> 00:46:12.500
 in Philippi

00:46:12.500 --> 00:46:13.039
 or a local

00:46:13.039 --> 00:46:13.420
 church in

00:46:13.420 --> 00:46:13.759
 Ephesus

00:46:13.759 --> 00:46:15.059
 but the whole

00:46:15.059 --> 00:46:15.559
 universal

00:46:15.579 --> 00:46:16.059
 church

00:46:16.059 --> 00:46:16.960
 that's what

00:46:16.960 --> 00:46:17.440
 the word

00:46:17.440 --> 00:46:17.940
 catholic

00:46:17.940 --> 00:46:18.659
 means

00:46:18.659 --> 00:46:19.639
 in this

00:46:19.639 --> 00:46:20.319
 confession

00:46:20.319 --> 00:46:20.840
 yeah

00:46:20.840 --> 00:46:21.840
 across time

00:46:21.840 --> 00:46:22.380
 and place

00:46:22.380 --> 00:46:24.920
 across time

00:46:24.920 --> 00:46:25.579
 and place

00:46:25.579 --> 00:46:26.539
 absolutely

00:46:26.539 --> 00:46:28.000
 so

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:29.739
 and then

00:46:29.739 --> 00:46:30.199
 that final

00:46:30.199 --> 00:46:30.579
 phrase

00:46:30.579 --> 00:46:31.340
 life everlasting

00:46:31.340 --> 00:46:32.619
 that's kind of

00:46:32.619 --> 00:46:33.079
 reminiscent

00:46:33.079 --> 00:46:33.920
 to the Nicene

00:46:33.920 --> 00:46:34.219
 Creed

00:46:34.219 --> 00:46:34.759
 which ends

00:46:34.759 --> 00:46:36.880
 the life

00:46:36.880 --> 00:46:37.360
 of the world

00:46:37.360 --> 00:46:37.799
 to come

00:46:37.799 --> 00:46:38.779
 so

00:46:38.779 --> 00:46:39.380
 okay

00:46:39.380 --> 00:46:40.159
 no problem

00:46:40.159 --> 00:46:41.059
 with any of those

00:46:41.059 --> 00:46:41.820
 now

00:46:41.820 --> 00:46:42.420
 so nothing

00:46:42.420 --> 00:46:42.779
 new

00:46:42.779 --> 00:46:43.219
 nothing

00:46:43.219 --> 00:46:43.519
 new

00:46:43.519 --> 00:46:44.139
 and adopting

00:46:44.139 --> 00:46:44.840
 those

00:46:44.840 --> 00:46:45.500
 changes

00:46:45.500 --> 00:46:46.480
 but

00:46:46.480 --> 00:46:48.500
 there

00:46:48.500 --> 00:46:49.099
 were

00:46:49.099 --> 00:46:49.559
 a few

00:46:49.559 --> 00:46:49.759
 other

00:46:49.759 --> 00:46:50.159
 places

00:46:50.159 --> 00:46:50.659
 where there

00:46:50.659 --> 00:46:51.259
 was something

00:46:51.259 --> 00:46:51.779
 new

00:46:51.779 --> 00:46:53.279
 two in

00:46:53.279 --> 00:46:53.739
 particular

00:46:53.739 --> 00:46:54.400
 could use

00:46:54.400 --> 00:46:55.059
 some comment

00:46:55.059 --> 00:46:55.619
 and we'll

00:46:55.619 --> 00:46:56.199
 make some

00:46:56.199 --> 00:46:56.679
 quick comment

00:46:56.679 --> 00:46:57.119
 on that

00:46:57.119 --> 00:46:57.579
 yeah

00:46:57.579 --> 00:46:58.219
 well you

00:46:58.219 --> 00:46:58.599
 you

00:46:58.599 --> 00:47:00.299
 Argus I'd

00:47:00.299 --> 00:47:00.719
 noticed

00:47:00.719 --> 00:47:01.259
 one of them

00:47:01.260 --> 00:47:02.160
 he descended

00:47:02.160 --> 00:47:03.020
 into hell

00:47:03.020 --> 00:47:04.200
 okay

00:47:04.200 --> 00:47:05.340
 he descended

00:47:05.340 --> 00:47:06.220
 into hell

00:47:06.220 --> 00:47:06.760
 he Christ

00:47:06.760 --> 00:47:08.200
 so Christ's

00:47:08.200 --> 00:47:08.760
 descent

00:47:08.760 --> 00:47:09.720
 into hell

00:47:09.720 --> 00:47:10.720
 is by far

00:47:10.720 --> 00:47:11.000
 the most

00:47:11.000 --> 00:47:11.560
 controversial

00:47:11.560 --> 00:47:12.380
 assertion

00:47:12.380 --> 00:47:13.080
 of the

00:47:13.080 --> 00:47:13.600
 Apostles

00:47:13.600 --> 00:47:14.080
 Creed

00:47:14.080 --> 00:47:14.680
 you know

00:47:14.680 --> 00:47:15.440
 I tell people

00:47:15.440 --> 00:47:15.740
 that you

00:47:15.740 --> 00:47:16.360
 wait a minute

00:47:16.360 --> 00:47:17.440
 should that

00:47:17.440 --> 00:47:17.820
 even be

00:47:17.820 --> 00:47:18.040
 in the

00:47:18.040 --> 00:47:18.400
 Creed

00:47:18.400 --> 00:47:19.400
 wait

00:47:19.400 --> 00:47:19.680
 is it

00:47:19.680 --> 00:47:19.900
 even

00:47:19.900 --> 00:47:20.380
 biblical

00:47:20.380 --> 00:47:21.860
 he descended

00:47:21.860 --> 00:47:22.520
 into hell

00:47:22.520 --> 00:47:24.460
 and its

00:47:24.460 --> 00:47:25.380
 case continues

00:47:25.380 --> 00:47:26.240
 to be argued

00:47:26.240 --> 00:47:26.980
 and re-argued

00:47:26.980 --> 00:47:27.800
 and re-argued

00:47:27.800 --> 00:47:28.580
 today

00:47:28.580 --> 00:47:29.640
 so

00:47:29.640 --> 00:47:30.380
 what did

00:47:30.380 --> 00:47:31.019
 the phrase

00:47:31.019 --> 00:47:31.780
 originally

00:47:31.780 --> 00:47:32.539
 mean

00:47:32.539 --> 00:47:34.019
 well it's

00:47:34.019 --> 00:47:34.420
 interesting

00:47:34.420 --> 00:47:35.220
 that Rufinus

00:47:35.220 --> 00:47:36.200
 of Aquileia

00:47:36.200 --> 00:47:36.940
 the earliest

00:47:36.940 --> 00:47:37.500
 commentator

00:47:37.500 --> 00:47:37.760
 on the

00:47:37.760 --> 00:47:38.059
 Creed

00:47:38.059 --> 00:47:38.640
 so he's

00:47:38.640 --> 00:47:39.019
 writing about

00:47:39.019 --> 00:47:39.900
 307 to

00:47:39.900 --> 00:47:40.619
 309

00:47:40.619 --> 00:47:42.320
 it was his

00:47:42.320 --> 00:47:42.760
 opinion

00:47:42.760 --> 00:47:43.539
 that it

00:47:43.539 --> 00:47:44.559
 simply meant

00:47:44.559 --> 00:47:45.320
 he descended

00:47:45.320 --> 00:47:45.920
 into hell

00:47:45.920 --> 00:47:46.599
 he said

00:47:46.599 --> 00:47:47.240
 the hell

00:47:47.240 --> 00:47:47.579
 hell

00:47:47.579 --> 00:47:48.940
 is the

00:47:48.940 --> 00:47:50.440
 it's a

00:47:50.440 --> 00:47:50.940
 translation

00:47:50.940 --> 00:47:51.360
 of the Old

00:47:51.360 --> 00:47:51.700
 Testament

00:47:51.700 --> 00:47:52.559
 Sheol

00:47:52.559 --> 00:47:54.059
 translated

00:47:54.059 --> 00:47:54.420
 in Greek

00:47:54.420 --> 00:47:55.180
 as Hades

00:47:55.180 --> 00:47:56.599
 and in

00:47:56.599 --> 00:47:56.960
 English

00:47:56.960 --> 00:47:57.480
 hell

00:47:57.480 --> 00:47:58.500
 so

00:47:58.500 --> 00:47:59.180
 simply

00:47:59.180 --> 00:47:59.700
 the place

00:47:59.700 --> 00:47:59.940
 of the

00:47:59.940 --> 00:48:00.200
 dead

00:48:00.199 --> 00:48:00.480
 or the

00:48:00.480 --> 00:48:00.980
 grave

00:48:00.980 --> 00:48:01.279
 that's

00:48:01.279 --> 00:48:01.419
 what

00:48:01.419 --> 00:48:01.960
 Rufinus

