WEBVTT

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 We've come to our third and final reformer in this church history class.

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 And again, as I said, I'd argue that Calvin, more than Luther, more than Zwingli, is the most important reformer out of all of them.

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 His legacy looms so large that really a lot of people have very polarized opinions of him.

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 It seems like you either love him or you hate him.

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 You either commit Calvin phobia or Calvin olatry, as one historian puts it.

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 Here's some examples.

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 One from the prince of preachers himself, Charles Spurgeon.

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 The longer I live, the clearer does it appear that John Calvin's system of theology is nearest to perfection.

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 Or he said this quote, among those who have been born of women, which is all of us,

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 there has not risen a greater than John Calvin.

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 Very, very high praise.

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 On the flip side here, this pastor, Pastor Jimmy Swaggart, who has claimed Calvin has, I believe,

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 caused untold millions of souls to be damned.

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 Or historian Will Durant, who said, we will always find it hard to love Calvin,

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 who darkens the human soul with the most absurd and blasphemous conception of God.

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 Very, very stark words.

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 Even this supposedly unbiased neutral source, the Oxford Dictionary of Christian Churches,

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 writes, Calvin was the cruel and unopposed dictator of Geneva.

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 Quite the difference.

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 No.

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 So who was this man that we can't seem to agree upon?

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 Was he Satan incarnate or was he savior of the world?

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 As one historian says, we do no service to the truth by depicting Calvin as angelically good,

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 nor diabolically evil.

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 And so to be able to get to the real truth of who he is, let's take a deep dive into his story.

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 John Calvin was born in 1509, nearly 25 years after Luther and Zwingli.

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 And he's born in northern France, in Noyon, to a Roman Catholic family.

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 At this point in history, the Reformation, it's still in its early stages.

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 So it hasn't spread all over, hasn't spread all over France just yet.

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 Calvin's mother, sadly, tragically, suddenly dies when little John is just three or four.

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 And his father, Gerard, he was a secretary or an accountant to the local bishop.

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 He was a prominent man, which helps not only with the bills, but helps him gain some connections.

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 So hoping that little John would have a successful, sprawling career as a pastor in the church,

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 Gerard sends John to the University of Paris at the tender age of 13.

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 That sounds very impressive.

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 And no doubt, Calvin did possess exceptionally gifted skills and an exceptionally gifted mind.

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 But remember back then, the education system was very, very different.

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 You didn't have to know math, science, history, all these things that we need to know now.

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 All you really needed to know was just to know the language of Latin, which was in what all the lectures were in.

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 And then if you knew Latin, you were accepted.

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 So 13-year-old Calvin, he's at university.

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 It's immediately clear to his professors, his fellow students, that he possesses an exceptional mind,

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 that he's really, really gifted at writing and reading and rhetorical skills in particular.

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 But during that time, while he's at university to study, to be part of the clergy, something happens to his father.

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 We're not exactly sure what happens, but it appears that he's implicated in a financial scandal,

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 accused of misappropriating funds from the church.

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 And we're not exactly sure whether he did this or not.

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 It could be, he could just be, you know, the scapegoat.

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 But either way, he is excommunicated from the church.

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 And so seeing that the funds run out and seeing that money is tight,

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 Calvin's dad, he suggests that he should stop studying to be a pastor.

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 Instead, that he should study law, thinking that that would give him some more money.

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 And then John, humble John, he accepts that.

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 If you were here week one, we talked about Luther.

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 And it's an interesting contrast with him, because if you remember from that,

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 his father pleaded for him to go to law, but he refused.

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 He refuses.

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 So they take very drastic paths to the ministry.

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 But really, God uses it all to accomplish his will.

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 And maybe as an encouragement for you, if you feel like,

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 man, I'm not doing exactly what I want to do.

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 I want to go into ministry now.

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 God can do all things and he can lead you down different paths to do that.

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 It's during that time that he's studying law that Calvin is trained to become a humanist.

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 Was anyone there last week remember what it means to be a humanist, a medieval humanist?

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 Do you guys remember what the phrase was?

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 I think I even have it there.

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 Anyone remember humanism?

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 Master.

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 Master?

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 I'm sorry.

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 No, you're good.

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 You're good.

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 It's defined by the motto ad fontes, which again means back to the sources.

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 It's really where Calvin there is encouraged to study the original sources in the original languages

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 so that he doesn't have to depend on translators.

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 He doesn't have to depend on really other interpreters, but that he could read them for themselves.

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 And so he sufficiently, proficiently learns the ancient languages like Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.

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 And he really becomes very skilled at this.

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 He reads the ancients, gains wisdom from what they said, all reading the original context.

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 And this is just a really quick appeal to you guys to try studying the original languages of Greek and Hebrew.

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 It doesn't just have to be for pastors, for seminarians, right?

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 There are really lots of good resources online for you to study Greek and Hebrew, right?

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 Lots of you guys speak more than two languages, more than one languages.

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 You speak two or more.

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 And you understand how that when things are translated from one language to another, things are lost in nuance.

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 The original force is not completely captured as you get into this other language.

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 I think it's kind of like that.

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 When you know Greek and Hebrew and you're able to study in its original context,

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 then you kind of get the fuller picture of what the text is actually saying.

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 And that's not to say that if you don't know Greek and Hebrew that you don't actually understand the Bible, right?

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 I do think that our English translations are very, very, very good.

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 But if you have the time and energy, which maybe honestly, frankly, you might not,

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 a lot of you guys might not have because you're very busy people.

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 But if you have the time and energy, why not study the original languages

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 so that you can expand your tool set to understand the scriptures?

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 So quick appeal.

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 It's not just for pastors.

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 You guys can study Greek and Hebrew too.

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 At the end of his university days, he writes a dissertation in 1532

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 in which he takes on one of the most popular thinkers of the day,

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 and his name is Erasmus.

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 And he tries in particular to challenge Erasmus,

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 to show the errors of his interpretation of particularly a philosopher named Seneca.

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 And it seems like he really pours himself into this dissertation, right,

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 as all PhD students can probably understand.

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 He has big hopes, big dreams from what this dissertation can accomplish, right?

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 He thinks that it could prove his genius and that once it gets out there,

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 people are going to flock to him so that, you know,

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 they're going to flock to him, giving him job offers, asking him to teach.

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 But much to Calvin's disappointment, none of that happens.

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 It completely flops.

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 Nobody reads it.

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 Nobody cares.

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 We even have a letter from Calvin to one of his former professors,

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 basically pleading for him to add it, add this dissertation to his syllabus,

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 asking him to require his students to read this dissertation,

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 probably to, you know, gain some royalties, maybe gain some clout.

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 But that never pans out.

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 Nothing works.

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 And really, Calvin's at a complete dead end.

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 It's possible, some church historians hypothesize,

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 that God uses this particular experience of disappointment,

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 of struggles with obscurity to bring out full faith in his heart.

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 We don't know very much about his conversion.

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 One of the tough things about teaching on Calvin is particularly he hardly writes about himself.

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 Unlike Luther, who is very, very willing to wear his heart on his sleeve

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 and expound all about the things that are going internally within himself,

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 Calvin is much more hush.

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 He doesn't really talk a lot about himself.

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 But in one of his commentaries in the Psalms, he describes his conversion like this.

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 God, by a sudden conversion subdued and brought my mind to a teachable frame,

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 which was more hardened in such manners than might have been expected from one of my earlier periods of life.

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 And so it's clear that when we are converted, God brings us down first.

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 He humbles us so that we can truly see God as he really is, lofty and high and mighty.

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 And so it's really at this point, this pivotal point of his life,

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 that Calvin becomes convinced of reformational ideas.

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 Again, he has been Roman Catholic his entire life.

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 But it's at this point he becomes of reformational ideas that were previously heralded by Zwingli and Luther.

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 About a year after his published dissertation, the now pro-reformer Calvin,

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 he particularly finds himself in hot water.

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 So the story goes, a good friend of his, he's back in Paris.

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 Remember, Calvin used to go to the University of Paris.

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 So this friend's name is Nicholas Kopp.

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 He was the rector at the University of Paris.

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 And he actually delivers a pro-Lutheran, pro-reformational speech, a message.

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 And it lands both Kopp and Calvin in huge, huge trouble.

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 Because it's very likely that Calvin either wrote the message himself,

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 or at the very least had a very significant role in its development, in its writing.

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 So in response, both Kopp and Calvin are forced to flee the nation or the country of France altogether

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 because their very lives are on the line.