00:48:01.960 --> 00:48:02.339
 thought

00:48:02.339 --> 00:48:04.779
 undifferentiated

00:48:04.779 --> 00:48:05.239
 underworld

00:48:05.239 --> 00:48:05.719
 the place

00:48:05.719 --> 00:48:05.939
 of the

00:48:05.939 --> 00:48:06.199
 dead

00:48:06.199 --> 00:48:06.619
 so it's

00:48:06.619 --> 00:48:06.919
 just another

00:48:06.919 --> 00:48:07.219
 way to

00:48:07.219 --> 00:48:07.419
 say

00:48:07.419 --> 00:48:08.319
 he died

00:48:08.319 --> 00:48:09.519
 so it's

00:48:09.519 --> 00:48:09.819
 it's

00:48:09.819 --> 00:48:09.839
 it's

00:48:09.839 --> 00:48:10.539
 it's

00:48:10.539 --> 00:48:10.960
 it's

00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:11.739
 very likely

00:48:11.739 --> 00:48:12.379
 according to

00:48:12.379 --> 00:48:12.779
 Rufinus

00:48:12.779 --> 00:48:12.939
 that

00:48:12.939 --> 00:48:13.379
 that

00:48:13.379 --> 00:48:14.419
 that's

00:48:14.419 --> 00:48:15.179
 the way

00:48:15.179 --> 00:48:16.159
 that probably

00:48:16.159 --> 00:48:16.779
 at least

00:48:16.779 --> 00:48:17.819
 linguistically

00:48:17.819 --> 00:48:18.339
 he said

00:48:18.339 --> 00:48:18.639
 yeah

00:48:18.639 --> 00:48:18.919
 that's

00:48:18.919 --> 00:48:19.299
 that's

00:48:19.299 --> 00:48:19.739
 that's

00:48:19.739 --> 00:48:20.159
 probably

00:48:20.159 --> 00:48:21.239
 but

00:48:21.239 --> 00:48:22.019
 so we

00:48:22.019 --> 00:48:22.139
 could

00:48:22.139 --> 00:48:22.480
 understand

00:48:22.480 --> 00:48:22.599
 it

00:48:22.599 --> 00:48:22.879
 that way

00:48:22.879 --> 00:48:23.559
 but

00:48:23.559 --> 00:48:25.379
 the belief

00:48:25.379 --> 00:48:25.960
 that Christ

00:48:25.960 --> 00:48:27.059
 was active

00:48:27.059 --> 00:48:28.380
 during the

00:48:28.380 --> 00:48:28.840
 interval

00:48:28.840 --> 00:48:29.559
 between his

00:48:29.559 --> 00:48:30.340
 death and his

00:48:30.340 --> 00:48:31.000
 resurrection

00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:33.000
 his death

00:48:33.000 --> 00:48:33.460
 on the cross

00:48:33.460 --> 00:48:33.659
 and the

00:48:33.659 --> 00:48:34.099
 resurrection

00:48:34.099 --> 00:48:35.519
 and active

00:48:35.519 --> 00:48:36.199
 in the

00:48:36.199 --> 00:48:36.880
 underworld

00:48:36.880 --> 00:48:37.940
 was

00:48:37.940 --> 00:48:39.259
 commonplace

00:48:39.259 --> 00:48:40.519
 in the

00:48:40.519 --> 00:48:41.259
 earliest Christian

00:48:41.259 --> 00:48:41.900
 teaching and

00:48:41.900 --> 00:48:42.239
 preaching

00:48:42.239 --> 00:48:43.639
 so Ignatius

00:48:43.639 --> 00:48:44.759
 Polycarp

00:48:44.759 --> 00:48:45.799
 Irenaeus

00:48:45.799 --> 00:48:46.759
 Origen

00:48:46.759 --> 00:48:47.639
 Tertullian

00:48:47.639 --> 00:48:48.340
 Cyril

00:48:48.340 --> 00:48:49.760
 of Jerusalem

00:48:49.760 --> 00:48:52.220
 there are

00:48:52.220 --> 00:48:52.980
 quite a few

00:48:52.980 --> 00:48:53.840
 that think

00:48:53.840 --> 00:48:54.120
 this

00:48:54.120 --> 00:48:54.660
 so

00:48:54.660 --> 00:48:56.380
 what

00:48:56.380 --> 00:48:57.220
 according to

00:48:57.220 --> 00:48:57.400
 their

00:48:57.400 --> 00:48:58.100
 understanding

00:48:58.100 --> 00:48:59.300
 was Christ

00:48:59.300 --> 00:48:59.940
 doing

00:48:59.940 --> 00:49:00.860
 in hell

00:49:00.860 --> 00:49:01.539
 or the

00:49:01.539 --> 00:49:02.000
 underworld

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:02.960
 what was he

00:49:02.960 --> 00:49:03.300
 doing

00:49:03.300 --> 00:49:04.519
 between his

00:49:04.519 --> 00:49:05.220
 crucifixion

00:49:05.220 --> 00:49:06.579
 and the

00:49:06.579 --> 00:49:07.000
 resurrection

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:08.059
 okay

00:49:08.059 --> 00:49:08.660
 well

00:49:08.660 --> 00:49:09.320
 there were

00:49:09.320 --> 00:49:10.440
 two views

00:49:10.440 --> 00:49:11.120
 and they're

00:49:11.120 --> 00:49:12.180
 not incompatible

00:49:12.180 --> 00:49:12.780
 and sometimes

00:49:12.780 --> 00:49:13.079
 they were

00:49:13.079 --> 00:49:13.660
 blended or

00:49:13.660 --> 00:49:14.120
 mixed

00:49:14.120 --> 00:49:15.820
 one is

00:49:15.820 --> 00:49:16.140
 so think

00:49:16.140 --> 00:49:16.340
 of

00:49:16.340 --> 00:49:17.680
 heralding

00:49:17.679 --> 00:49:18.819
 and

00:49:18.819 --> 00:49:20.219
 harrowing

00:49:20.219 --> 00:49:21.299
 heralding

00:49:21.299 --> 00:49:22.099
 and harrowing

00:49:22.099 --> 00:49:22.440
 okay

00:49:22.440 --> 00:49:23.139
 heralding

00:49:23.139 --> 00:49:23.919
 that is

00:49:23.919 --> 00:49:24.539
 Christ

00:49:24.539 --> 00:49:25.539
 descended

00:49:25.539 --> 00:49:26.779
 into hell

00:49:26.779 --> 00:49:28.139
 to announce

00:49:28.139 --> 00:49:29.519
 his victory

00:49:29.519 --> 00:49:30.379
 over Satan

00:49:30.379 --> 00:49:31.039
 and his

00:49:31.039 --> 00:49:31.440
 demonic

00:49:31.440 --> 00:49:32.019
 denizens

00:49:32.019 --> 00:49:33.059
 and his

00:49:33.059 --> 00:49:33.940
 triumph for

00:49:33.940 --> 00:49:34.539
 his people

00:49:34.539 --> 00:49:35.219
 over death

00:49:35.219 --> 00:49:35.819
 and sin

00:49:35.819 --> 00:49:37.440
 so basically

00:49:37.440 --> 00:49:38.940
 an announcement

00:49:38.940 --> 00:49:40.119
 a heralding

00:49:40.119 --> 00:49:41.259
 Christ

00:49:41.259 --> 00:49:41.940
 is the

00:49:41.940 --> 00:49:42.359
 victor

00:49:42.359 --> 00:49:43.219
 I have

00:49:43.219 --> 00:49:44.159
 had victory

00:49:44.159 --> 00:49:44.940
 over

00:49:44.940 --> 00:49:45.899
 death

00:49:45.899 --> 00:49:46.759
 and hell

00:49:46.759 --> 00:49:47.639
 and Hades

00:49:47.639 --> 00:49:48.539
 opened

00:49:48.539 --> 00:49:49.359
 this gate

00:49:49.359 --> 00:49:50.219
 for

00:49:50.219 --> 00:49:51.099
 all those

00:49:51.099 --> 00:49:51.539
 who trust

00:49:51.539 --> 00:49:52.019
 in me

00:49:52.019 --> 00:49:53.239
 so that

00:49:53.239 --> 00:49:53.699
 was one

00:49:53.699 --> 00:49:54.099
 view

00:49:54.099 --> 00:49:54.420
 that they

00:49:54.420 --> 00:49:54.739
 thought

00:49:54.739 --> 00:49:55.920
 the other

00:49:55.920 --> 00:49:57.139
 harrowing

00:49:57.139 --> 00:49:58.420
 that is