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 Because the Roman Catholic authorities, they were determined to suppress, to squelch,

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 to remove at all costs the spread of the Reformation.

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 One significant event that happens during Calvin's flight from France

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 was called the Affair of the Placards.

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 It happens in 1534.

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 So reformers, reformed-minded believers, they post these public notices,

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 criticizing the mass, criticizing the church in cities all across France.

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 And the reaction from the Roman Catholic authorities was swift and severe.

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 A wave of persecution followed,

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 and many suspected Protestants were then either imprisoned or executed.

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 And it includes many of Calvin's close associates, close friends.

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 While Calvin is on the run for his very life,

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 he lands in Basel, Switzerland.

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 And it's there, he works on two things of note.

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 Number one, he works on the French translation of the Bible.

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 Just like Luther, if you remember,

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 in the first week, Luther translates the Bible, the Latin Bible,

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 into the common language of German,

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 so that everybody can read it.

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 So Luther does the same thing in French.

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 Not, sorry, Luther.

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 Calvin does the same thing in French.

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 And more notably, he works on his first edition of the Institutes.

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 Has anybody heard of the Calvin's Institutes?

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 It's a really famous book.

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 I'm going to talk a lot about, more about it much later.

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 So this first edition that he works on,

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 it's notably shorter than the final edition.

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 It's only a fifth of the final length.

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 But that aside, the Institutes of Christian Religion,

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 it's really Calvin's magnum opus.

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 It's arguably the most important work of all of the 16th century.

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 And keep in mind that if you follow Luther's timeline,

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 he writes this magisterial tome,

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 this important piece of work,

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 one or two years after his conversion.

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 And he's at the tender age of 26.

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 That's how young he is.

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 That's how exceptionally minded he is.

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 Can you imagine writing the most important work,

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 theological work, in churches,

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 one of the most important theological works in all church history

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 at that young age just after you became converted?

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 It's an extraordinary achievement.

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 And it basically becomes a bestseller overnight.

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 And it completely sells out all of its printed copies

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 in just nine months.

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 In Basel, he sets his goal to go to Strasbourg,

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 which was in Germany back then.

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 But by God's providence,

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 some fighting, some military battles,

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 it prevents Calvin from taking the direct route

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 to get directly to Strasbourg.

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 So then it forces him to take a detour

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 to the southeast,

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 to the city of Geneva, Switzerland.

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 His eventual plan was to eventually turn north

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 to get to Strasbourg.

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 But while he is in Geneva,

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 he has this conversation

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 with a fiery man

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 with fire red hair,

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 fire red beard,

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 that completely changes his life

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 and his life's trajectory.

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 That guy's name is William Farrell.

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 I think I'm pronouncing his name right.

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 William Farrell.

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 Maybe this conversation,

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 conversation might not be the right word

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 to describe it

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 because it's not so much of a dialogue,

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 but it's really more of a confrontation.

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 To give a little bit more backstory on Farrell,

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 a couple years earlier,

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 the city council of Geneva,

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 they decide to turn Protestant.

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 And if you guys have been here in the past,

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 you guys know that city councils,

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 they've done that in the past

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 because they see that Rome

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 is taking away power from them.

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 Particularly a lot of money flows

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 to the Roman Catholic Church

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 through indulgences,

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 through taxes,

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 through fees,

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 whatever is like that.

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 So if they become Protestant,

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 it's in their best interest

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 because that money stays internal

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 and they can basically call the shots

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 instead of the church

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 in their particular town.

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 So they decide to turn Protestant

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 and they hire Farrell as a pastor

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 to essentially lead the people

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 to follow suit.

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 The problem is

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 that even after a couple years of ministry,

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 really not much progress

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 is being made on that front.

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 the people are stubborn,

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 that they don't want to become reformers

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 or reformed,

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 that they want to stay Catholic.

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 And essentially the laity

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 is threatening to convert back to Catholicism.

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 So Farrell, he's fiery,

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 but one particular note about him,

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 he's humble and self-aware enough

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 to know that he's not the guy.

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 He's not the guy who these people need

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 to lead them in reformational truths.

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 He knows that Geneva needs

00:16:09.580 --> 00:16:11.379
 a particular kind of man,

00:16:11.500 --> 00:16:13.300
 a theologian, an organizer,

00:16:14.100 --> 00:16:15.680
 better, better than him.

00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:19.820
 So Farrell, he hears that this precocious author

00:16:19.820 --> 00:16:22.200
 of the newly published institutes

00:16:22.200 --> 00:16:23.639
 has come to Geneva.

00:16:24.139 --> 00:16:26.780
 And so he knocks on his door.

00:16:26.780 --> 00:16:26.800
 And so he knocks on his door.

00:16:28.259 --> 00:16:31.780
 Convinced that God has brought Calvin to Geneva

00:16:31.780 --> 00:16:34.320
 for a purpose, for a divine purpose,

00:16:34.720 --> 00:16:36.780
 he urges Calvin to stay

00:16:36.779 --> 00:16:38.600
 and to serve as a pastor

00:16:38.600 --> 00:16:39.659
 in public ministry

00:16:39.659 --> 00:16:41.959
 and shepherding the flock of God

00:16:41.959 --> 00:16:43.360
 by feeding them the word of God.

00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:46.759
 It's a free job offer, right?

00:16:46.860 --> 00:16:48.220
 It's a free job offer served

00:16:48.220 --> 00:16:50.039
 on a silver platter.

00:16:51.659 --> 00:16:52.679
 But Calvin,

00:16:52.899 --> 00:16:54.439
 this embodied everything

00:16:54.439 --> 00:16:56.240
 that he actually didn't want to do.

00:16:56.240 --> 00:16:59.200
 In his preface of the commentary

00:16:59.200 --> 00:16:59.840
 in the Psalms,

00:16:59.919 --> 00:17:01.980
 we get insights into Calvin's

00:17:01.980 --> 00:17:03.759
 natural personality a little bit.

00:17:04.759 --> 00:17:05.599
 He thought of himself

00:17:05.599 --> 00:17:07.819
 as unpolished and bashful.

00:17:09.079 --> 00:17:10.420
 What he desired most

00:17:10.420 --> 00:17:12.339
 was not the limelight of the pulpit,

00:17:13.039 --> 00:17:16.099
 but he naturally preferred solitude.

00:17:16.279 --> 00:17:17.579
 He was introverted.

00:17:17.700 --> 00:17:18.819
 He liked his alone time.

00:17:19.620 --> 00:17:21.700
 The whole point of going to Strasbourg,

00:17:22.039 --> 00:17:23.000
 why I wanted to get there,

00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:23.920
 was because he knew

00:17:23.920 --> 00:17:25.099
 that there was a great

00:17:25.099 --> 00:17:26.980
 reformed pastor there already

00:17:26.980 --> 00:17:29.619
 and that he thought his plan was,

00:17:29.960 --> 00:17:31.559
 he thought he could find a patron

00:17:31.559 --> 00:17:33.079
 who would essentially just pay him

00:17:33.079 --> 00:17:34.920
 so that he could just stay inside,

00:17:35.200 --> 00:17:36.839
 sit in his room and read and write.

00:17:36.940 --> 00:17:38.279
 That was his big dream.

00:17:39.920 --> 00:17:41.400
 But now here is Pharrell

00:17:41.400 --> 00:17:43.599
 who is desperately urging him

00:17:43.599 --> 00:17:44.680
 to abandon that dream

00:17:44.680 --> 00:17:46.680
 and to lead the Reformation in Geneva.

00:17:47.740 --> 00:17:49.779
 So Pharrell essentially tells Calvin,

00:17:49.779 --> 00:17:51.339
 God has told me

00:17:51.339 --> 00:17:53.200
 that you are supposed to stay here.

00:17:54.420 --> 00:17:56.240
 And Calvin pushes back,

00:17:56.799 --> 00:17:58.059
 no, no, no, brother.

00:17:58.759 --> 00:18:01.139
 You see, I'm on my way to Strasbourg

00:18:01.139 --> 00:18:03.420
 and I'm going to read and write

00:18:03.420 --> 00:18:04.359
 and study there.

00:18:04.740 --> 00:18:06.680
 That's the way that I'll contribute

00:18:06.680 --> 00:18:07.579
 to the Reformation.

00:18:09.339 --> 00:18:12.259
 But here Calvin himself

00:18:12.259 --> 00:18:14.359
 describing Pharrell's response to that.