00:49:58.420 --> 00:49:59.480
 taking some

00:49:59.480 --> 00:49:59.900
 out

00:49:59.900 --> 00:50:00.619
 okay

00:50:00.619 --> 00:50:01.480
 that is

00:50:01.480 --> 00:50:01.960
 Christ

00:50:01.960 --> 00:50:02.839
 actually

00:50:02.839 --> 00:50:03.699
 physically

00:50:03.699 --> 00:50:04.299
 went down

00:50:04.299 --> 00:50:04.719
 to hell

00:50:04.719 --> 00:50:06.019
 and liberated

00:50:06.019 --> 00:50:07.480
 the hell

00:50:07.480 --> 00:50:08.359
 imprisoned

00:50:08.359 --> 00:50:09.859
 particularly

00:50:09.859 --> 00:50:10.259
 that was

00:50:10.259 --> 00:50:10.460
 thought

00:50:10.460 --> 00:50:11.059
 old testament

00:50:11.059 --> 00:50:11.659
 saints

00:50:11.659 --> 00:50:12.019
 who were

00:50:12.019 --> 00:50:12.480
 kept in

00:50:12.480 --> 00:50:12.839
 bondage

00:50:12.839 --> 00:50:13.099
 kind of

00:50:13.099 --> 00:50:13.699
 in a

00:50:13.699 --> 00:50:14.199
 sheol

00:50:14.199 --> 00:50:15.139
 or the

00:50:15.139 --> 00:50:15.399
 bosom

00:50:15.399 --> 00:50:15.559
 of

00:50:15.559 --> 00:50:15.939
 Abraham

00:50:15.939 --> 00:50:16.339
 this

00:50:16.339 --> 00:50:16.619
 kind of

00:50:16.619 --> 00:50:17.480
 undifferentiated

00:50:17.480 --> 00:50:17.980
 place

00:50:17.980 --> 00:50:18.339
 of the

00:50:18.339 --> 00:50:18.679
 dead

00:50:18.679 --> 00:50:19.359
 and he

00:50:19.359 --> 00:50:19.960
 went down

00:50:19.960 --> 00:50:20.359
 there

00:50:20.359 --> 00:50:22.119
 and some

00:50:22.119 --> 00:50:23.599
 and then

00:50:23.599 --> 00:50:24.039
 preached

00:50:24.039 --> 00:50:24.539
 there

00:50:24.539 --> 00:50:25.159
 preached the

00:50:25.159 --> 00:50:25.519
 gospel

00:50:25.519 --> 00:50:26.639
 and some

00:50:26.639 --> 00:50:27.139
 even

00:50:27.139 --> 00:50:27.919
 suggest

00:50:27.919 --> 00:50:29.099
 that there

00:50:29.099 --> 00:50:29.799
 were those

00:50:29.799 --> 00:50:30.859
 not simply

00:50:30.859 --> 00:50:31.339
 the saints

00:50:31.339 --> 00:50:31.679
 who had

00:50:31.679 --> 00:50:32.500
 trusted

00:50:32.500 --> 00:50:33.480
 in God's

00:50:33.480 --> 00:50:33.859
 provision

00:50:33.859 --> 00:50:35.419
 but maybe

00:50:35.419 --> 00:50:35.919
 even some

00:50:35.919 --> 00:50:36.299
 others

00:50:36.299 --> 00:50:37.859
 that hadn't

00:50:37.859 --> 00:50:38.239
 before

00:50:38.239 --> 00:50:38.799
 they had a

00:50:38.799 --> 00:50:39.299
 chance to hear

00:50:39.299 --> 00:50:39.819
 the gospel

00:50:39.819 --> 00:50:40.179
 and they

00:50:40.179 --> 00:50:40.779
 responded to the

00:50:40.780 --> 00:50:41.120
 gospel

00:50:41.120 --> 00:50:41.780
 and he

00:50:41.780 --> 00:50:42.160
 was able

00:50:42.160 --> 00:50:42.700
 to take

00:50:42.700 --> 00:50:42.900
 them

00:50:42.900 --> 00:50:43.200
 out of

00:50:43.200 --> 00:50:43.400
 hell

00:50:43.400 --> 00:50:45.060
 so

00:50:45.060 --> 00:50:46.440
 that notion

00:50:46.440 --> 00:50:46.860
 was later

00:50:46.860 --> 00:50:47.320
 condemned

00:50:47.320 --> 00:50:48.320
 in a church

00:50:48.320 --> 00:50:48.700
 council

00:50:48.700 --> 00:50:49.240
 but it

00:50:49.240 --> 00:50:50.040
 was held

00:50:50.040 --> 00:50:50.360
 at least

00:50:50.360 --> 00:50:51.460
 by some

00:50:51.460 --> 00:50:52.280
 now

00:50:52.280 --> 00:50:52.980
 this might

00:50:52.980 --> 00:50:53.680
 strike some

00:50:53.680 --> 00:50:54.600
 as strange

00:50:54.600 --> 00:50:55.000
 who are

00:50:55.000 --> 00:50:55.600
 accustomed to

00:50:55.600 --> 00:50:55.960
 thinking

00:50:55.960 --> 00:50:57.300
 of salvation

00:50:57.300 --> 00:50:57.760
 in terms

00:50:57.760 --> 00:50:57.920
 of

00:50:57.920 --> 00:50:59.640
 wait

00:50:59.640 --> 00:51:00.280
 surely

00:51:00.280 --> 00:51:01.040
 everything

00:51:01.040 --> 00:51:01.380
 that needed

00:51:01.380 --> 00:51:01.680
 to happen

00:51:01.680 --> 00:51:01.920
 already

00:51:01.920 --> 00:51:02.180
 happened

00:51:02.180 --> 00:51:02.420
 on the

00:51:02.420 --> 00:51:02.820
 cross

00:51:02.820 --> 00:51:03.760
 what need

00:51:03.760 --> 00:51:04.120
 is there

00:51:04.120 --> 00:51:04.380
 to go

00:51:04.380 --> 00:51:04.600
 down

00:51:04.600 --> 00:51:05.100
 to hell

00:51:05.100 --> 00:51:06.500
 in any

00:51:06.500 --> 00:51:06.960
 of that

00:51:06.960 --> 00:51:09.840
 nothing

00:51:09.840 --> 00:51:10.500
 needed

00:51:10.500 --> 00:51:10.760
 there

00:51:10.760 --> 00:51:11.219
 surely

00:51:11.219 --> 00:51:12.739
 if

00:51:12.739 --> 00:51:13.199
 Jesus

00:51:13.199 --> 00:51:14.239
 took

00:51:14.239 --> 00:51:14.519
 on

00:51:14.519 --> 00:51:15.119
 all

00:51:15.119 --> 00:51:16.300
 what

00:51:16.300 --> 00:51:16.539
 I

00:51:16.539 --> 00:51:17.239
 deserved

00:51:17.239 --> 00:51:17.980
 and

00:51:17.980 --> 00:51:18.420
 hell

00:51:18.420 --> 00:51:18.699
 is

00:51:18.699 --> 00:51:18.920
 what

00:51:18.920 --> 00:51:19.099
 I

00:51:19.099 --> 00:51:19.760
 deserved

00:51:19.760 --> 00:51:20.539
 why

00:51:20.539 --> 00:51:20.960
 wouldn't

00:51:20.960 --> 00:51:21.139
 you

00:51:21.139 --> 00:51:21.639
 descend

00:51:21.639 --> 00:51:22.159
 into

00:51:22.159 --> 00:51:22.539
 hell

00:51:22.539 --> 00:51:24.260
 ah

00:51:24.260 --> 00:51:24.820
 okay

00:51:24.820 --> 00:51:25.179
 so we'll

00:51:25.179 --> 00:51:25.360
 get to

00:51:25.360 --> 00:51:25.619
 this in

00:51:25.619 --> 00:51:25.860
 just a

00:51:25.860 --> 00:51:26.000
 moment

00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:26.760
 this is

00:51:26.760 --> 00:51:27.000
 John

00:51:27.000 --> 00:51:27.500
 Calvin's

00:51:27.500 --> 00:51:27.739
 view

00:51:27.739 --> 00:51:28.400
 this is

00:51:28.400 --> 00:51:28.639
 John

00:51:28.639 --> 00:51:29.079
 Calvin's

00:51:29.079 --> 00:51:29.300
 view

00:51:29.300 --> 00:51:29.820
 yeah

00:51:29.820 --> 00:51:31.639
 and

00:51:31.639 --> 00:51:32.619
 I

00:51:32.619 --> 00:51:33.079
 think

00:51:33.079 --> 00:51:33.420
 that's

00:51:33.420 --> 00:51:34.059
 an

00:51:34.059 --> 00:51:34.280
 interesting

00:51:34.280 --> 00:51:34.579
 way

00:51:34.579 --> 00:51:34.840
 to

00:51:34.840 --> 00:51:35.019
 think

00:51:35.019 --> 00:51:35.260
 about

00:51:35.260 --> 00:51:35.500
 it

00:51:35.500 --> 00:51:36.739
 in

00:51:36.739 --> 00:51:37.340
 terms

00:51:37.340 --> 00:51:38.039
 of

00:51:38.039 --> 00:51:38.739
 the

00:51:38.739 --> 00:51:39.019
 early

00:51:39.019 --> 00:51:39.460
 church

00:51:39.460 --> 00:51:40.039
 many of

00:51:40.039 --> 00:51:40.480
 them thought

00:51:40.480 --> 00:51:41.679
 what a

00:51:41.679 --> 00:51:42.119
 wonderful

00:51:42.119 --> 00:51:42.619
 way to

00:51:42.619 --> 00:51:43.300
 express

00:51:43.300 --> 00:51:44.440
 Christus

00:51:44.440 --> 00:51:44.860
 victor

00:51:44.860 --> 00:51:45.420
 Christ

00:51:45.420 --> 00:51:45.659
 the

00:51:45.659 --> 00:51:46.059
 victor

00:51:46.059 --> 00:51:46.619
 he

00:51:46.619 --> 00:51:46.920
 has

00:51:46.920 --> 00:51:49.900
 fought

00:51:49.900 --> 00:51:50.699
 this great

00:51:50.699 --> 00:51:51.039
 battle

00:51:51.039 --> 00:51:51.360
 of our

00:51:51.360 --> 00:51:51.840
 enemies

00:51:51.840 --> 00:51:53.279
 the law

00:51:53.279 --> 00:51:53.920
 death

00:51:53.920 --> 00:51:54.460
 hell

00:51:54.460 --> 00:51:55.639
 satan

00:51:55.639 --> 00:51:56.599
 and he's

00:51:56.599 --> 00:51:56.940
 defeated

00:51:56.940 --> 00:51:57.360
 them

00:51:57.360 --> 00:51:57.900
 and he

00:51:57.900 --> 00:51:58.440
 announces

00:51:58.440 --> 00:51:59.279
 his triumph

00:51:59.279 --> 00:51:59.619
 and he

00:51:59.619 --> 00:52:00.099
 rescues

00:52:00.099 --> 00:52:00.599
 his own

00:52:00.599 --> 00:52:01.199
 from hell

00:52:01.199 --> 00:52:02.000
 so that's

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:02.559
 how they

00:52:02.559 --> 00:52:02.759
 thought

00:52:02.759 --> 00:52:02.940
 about

00:52:02.940 --> 00:52:03.199
 this

00:52:03.199 --> 00:52:03.699
 and this

00:52:03.699 --> 00:52:04.039
 sort of

00:52:04.039 --> 00:52:04.199
 thing

00:52:04.199 --> 00:52:04.779
 was very

00:52:04.779 --> 00:52:05.420
 very precious

00:52:05.420 --> 00:52:05.960
 to them

00:52:05.960 --> 00:52:06.840
 and they

00:52:06.840 --> 00:52:07.259
 emphasize it

00:52:07.259 --> 00:52:07.480
 a lot

00:52:07.480 --> 00:52:09.800
 some of

00:52:09.800 --> 00:52:10.139
 you might

00:52:10.139 --> 00:52:10.619
 be thinking

00:52:10.619 --> 00:52:11.099
 of 1st

00:52:11.099 --> 00:52:11.860
 Peter 3

00:52:11.860 --> 00:52:16.300
 where

00:52:16.300 --> 00:52:18.320
 it talks

00:52:18.320 --> 00:52:18.719
 about

00:52:18.719 --> 00:52:19.699
 this

00:52:19.699 --> 00:52:21.960
 strange

00:52:21.960 --> 00:52:22.579
 description

00:52:22.579 --> 00:52:23.980
 of

00:52:23.980 --> 00:52:25.240
 went down

00:52:25.240 --> 00:52:26.019
 and preached

00:52:26.019 --> 00:52:27.679
 to those

00:52:27.679 --> 00:52:28.219
 who were held

00:52:28.219 --> 00:52:28.719
 in captive

00:52:28.719 --> 00:52:29.559
 Jesus in spirit

00:52:29.559 --> 00:52:29.960
 went down

00:52:29.960 --> 00:52:30.240
 and preached

00:52:30.240 --> 00:52:30.500
 to those

00:52:30.500 --> 00:52:31.240
 who were held

00:52:31.240 --> 00:52:31.619
 in captive

00:52:31.619 --> 00:52:32.019
 you think

00:52:32.019 --> 00:52:32.840
 oh maybe

00:52:32.840 --> 00:52:33.219
 there's some

00:52:33.219 --> 00:52:33.880
 biblical basis

00:52:33.880 --> 00:52:35.380
 for that

00:52:35.380 --> 00:52:37.619
 it's interesting

00:52:37.619 --> 00:52:38.640
 that the

00:52:38.640 --> 00:52:40.119
 early church

00:52:40.119 --> 00:52:40.500
 fathers

00:52:40.500 --> 00:52:41.099
 writing about

00:52:41.099 --> 00:52:41.380
 this

00:52:41.380 --> 00:52:42.320
 never seemed

00:52:42.320 --> 00:52:42.960
 to connect

00:52:42.960 --> 00:52:43.880
 this descent

00:52:43.880 --> 00:52:44.260
 into hell

00:52:44.260 --> 00:52:44.700
 with that

00:52:44.700 --> 00:52:45.260
 passage

00:52:45.260 --> 00:52:46.440
 they never

00:52:46.440 --> 00:52:46.780
 did

00:52:46.780 --> 00:52:47.400
 no

00:52:47.400 --> 00:52:48.019
 no

00:52:48.019 --> 00:52:50.680
 I think

00:52:50.680 --> 00:52:51.280
 Augustine

00:52:51.280 --> 00:52:51.640
 is the

00:52:51.640 --> 00:52:51.980
 first

00:52:51.980 --> 00:52:52.380
 to

00:52:52.380 --> 00:52:53.599
 bring

00:52:53.599 --> 00:52:54.519
 that

00:52:54.519 --> 00:52:55.079
 connection

00:52:55.079 --> 00:52:55.820
 Augustine

00:52:55.820 --> 00:52:57.700
 but

00:52:57.700 --> 00:53:00.460
 yes

00:53:00.460 --> 00:53:01.200
 Raul

00:53:01.199 --> 00:53:04.859
 while none

00:53:04.859 --> 00:53:05.119
 of us

00:53:05.119 --> 00:53:05.539
 would certainly

00:53:05.539 --> 00:53:06.000
 want to

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:06.419
 mute

00:53:06.419 --> 00:53:07.039
 this

00:53:07.039 --> 00:53:07.599
 victory

00:53:07.599 --> 00:53:08.119
 motif

00:53:08.119 --> 00:53:08.859
 so radiantly

00:53:08.859 --> 00:53:09.319
 present

00:53:09.319 --> 00:53:09.699
 in the

00:53:09.699 --> 00:53:10.099
 scriptures

00:53:10.099 --> 00:53:11.980
 John Calvin

00:53:11.980 --> 00:53:12.659
 took the

00:53:12.659 --> 00:53:13.299
 phrase

00:53:13.299 --> 00:53:14.579
 he descended

00:53:14.579 --> 00:53:15.359
 into hell

00:53:15.359 --> 00:53:17.019
 to be

00:53:17.019 --> 00:53:19.619
 a

00:53:19.619 --> 00:53:20.460
 referring

00:53:20.460 --> 00:53:20.799
 to

00:53:20.799 --> 00:53:21.739
 Christ's

00:53:21.739 --> 00:53:22.639
 spiritual

00:53:22.639 --> 00:53:23.599
 sufferings

00:53:23.599 --> 00:53:25.139
 that is

00:53:25.139 --> 00:53:25.679
 Christ

00:53:25.679 --> 00:53:26.279
 on the

00:53:26.279 --> 00:53:26.699
 cross

00:53:26.699 --> 00:53:27.579
 bore

00:53:27.579 --> 00:53:27.579


00:53:27.579 --> 00:53:28.599
 the

00:53:28.599 --> 00:53:29.179
 full

00:53:29.179 --> 00:53:29.759
 agony

00:53:29.759 --> 00:53:30.039
 of

00:53:30.039 --> 00:53:30.500
 hell

00:53:30.500 --> 00:53:31.299
 that

00:53:31.299 --> 00:53:31.759
 we

00:53:31.759 --> 00:53:32.779
 his

00:53:32.779 --> 00:53:33.139
 people

00:53:33.139 --> 00:53:33.759
 deserved

00:53:33.759 --> 00:53:34.039
 that

00:53:34.039 --> 00:53:34.179
 is

00:53:34.179 --> 00:53:34.319
 the

00:53:34.319 --> 00:53:34.699
 full

00:53:34.699 --> 00:53:35.079
 weight