00:18:14.940 --> 00:18:16.259
 And when he realized

00:18:16.259 --> 00:18:17.240
 that I was determined

00:18:17.240 --> 00:18:18.400
 to study in privacy

00:18:18.400 --> 00:18:19.960
 in some obscure place

00:18:19.960 --> 00:18:21.240
 and saw that he gained

00:18:21.240 --> 00:18:22.700
 nothing by entreaty,

00:18:23.259 --> 00:18:25.279
 he descended to cursing

00:18:25.279 --> 00:18:27.539
 and said that God

00:18:27.539 --> 00:18:29.380
 would surely curse my peace

00:18:29.380 --> 00:18:30.980
 if I held back from giving help

00:18:30.980 --> 00:18:32.620
 at such a great time of need.

00:18:33.980 --> 00:18:36.539
 And so Calvin is shaken by this.

00:18:36.579 --> 00:18:37.720
 He's terrified.

00:18:38.160 --> 00:18:40.579
 He's terrified by this pronounced curse.

00:18:40.920 --> 00:18:43.500
 And so he ends up reluctantly,

00:18:43.960 --> 00:18:44.799
 but submissively,

00:18:44.799 --> 00:18:47.019
 he decides to stay in Geneva.

00:18:48.180 --> 00:18:48.880
 And he writes,

00:18:49.319 --> 00:18:50.000
 in his own words,

00:18:50.440 --> 00:18:52.019
 terrified by Pharrell's words

00:18:52.019 --> 00:18:53.960
 and conscience of my own

00:18:53.960 --> 00:18:55.359
 timidity and cowardice,

00:18:55.779 --> 00:18:56.920
 I gave up my journey

00:18:56.920 --> 00:18:58.400
 and attempted to apply

00:18:58.400 --> 00:18:59.940
 whatever gift I had

00:18:59.940 --> 00:19:01.319
 in defense of my faith.

00:19:02.079 --> 00:19:02.900
 He's a humble man,

00:19:03.299 --> 00:19:03.900
 a faithful man.

00:19:04.740 --> 00:19:07.079
 So that starts his pastorate

00:19:07.079 --> 00:19:08.000
 in Geneva.

00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:09.640
 And frankly,

00:19:09.759 --> 00:19:10.720
 these were probably

00:19:10.720 --> 00:19:12.299
 the worst three years

00:19:12.299 --> 00:19:13.500
 of his entire life.

00:19:13.500 --> 00:19:16.099
 while Calvin tried

00:19:16.099 --> 00:19:17.380
 to follow scripture,

00:19:17.799 --> 00:19:19.960
 implementing biblical practices,

00:19:20.960 --> 00:19:22.420
 people disliked him

00:19:22.420 --> 00:19:23.259
 from the get-go.

00:19:24.380 --> 00:19:25.240
 For one,

00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:26.579
 Calvin is French,

00:19:27.220 --> 00:19:28.240
 and so opposing him

00:19:28.240 --> 00:19:29.279
 becomes a point

00:19:29.279 --> 00:19:30.619
 of nationalistic pride,

00:19:31.000 --> 00:19:31.240
 right,

00:19:31.299 --> 00:19:32.359
 because they're Switzerland.

00:19:32.579 --> 00:19:34.240
 Who is this French guy

00:19:34.240 --> 00:19:34.640
 coming here

00:19:34.640 --> 00:19:35.599
 thinking he could be

00:19:35.599 --> 00:19:36.039
 our pastor?

00:19:37.039 --> 00:19:37.619
 And again,

00:19:37.819 --> 00:19:37.980
 two,

00:19:38.059 --> 00:19:38.940
 he's trying to lead

00:19:38.940 --> 00:19:41.500
 Catholic-minded congregants

00:19:41.500 --> 00:19:42.660
 down the path

00:19:42.660 --> 00:19:43.380
 of the Reformation.

00:19:44.519 --> 00:19:45.000
 And so,

00:19:45.779 --> 00:19:47.240
 hear this response.

00:19:47.480 --> 00:19:47.920
 Mobs,

00:19:48.039 --> 00:19:49.820
 they riot outside his house.

00:19:50.840 --> 00:19:52.200
 They threaten him frequently

00:19:52.200 --> 00:19:53.039
 that they're going to

00:19:53.039 --> 00:19:53.720
 just toss him

00:19:53.720 --> 00:19:54.180
 into the river.

00:19:55.720 --> 00:19:55.960
 And so,

00:19:56.059 --> 00:19:57.320
 reflecting on this period

00:19:57.320 --> 00:19:57.759
 of life,

00:19:58.039 --> 00:19:58.620
 he writes,

00:19:59.220 --> 00:19:59.519
 this,

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:01.220
 I can truly testify

00:20:01.220 --> 00:20:02.720
 that not a day passed

00:20:02.720 --> 00:20:04.500
 in which I did not long

00:20:04.500 --> 00:20:05.240
 for death

00:20:05.240 --> 00:20:06.400
 ten times over.

00:20:06.400 --> 00:20:09.000
 He writes this

00:20:09.000 --> 00:20:09.540
 about Geneva.

00:20:10.259 --> 00:20:11.220
 There is no place

00:20:11.220 --> 00:20:11.900
 under heaven

00:20:11.900 --> 00:20:13.280
 that I am more afraid of.

00:20:14.800 --> 00:20:16.080
 I would submit

00:20:16.080 --> 00:20:16.660
 to death

00:20:16.660 --> 00:20:17.840
 a hundred times

00:20:17.840 --> 00:20:19.500
 than to that cross

00:20:19.500 --> 00:20:20.840
 which I had to die daily

00:20:20.840 --> 00:20:22.400
 a thousand deaths.

00:20:22.640 --> 00:20:24.220
 That's how Calvin feels

00:20:24.220 --> 00:20:25.660
 about his ministry

00:20:25.660 --> 00:20:26.320
 in Geneva.

00:20:27.480 --> 00:20:28.640
 It all comes to a head

00:20:28.640 --> 00:20:30.040
 in 1538

00:20:30.040 --> 00:20:31.400
 on Easter Sunday.

00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:33.140
 And this is kind of

00:20:33.140 --> 00:20:33.740
 a theme

00:20:33.740 --> 00:20:34.400
 that you're going to see

00:20:34.400 --> 00:20:35.740
 throughout his relationship

00:20:35.740 --> 00:20:37.539
 with the city councilors

00:20:37.539 --> 00:20:38.599
 in Geneva.

00:20:39.599 --> 00:20:40.960
 The city councilors

00:20:40.960 --> 00:20:41.680
 on Easter Sunday,

00:20:41.779 --> 00:20:42.420
 they demand

00:20:42.420 --> 00:20:43.539
 that the two

00:20:43.539 --> 00:20:45.620
 administer the Lord's Supper.

00:20:46.259 --> 00:20:47.500
 Calvin and Pharrell.

00:20:48.279 --> 00:20:49.380
 But they

00:20:49.380 --> 00:20:51.240
 believed that the church

00:20:51.240 --> 00:20:52.740
 was in such disorder

00:20:52.740 --> 00:20:54.259
 that they couldn't

00:20:54.259 --> 00:20:55.200
 administer the table

00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:56.079
 in good conscience.

00:20:56.960 --> 00:20:58.279
 So they insisted

00:20:58.279 --> 00:21:00.160
 that as the shepherds

00:21:00.160 --> 00:21:00.660
 of the flock,

00:21:00.759 --> 00:21:01.460
 they have the right

00:21:01.460 --> 00:21:03.240
 to fence the table.

00:21:03.240 --> 00:21:04.940
 and it's

00:21:04.940 --> 00:21:05.859
 that the power

00:21:05.859 --> 00:21:06.519
 doesn't belong

00:21:06.519 --> 00:21:07.759
 to the city councilors.

00:21:08.380 --> 00:21:09.339
 So the council

00:21:09.339 --> 00:21:10.200
 is furious

00:21:10.200 --> 00:21:11.759
 and they kick

00:21:11.759 --> 00:21:13.519
 Calvin and Pharrell out

00:21:13.519 --> 00:21:14.819
 to which I'm sure

00:21:14.819 --> 00:21:15.420
 Calvin was

00:21:15.420 --> 00:21:16.400
 more than happy about

00:21:16.400 --> 00:21:17.240
 because

00:21:17.240 --> 00:21:18.720
 now he finally

00:21:18.720 --> 00:21:19.480
 gets what he wants.