00:53:35.079 --> 00:53:35.319
 of

00:53:35.319 --> 00:53:35.759
 God's

00:53:35.759 --> 00:53:36.119
 wrath

00:53:36.119 --> 00:53:36.699
 rightly

00:53:36.699 --> 00:53:37.019
 do

00:53:37.019 --> 00:53:37.239
 his

00:53:37.239 --> 00:53:37.639
 elect

00:53:37.639 --> 00:53:38.319
 so

00:53:38.319 --> 00:53:38.519
 that

00:53:38.519 --> 00:53:38.960
 phrase

00:53:38.960 --> 00:53:39.699
 he

00:53:39.699 --> 00:53:40.199
 descended

00:53:40.199 --> 00:53:40.460
 into

00:53:40.460 --> 00:53:40.759
 hell

00:53:40.759 --> 00:53:41.019
 is

00:53:41.019 --> 00:53:41.340
 Christ

00:53:41.340 --> 00:53:41.559
 on

00:53:41.559 --> 00:53:41.719
 the

00:53:41.719 --> 00:53:42.159
 cross

00:53:42.159 --> 00:53:42.960
 experienced

00:53:42.960 --> 00:53:43.319
 the

00:53:43.319 --> 00:53:43.779
 full

00:53:43.779 --> 00:53:44.239
 weight

00:53:44.239 --> 00:53:44.739
 of

00:53:44.739 --> 00:53:45.319
 wrath

00:53:45.319 --> 00:53:46.079
 and all

00:53:46.079 --> 00:53:46.279
 that

00:53:46.279 --> 00:53:46.759
 spiritual

00:53:46.759 --> 00:53:47.259
 affliction

00:53:47.259 --> 00:53:47.699
 that

00:53:47.699 --> 00:53:47.900
 is

00:53:47.900 --> 00:53:48.259
 hell

00:53:48.259 --> 00:53:48.819
 what

00:53:48.819 --> 00:53:48.960
 is

00:53:48.960 --> 00:53:49.199
 hell

00:53:49.199 --> 00:53:49.599
 it

00:53:49.599 --> 00:53:49.759
 is

00:53:49.759 --> 00:53:50.000
 what

00:53:50.000 --> 00:53:50.599
 sinners

00:53:50.599 --> 00:53:51.119
 deserve

00:53:51.119 --> 00:53:51.719
 and

00:53:51.719 --> 00:53:52.079
 Christ

00:53:52.079 --> 00:53:52.639
 experienced

00:53:52.639 --> 00:53:52.940
 that

00:53:52.940 --> 00:53:53.759
 he

00:53:53.759 --> 00:53:54.279
 descended

00:53:54.279 --> 00:53:54.679
 into

00:53:54.679 --> 00:53:54.960
 that

00:53:54.960 --> 00:53:55.619
 experience

00:53:55.619 --> 00:53:55.819
 on

00:53:55.819 --> 00:53:55.960
 the

00:53:55.960 --> 00:53:56.340
 cross

00:53:56.340 --> 00:53:57.260
 and

00:53:57.260 --> 00:53:57.840
 that

00:53:57.840 --> 00:53:58.120
 is

00:53:58.120 --> 00:53:58.460
 how

00:53:58.460 --> 00:54:00.160
 John

00:54:00.160 --> 00:54:00.480
 Calvin

00:54:00.480 --> 00:54:00.760
 took

00:54:00.760 --> 00:54:01.120
 that

00:54:01.120 --> 00:54:02.079
 he

00:54:02.079 --> 00:54:02.320
 writes

00:54:02.320 --> 00:54:02.420
 in

00:54:02.420 --> 00:54:02.539
 his

00:54:02.539 --> 00:54:02.960
 institutes

00:54:02.960 --> 00:54:03.140
 the

00:54:03.140 --> 00:54:03.480
 point

00:54:03.480 --> 00:54:04.039
 is

00:54:04.039 --> 00:54:04.579
 that

00:54:04.579 --> 00:54:05.059
 Christ

00:54:05.059 --> 00:54:05.680
 endured

00:54:05.680 --> 00:54:05.980
 the

00:54:05.980 --> 00:54:06.660
 torments

00:54:06.660 --> 00:54:07.300
 of

00:54:07.300 --> 00:54:07.440
 the

00:54:07.440 --> 00:54:08.360
 damned

00:54:08.360 --> 00:54:08.940
 in

00:54:08.940 --> 00:54:09.320
 his

00:54:09.320 --> 00:54:09.780
 soul

00:54:09.780 --> 00:54:10.300
 in

00:54:10.300 --> 00:54:10.480
 order

00:54:10.480 --> 00:54:10.760
 to

00:54:10.760 --> 00:54:11.200
 redeem

00:54:11.200 --> 00:54:11.800
 us

00:54:11.800 --> 00:54:12.440
 from

00:54:12.440 --> 00:54:12.760
 them

00:54:12.760 --> 00:54:16.840
 I

00:54:16.840 --> 00:54:17.059
 don't

00:54:17.059 --> 00:54:17.360
 think

00:54:17.360 --> 00:54:18.180
 Calvin's

00:54:18.180 --> 00:54:18.420
 is

00:54:18.420 --> 00:54:18.940
 probably

00:54:18.940 --> 00:54:19.240
 the

00:54:19.240 --> 00:54:19.640
 original

00:54:19.640 --> 00:54:20.079
 meaning

00:54:20.079 --> 00:54:21.539
 of

00:54:21.539 --> 00:54:22.620
 this

00:54:22.620 --> 00:54:22.880
 but

00:54:22.880 --> 00:54:23.200
 certainly

00:54:23.200 --> 00:54:23.720
 Calvin's

00:54:23.720 --> 00:54:23.940
 is a

00:54:23.940 --> 00:54:24.280
 glorious

00:54:24.280 --> 00:54:24.800
 truth

00:54:24.800 --> 00:54:25.120
 and

00:54:25.120 --> 00:54:25.460
 deeply

00:54:25.460 --> 00:54:26.059
 edifying

00:54:26.059 --> 00:54:26.860
 and

00:54:26.860 --> 00:54:27.119
 it's

00:54:27.119 --> 00:54:27.299
 what

00:54:27.299 --> 00:54:27.579
 I

00:54:27.579 --> 00:54:27.860
 hold

00:54:27.860 --> 00:54:28.019
 in

00:54:28.019 --> 00:54:28.340
 mind

00:54:28.340 --> 00:54:28.559
 when

00:54:28.559 --> 00:54:28.719
 I

00:54:28.719 --> 00:54:29.079
 say

00:54:29.079 --> 00:54:29.519
 the

00:54:29.519 --> 00:54:29.920
 apostles

00:54:29.920 --> 00:54:30.460
 creed

00:54:30.460 --> 00:54:31.840
 the

00:54:31.840 --> 00:54:32.259
 Heidelberg

00:54:32.259 --> 00:54:32.920
 catechism

00:54:32.920 --> 00:54:33.539
 follows

00:54:33.539 --> 00:54:33.880
 Calvin

00:54:33.880 --> 00:54:34.019
 in

00:54:34.019 --> 00:54:34.219
 this

00:54:34.219 --> 00:54:34.539
 question

00:54:34.539 --> 00:54:35.159
 44

00:54:35.159 --> 00:54:35.320
 of

00:54:35.320 --> 00:54:35.400
 the

00:54:35.400 --> 00:54:35.679
 Heidelberg

00:54:35.679 --> 00:54:36.279
 catechism

00:54:36.279 --> 00:54:37.659
 why

00:54:37.659 --> 00:54:38.139
 is there

00:54:38.139 --> 00:54:38.559
 added

00:54:38.559 --> 00:54:39.400
 he

00:54:39.400 --> 00:54:39.900
 descended

00:54:39.900 --> 00:54:40.380
 into

00:54:40.380 --> 00:54:40.779
 hell

00:54:40.779 --> 00:54:42.519
 answer

00:54:42.519 --> 00:54:43.739
 that

00:54:43.739 --> 00:54:44.380
 in

00:54:44.380 --> 00:54:44.619
 my

00:54:44.619 --> 00:54:45.179
 greatest

00:54:45.179 --> 00:54:45.980
 temptations

00:54:45.980 --> 00:54:46.440
 I

00:54:46.440 --> 00:54:46.619
 may

00:54:46.619 --> 00:54:46.779
 be

00:54:46.779 --> 00:54:47.320
 assured

00:54:47.320 --> 00:54:48.099
 and

00:54:48.099 --> 00:54:48.420
 wholly

00:54:48.420 --> 00:54:48.960
 comfort

00:54:48.960 --> 00:54:49.519
 myself

00:54:49.519 --> 00:54:49.759
 in

00:54:49.759 --> 00:54:50.159
 this

00:54:50.159 --> 00:54:51.159
 that

00:54:51.159 --> 00:54:51.400
 my

00:54:51.400 --> 00:54:51.699
 Lord

00:54:51.699 --> 00:54:52.019
 Jesus

00:54:52.019 --> 00:54:52.619
 Christ

00:54:52.619 --> 00:54:52.860
 by

00:54:52.860 --> 00:54:53.119
 his

00:54:53.119 --> 00:54:54.059
 inexpressible

00:54:54.059 --> 00:54:54.599
 anguish

00:54:54.599 --> 00:54:55.059
 pains

00:54:55.059 --> 00:54:55.579
 terrors

00:54:55.579 --> 00:54:55.739
 and

00:54:55.739 --> 00:54:56.079
 hellish

00:54:56.079 --> 00:54:56.619
 agonies

00:54:56.619 --> 00:54:57.480
 in which

00:54:57.480 --> 00:54:57.759
 he was

00:54:57.759 --> 00:54:58.380
 plunged

00:54:58.380 --> 00:54:58.699
 during

00:54:58.699 --> 00:54:59.179
 all

00:54:59.179 --> 00:54:59.460
 his

00:54:59.460 --> 00:55:00.119
 sufferings

00:55:00.119 --> 00:55:00.619
 but

00:55:00.619 --> 00:55:01.179
 especially

00:55:01.179 --> 00:55:01.579
 on the

00:55:01.579 --> 00:55:01.980
 cross

00:55:01.980 --> 00:55:02.860
 has

00:55:02.860 --> 00:55:03.279
 delivered

00:55:03.279 --> 00:55:03.679
 me

00:55:03.679 --> 00:55:03.920
 from

00:55:03.920 --> 00:55:04.099
 the

00:55:04.099 --> 00:55:04.599
 anguish

00:55:04.599 --> 00:55:05.299
 and

00:55:05.299 --> 00:55:05.799
 torment

00:55:05.799 --> 00:55:06.480
 of

00:55:06.480 --> 00:55:06.739
 hell

00:55:06.739 --> 00:55:08.219
 he

00:55:08.219 --> 00:55:08.579
 descended

00:55:08.579 --> 00:55:08.839
 into

00:55:08.839 --> 00:55:09.119
 hell

00:55:09.119 --> 00:55:10.779
 Zwingli

00:55:10.779 --> 00:55:11.480
 omitted

00:55:11.480 --> 00:55:12.139
 the phrase

00:55:12.139 --> 00:55:12.759
 from the

00:55:12.759 --> 00:55:13.039
 creed

00:55:13.039 --> 00:55:13.159
 as

00:55:13.159 --> 00:55:13.779
 non-essential

00:55:13.779 --> 00:55:14.699
 or regarded

00:55:14.699 --> 00:55:15.079
 it as

00:55:15.079 --> 00:55:15.539
 redundant

00:55:15.539 --> 00:55:16.139
 simply

00:55:16.139 --> 00:55:16.440
 it just

00:55:16.440 --> 00:55:16.719
 means

00:55:16.719 --> 00:55:17.139
 death

00:55:17.139 --> 00:55:19.379
 so

00:55:19.379 --> 00:55:19.699
 there's

00:55:19.699 --> 00:55:19.859
 that

00:55:19.859 --> 00:55:20.179
 first

00:55:20.179 --> 00:55:21.799
 kind

00:55:21.799 --> 00:55:21.879
 of

00:55:21.879 --> 00:55:22.099
 novel

00:55:22.099 --> 00:55:22.420
 phrase

00:55:22.420 --> 00:55:22.920
 here's

00:55:22.920 --> 00:55:23.059
 the

00:55:23.059 --> 00:55:23.400
 second

00:55:23.400 --> 00:55:23.719
 a

00:55:23.719 --> 00:55:23.960
 brief

00:55:23.960 --> 00:55:24.179
 word

00:55:24.179 --> 00:55:24.319
 on

00:55:24.319 --> 00:55:24.559
 that

00:55:24.559 --> 00:55:27.000
 it's

00:55:27.000 --> 00:55:27.159
 the

00:55:27.159 --> 00:55:27.500
 communion

00:55:27.500 --> 00:55:27.739
 of

00:55:27.739 --> 00:55:28.119
 saints

00:55:28.119 --> 00:55:28.799
 and

00:55:28.799 --> 00:55:28.900
 it

00:55:28.900 --> 00:55:29.059
 might

00:55:29.059 --> 00:55:29.339
 seem

00:55:29.339 --> 00:55:29.539
 that

00:55:29.539 --> 00:55:29.940
 this

00:55:29.940 --> 00:55:30.119
 would

00:55:30.119 --> 00:55:30.460
 be

00:55:30.460 --> 00:55:31.039
 surely

00:55:31.039 --> 00:55:31.639
 straightforward

00:55:31.639 --> 00:55:32.819
 but

00:55:32.819 --> 00:55:33.099
 in

00:55:33.099 --> 00:55:33.400
 fact

00:55:33.400 --> 00:55:33.619
 it's

00:55:33.619 --> 00:55:33.799
 been

00:55:33.799 --> 00:55:34.099
 subject

00:55:34.099 --> 00:55:34.440
 to

00:55:34.440 --> 00:55:34.739
 some

00:55:34.739 --> 00:55:34.920
 pretty

00:55:34.920 --> 00:55:35.559
 fluctuating

00:55:35.559 --> 00:55:35.980
 meanings

00:55:35.980 --> 00:55:36.239
 that have

00:55:36.239 --> 00:55:36.379
 been

00:55:36.379 --> 00:55:36.779
 read

00:55:36.779 --> 00:55:36.960
 into

00:55:36.960 --> 00:55:37.259
 this

00:55:37.259 --> 00:55:37.779
 and

00:55:37.779 --> 00:55:38.019
 part

00:55:38.019 --> 00:55:38.099
 of

00:55:38.099 --> 00:55:38.179
 the

00:55:38.179 --> 00:55:38.519
 ambiguity

00:55:38.519 --> 00:55:39.379
 is

00:55:39.379 --> 00:55:39.639
 the

00:55:39.639 --> 00:55:40.059
 Latin

00:55:40.059 --> 00:55:40.639
 for

00:55:40.639 --> 00:55:40.779
 the

00:55:40.779 --> 00:55:41.019
 Latin

00:55:41.019 --> 00:55:41.019


00:55:41.599 --> 00:55:42.239
 Sanctorum

00:55:42.239 --> 00:55:42.799
 can

00:55:42.799 --> 00:55:42.980
 be

00:55:42.980 --> 00:55:43.279
 taken

00:55:43.279 --> 00:55:43.679
 either

00:55:43.679 --> 00:55:43.900
 as

00:55:43.900 --> 00:55:44.699
 masculine

00:55:44.699 --> 00:55:45.879
 that is

00:55:45.879 --> 00:55:47.139
 holy

00:55:47.139 --> 00:55:50.059
 saints

00:55:50.059 --> 00:55:50.259
 or

00:55:50.259 --> 00:55:50.539
 holies

00:55:50.539 --> 00:55:50.960
 it

00:55:50.960 --> 00:55:51.079
 can

00:55:51.079 --> 00:55:51.279
 be

00:55:51.279 --> 00:55:51.679
 taken

00:55:51.679 --> 00:55:51.960
 either

00:55:51.960 --> 00:55:52.179
 as

00:55:52.179 --> 00:55:52.759
 masculine

00:55:52.759 --> 00:55:53.379
 meaning

00:55:53.379 --> 00:55:54.059
 holy

00:55:54.059 --> 00:55:54.879
 ones

00:55:54.879 --> 00:55:55.899
 people

00:55:55.899 --> 00:55:56.399
 or

00:55:56.399 --> 00:55:56.980
 neuter

00:55:56.980 --> 00:55:57.960
 meaning

00:55:57.960 --> 00:55:58.619
 holy

00:55:58.619 --> 00:55:59.639
 things

00:55:59.639 --> 00:56:00.319
 holy

00:56:00.319 --> 00:56:00.879
 things

00:56:00.879 --> 00:56:02.879
 so

00:56:02.879 --> 00:56:03.639
 it

00:56:03.639 --> 00:56:03.960
 does

00:56:03.960 --> 00:56:04.379
 seem

00:56:04.379 --> 00:56:04.759
 that

00:56:04.759 --> 00:56:04.960
 the

00:56:04.960 --> 00:56:05.419
 original

00:56:05.419 --> 00:56:05.859
 and early

00:56:05.859 --> 00:56:06.159
 meaning

00:56:06.159 --> 00:56:06.359
 was

00:56:06.359 --> 00:56:06.599
 taken

00:56:06.599 --> 00:56:06.799
 to be

00:56:06.799 --> 00:56:06.939
 the

00:56:06.939 --> 00:56:07.259
 former

00:56:07.259 --> 00:56:07.739
 the

00:56:07.739 --> 00:56:08.119
 fellowship

00:56:08.119 --> 00:56:08.379
 of

00:56:08.379 --> 00:56:08.659
 holy

00:56:08.659 --> 00:56:09.359
 persons

00:56:09.359 --> 00:56:10.119
 and

00:56:10.119 --> 00:56:10.219
 it

00:56:10.219 --> 00:56:10.319
 was

00:56:10.319 --> 00:56:10.639
 understood

00:56:10.639 --> 00:56:11.339
 expansively

00:56:11.339 --> 00:56:11.519
 as

00:56:11.519 --> 00:56:11.639
 the

00:56:11.639 --> 00:56:11.919
 fellowship

00:56:11.919 --> 00:56:12.159
 of

00:56:12.159 --> 00:56:12.460
 all

00:56:12.460 --> 00:56:12.679
 the

00:56:12.679 --> 00:56:12.919
 saints

00:56:12.919 --> 00:56:12.939
!

00:56:12.939 --> 00:56:13.259
 across

00:56:13.259 --> 00:56:13.719
 all

00:56:13.719 --> 00:56:14.119
 ages

00:56:14.119 --> 00:56:14.679
 both

00:56:14.679 --> 00:56:15.039
 heaven

00:56:15.039 --> 00:56:15.539
 and

00:56:15.539 --> 00:56:15.940
 earth

00:56:15.940 --> 00:56:16.139
 the

00:56:16.139 --> 00:56:16.339
 whole

00:56:16.339 --> 00:56:16.659
 company

00:56:16.659 --> 00:56:16.779
 of

00:56:16.779 --> 00:56:16.859
 the

00:56:16.859 --> 00:56:17.159
 elect

00:56:17.159 --> 00:56:17.460
 maybe

00:56:17.460 --> 00:56:17.659
 even

00:56:17.659 --> 00:56:17.879
 thrown

00:56:17.879 --> 00:56:18.099
 in

00:56:18.099 --> 00:56:18.259
 some

00:56:18.259 --> 00:56:18.359
 of

00:56:18.359 --> 00:56:18.539
 the

00:56:18.539 --> 00:56:19.419
 elect

00:56:19.419 --> 00:56:19.799
 angels

00:56:19.799 --> 00:56:20.460
 so

00:56:20.460 --> 00:56:20.980
 that's

00:56:20.980 --> 00:56:21.099
 the

00:56:21.099 --> 00:56:21.440
 communion

00:56:21.440 --> 00:56:21.619
 of

00:56:21.619 --> 00:56:21.759
 the

00:56:21.759 --> 00:56:23.319
 saints

00:56:23.319 --> 00:56:27.159
 but

00:56:27.159 --> 00:56:28.440
 about

00:56:28.440 --> 00:56:28.639
 the

00:56:28.639 --> 00:56:28.940
 8th

00:56:28.940 --> 00:56:29.359
 century

00:56:29.359 --> 00:56:30.779
 there

00:56:30.779 --> 00:56:31.099
 came

00:56:31.099 --> 00:56:31.279
 to be

00:56:31.279 --> 00:56:31.399
 a

00:56:31.399 --> 00:56:31.619
 different

00:56:31.619 --> 00:56:32.239
 understanding

00:56:32.239 --> 00:56:32.539
 that was

00:56:32.539 --> 00:56:32.819
 thrust

00:56:32.819 --> 00:56:33.019
 to the

00:56:33.019 --> 00:56:33.219
 fore

00:56:33.219 --> 00:56:33.519
 based

00:56:33.519 --> 00:56:33.779
 upon

00:56:33.779 --> 00:56:34.039
 a

00:56:34.039 --> 00:56:34.440
 neuter

00:56:34.440 --> 00:56:34.940
 reading

00:56:34.940 --> 00:56:36.279
 of

00:56:36.279 --> 00:56:37.379
 saints

00:56:37.379 --> 00:56:38.500
 communion

00:56:38.500 --> 00:56:38.799
 with

00:56:38.799 --> 00:56:38.980
 the

00:56:38.980 --> 00:56:39.219
 saints

00:56:39.219 --> 00:56:39.599
 in

00:56:39.599 --> 00:56:39.759
 other

00:56:39.759 --> 00:56:39.940
 words

00:56:39.940 --> 00:56:40.419
 communion

00:56:40.419 --> 00:56:40.719
 with

00:56:40.719 --> 00:56:41.519
 holy

00:56:41.519 --> 00:56:42.379
 things

00:56:42.379 --> 00:56:43.299
 as

00:56:43.299 --> 00:56:43.639
 indicating

00:56:43.639 --> 00:56:43.819
 the

00:56:43.819 --> 00:56:44.440
 sacraments

00:56:44.440 --> 00:56:45.240
 so

00:56:45.240 --> 00:56:45.619
 some

00:56:45.619 --> 00:56:45.820
 people

00:56:45.820 --> 00:56:46.019
 thought

00:56:46.019 --> 00:56:46.179
 this

00:56:46.179 --> 00:56:46.320
 was

00:56:46.320 --> 00:56:46.440
 a

00:56:46.440 --> 00:56:46.659
 reference

00:56:46.659 --> 00:56:46.820
 to

00:56:46.820 --> 00:56:46.900
 the

00:56:46.900 --> 00:56:47.380
 sacraments

00:56:47.380 --> 00:56:49.800
 so

00:56:49.800 --> 00:56:51.320
 and there

00:56:51.320 --> 00:56:51.579
 was a

00:56:51.579 --> 00:56:51.840
 late

00:56:51.840 --> 00:56:52.400
 tendency

00:56:52.400 --> 00:56:52.820
 also

00:56:52.820 --> 00:56:53.019
 to

00:56:53.019 --> 00:56:53.360
 regard

00:56:53.360 --> 00:56:53.800
 saints

00:56:53.800 --> 00:56:54.019
 and

00:56:54.019 --> 00:56:54.360
 communion

00:56:54.360 --> 00:56:54.559
 of

00:56:54.559 --> 00:56:54.720
 saints

00:56:54.720 --> 00:56:55.000
 to be

00:56:55.000 --> 00:56:55.380
 restricted

00:56:55.380 --> 00:56:55.740
 to the

00:56:55.740 --> 00:56:56.179
 narrow

00:56:56.179 --> 00:56:57.179
 few

00:56:57.179 --> 00:56:57.980
 who were

00:56:57.980 --> 00:56:58.559
 canonized

00:56:58.559 --> 00:56:58.920
 saints

00:56:58.920 --> 00:56:59.700
 and martyrs

00:56:59.699 --> 00:57:00.299
 but

00:57:00.299 --> 00:57:00.299


00:57:00.299 --> 00:57:00.299


00:57:00.299 --> 00:57:00.679
 this

00:57:00.679 --> 00:57:00.819
 is

00:57:00.819 --> 00:57:01.059
 not

00:57:01.059 --> 00:57:01.579
 original

00:57:01.579 --> 00:57:02.559
 and

00:57:02.559 --> 00:57:02.879
 it's

00:57:02.879 --> 00:57:03.199
 alien

00:57:03.199 --> 00:57:03.419
 to

00:57:03.419 --> 00:57:03.739
 scriptural

00:57:03.739 --> 00:57:04.119
 usage

00:57:04.119 --> 00:57:04.539
 so

00:57:04.539 --> 00:57:04.839
 where

00:57:04.839 --> 00:57:05.000
 this

00:57:05.000 --> 00:57:05.119
 is

00:57:05.119 --> 00:57:05.519
 important

00:57:05.519 --> 00:57:05.699
 it

00:57:05.699 --> 00:57:05.839
 should

00:57:05.839 --> 00:57:05.980
 be

00:57:05.980 --> 00:57:06.399
 rejected

00:57:06.399 --> 00:57:07.079
 so

00:57:07.079 --> 00:57:08.319
 perhaps

00:57:08.319 --> 00:57:09.059
 let me

00:57:09.059 --> 00:57:09.279
 end

00:57:09.279 --> 00:57:09.519
 with a

00:57:09.519 --> 00:57:09.779
 final

00:57:09.779 --> 00:57:10.099
 word

00:57:10.099 --> 00:57:10.339
 on

00:57:10.339 --> 00:57:10.500
 its

00:57:10.500 --> 00:57:10.799
 enduring

00:57:10.799 --> 00:57:11.359
 value

00:57:11.359 --> 00:57:12.460
 Martin

00:57:12.460 --> 00:57:12.699
 Luther

00:57:12.699 --> 00:57:13.099
 writes

00:57:13.099 --> 00:57:13.339
 in his

00:57:13.339 --> 00:57:13.579
 large

00:57:13.579 --> 00:57:14.159
 catechism

00:57:14.159 --> 00:57:14.799
 this

00:57:14.799 --> 00:57:15.339
 symbol

00:57:15.339 --> 00:57:16.219
 of the

00:57:16.219 --> 00:57:16.759
 Apostolic

00:57:16.759 --> 00:57:18.000
 Apostles

00:57:18.000 --> 00:57:18.439
 Confession

00:57:18.440 --> 00:57:19.000
 this

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:19.340
 symbol

00:57:19.340 --> 00:57:19.639
 is at

00:57:19.639 --> 00:57:19.780
 the

00:57:19.780 --> 00:57:20.079
 heart

00:57:20.079 --> 00:57:20.240
 of

00:57:20.240 --> 00:57:20.380
 the

00:57:20.380 --> 00:57:20.679
 Christian

00:57:20.679 --> 00:57:21.099
 doctrine

00:57:21.099 --> 00:57:21.860
 whoever

00:57:21.860 --> 00:57:22.159
 can

00:57:22.159 --> 00:57:22.420
 say

00:57:22.420 --> 00:57:22.559
 it

00:57:22.559 --> 00:57:22.679
 from

00:57:22.679 --> 00:57:22.820
 the

00:57:22.820 --> 00:57:23.099
 heart

00:57:23.099 --> 00:57:23.900
 has

00:57:23.900 --> 00:57:24.200
 all

00:57:24.200 --> 00:57:24.320
 that

00:57:24.320 --> 00:57:25.159
 is

00:57:25.159 --> 00:57:25.579
 necessary

00:57:25.579 --> 00:57:25.840
 for

00:57:25.840 --> 00:57:26.360
 salvation

00:57:26.360 --> 00:57:27.280
 and

00:57:27.280 --> 00:57:27.619
 Calvin

00:57:27.619 --> 00:57:27.840
 would

00:57:27.840 --> 00:57:28.300
 concur

00:57:28.300 --> 00:57:28.980
 and

00:57:28.980 --> 00:57:29.220
 writes

00:57:29.220 --> 00:57:29.440
 in his

00:57:29.440 --> 00:57:30.039
 institutes

00:57:30.039 --> 00:57:30.440
 the

00:57:30.440 --> 00:57:30.740
 creed

00:57:30.740 --> 00:57:31.220
 contains

00:57:31.220 --> 00:57:31.619
 nothing

00:57:31.619 --> 00:57:31.900
 which

00:57:31.900 --> 00:57:32.039
 is

00:57:32.039 --> 00:57:32.260
 not

00:57:32.260 --> 00:57:32.579
 drawn

00:57:32.579 --> 00:57:32.760
 from

00:57:32.760 --> 00:57:32.920
 the

00:57:32.920 --> 00:57:33.179
 pure

00:57:33.179 --> 00:57:33.400
 word

00:57:33.400 --> 00:57:33.539
 of

00:57:33.539 --> 00:57:33.860
 God

00:57:33.860 --> 00:57:34.559
 and

00:57:34.559 --> 00:57:35.139
 comprehends

00:57:35.139 --> 00:57:35.320
 the

00:57:35.320 --> 00:57:35.599
 full

00:57:35.599 --> 00:57:36.000
 sum

00:57:36.000 --> 00:57:36.840
 of

00:57:36.840 --> 00:57:37.420
 salvation

00:57:37.420 --> 00:57:38.460
 J.

00:57:38.599 --> 00:57:38.740
 D.

00:57:38.820 --> 00:57:39.019
 Kelly

00:57:39.019 --> 00:57:39.659
 the

00:57:39.659 --> 00:57:39.900
 great

00:57:39.900 --> 00:57:40.360
 scholar

00:57:40.360 --> 00:57:41.360
 of

00:57:41.360 --> 00:57:41.539
 early

00:57:41.539 --> 00:57:42.159
 Christianity

00:57:42.159 --> 00:57:42.360
 and

00:57:42.360 --> 00:57:42.679
 especially

00:57:42.679 --> 00:57:42.880
 the

00:57:42.880 --> 00:57:43.099
 creeds

00:57:43.099 --> 00:57:43.400
 writes

00:57:43.400 --> 00:57:43.559
 the

00:57:43.559 --> 00:57:44.059
 Apostles

00:57:44.059 --> 00:57:44.380
 creed

00:57:44.380 --> 00:57:44.519
 is

00:57:44.519 --> 00:57:44.759
 above

00:57:44.759 --> 00:57:45.099
 all

00:57:45.099 --> 00:57:45.259
 a

00:57:45.259 --> 00:57:45.639
 declaration

00:57:45.639 --> 00:57:46.039
 of

00:57:46.039 --> 00:57:46.400
 belief

00:57:46.400 --> 00:57:46.559
 in

00:57:46.559 --> 00:57:46.679
 the

00:57:46.679 --> 00:57:47.119
 triune

00:57:47.119 --> 00:57:47.539
 God

00:57:47.539 --> 00:57:47.980
 and

00:57:47.980 --> 00:57:48.159
 his

00:57:48.159 --> 00:57:48.440
 saving

00:57:48.440 --> 00:57:48.900
 activity

00:57:48.900 --> 00:57:49.820
 it

00:57:49.820 --> 00:57:49.980
 is

00:57:49.980 --> 00:57:50.639
 primarily

00:57:50.639 --> 00:57:51.440
 doxological

00:57:51.440 --> 00:57:53.019
 rather than

00:57:53.019 --> 00:57:53.519
 speculative

00:57:53.519 --> 00:57:54.940
 it is

00:57:54.940 --> 00:57:55.159
 certainly

00:57:55.159 --> 00:57:55.579
 so

00:57:55.579 --> 00:57:56.320
 and for

00:57:56.320 --> 00:57:56.539
 this

00:57:56.539 --> 00:57:56.960
 among other

00:57:56.960 --> 00:57:57.400
 reasons

00:57:57.400 --> 00:57:58.239
 it has

00:57:58.239 --> 00:57:58.579
 found a

00:57:58.579 --> 00:57:58.920
 lasting

00:57:58.920 --> 00:57:59.400
 place

00:57:59.400 --> 00:57:59.679
 in the

00:57:59.679 --> 00:57:59.940
 worship

00:57:59.940 --> 00:58:00.219
 of

00:58:00.219 --> 00:58:00.559
 Christian

00:58:00.559 --> 00:58:00.920
 churches

00:58:00.920 --> 00:58:01.219
 across

00:58:01.219 --> 00:58:01.699
 time

00:58:01.699 --> 00:58:01.860
 and

00:58:01.860 --> 00:58:02.199
 place

00:58:02.199 --> 00:58:02.860
 and

00:58:02.860 --> 00:58:02.980
 a

00:58:02.980 --> 00:58:03.179
 firm

00:58:03.179 --> 00:58:03.639
 place

00:58:03.639 --> 00:58:04.239
 in

00:58:04.239 --> 00:58:04.360
 the

00:58:04.360 --> 00:58:04.639
 hearts

00:58:04.639 --> 00:58:04.940
 of

00:58:04.940 --> 00:58:05.059
 the

00:58:05.059 --> 00:58:05.420
 faithful

00:58:05.420 --> 00:58:06.679
 all

00:58:06.679 --> 00:58:06.900
 right

00:58:06.900 --> 00:58:07.179
 we

00:58:07.179 --> 00:58:07.820
 better

00:58:07.820 --> 00:58:08.219
 end

00:58:08.219 --> 00:58:10.920
 yeah

00:58:10.920 --> 00:58:13.960
 we're

00:58:13.960 --> 00:58:14.159
 late

00:58:14.159 --> 00:58:14.920
 we're

00:58:14.920 --> 00:58:15.139
 late

00:58:15.139 --> 00:58:17.039
 sorry