00:21:19.599 --> 00:21:20.519
 He finally gets

00:21:20.519 --> 00:21:21.519
 to go to Strasbourg.

00:21:22.880 --> 00:21:24.259
 So he gets to Strasbourg

00:21:24.259 --> 00:21:25.059
 and he just

00:21:25.059 --> 00:21:26.120
 loves it there.

00:21:26.259 --> 00:21:27.160
 It's like his

00:21:27.160 --> 00:21:28.180
 Disney, Disneyland.

00:21:29.120 --> 00:21:29.200
 Right?

00:21:29.960 --> 00:21:30.680
 Without a doubt,

00:21:30.819 --> 00:21:31.799
 these are the happiest

00:21:31.799 --> 00:21:32.659
 years of his life.

00:21:33.839 --> 00:21:34.279
 First,

00:21:34.480 --> 00:21:35.259
 he gets to do

00:21:35.259 --> 00:21:35.859
 what he wants

00:21:35.859 --> 00:21:36.919
 and that's writing.

00:21:37.819 --> 00:21:38.579
 He finishes

00:21:38.579 --> 00:21:39.480
 the second edition

00:21:39.480 --> 00:21:40.539
 of the Institutes.

00:21:41.680 --> 00:21:42.659
 And honestly,

00:21:42.819 --> 00:21:44.099
 the first edition

00:21:44.099 --> 00:21:45.039
 of the Institutes,

00:21:45.319 --> 00:21:46.659
 not only is it shorter,

00:21:46.879 --> 00:21:48.639
 but it lacks originality

00:21:48.639 --> 00:21:51.319
 because Calvin seems

00:21:51.319 --> 00:21:52.200
 to be very heavily

00:21:52.200 --> 00:21:53.480
 influenced by Luther

00:21:53.480 --> 00:21:54.299
 and his writings.

00:21:54.419 --> 00:21:55.000
 He kind of seems

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:56.079
 like it pawns off

00:21:56.079 --> 00:21:56.980
 a little bit too much there.

00:21:57.879 --> 00:21:59.759
 It's really the second edition

00:21:59.759 --> 00:22:01.200
 where his genius

00:22:01.200 --> 00:22:02.420
 starts to shine.

00:22:03.240 --> 00:22:04.680
 And he also starts

00:22:04.680 --> 00:22:06.079
 to write commentaries

00:22:06.079 --> 00:22:07.519
 as he writes his first one

00:22:07.519 --> 00:22:08.279
 on the Book of Romans,

00:22:08.420 --> 00:22:09.960
 more to say on that later.

00:22:11.480 --> 00:22:12.779
 It's also at Strasbourg

00:22:12.779 --> 00:22:13.539
 where Calvin,

00:22:13.640 --> 00:22:14.900
 he gets married.

00:22:15.859 --> 00:22:17.140
 According to historian

00:22:17.140 --> 00:22:18.220
 Timothy George,

00:22:18.480 --> 00:22:19.720
 Calvin was doubtless

00:22:19.720 --> 00:22:21.660
 the most eligible bachelor

00:22:21.660 --> 00:22:22.900
 in the entire city.

00:22:24.140 --> 00:22:25.000
 The pastor there,

00:22:25.039 --> 00:22:25.700
 Martin Buzer,

00:22:25.859 --> 00:22:26.759
 the great pastor,

00:22:26.759 --> 00:22:29.259
 he tries to matchmake him.

00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:29.920
 And in fact,

00:22:29.940 --> 00:22:30.640
 there's one story

00:22:30.640 --> 00:22:32.440
 where he tries to matchmake him

00:22:32.440 --> 00:22:33.119
 with, I think,

00:22:33.180 --> 00:22:35.400
 a German or someone Swiss.

00:22:35.759 --> 00:22:37.359
 And she doesn't speak French

00:22:37.359 --> 00:22:38.720
 and he doesn't speak German.

00:22:38.900 --> 00:22:40.059
 So that first date

00:22:40.059 --> 00:22:40.660
 goes terribly.

00:22:41.879 --> 00:22:43.420
 And Calvin is like Luther

00:22:43.420 --> 00:22:44.940
 in that he's not really

00:22:44.940 --> 00:22:45.660
 all that interested

00:22:45.660 --> 00:22:46.480
 in getting married.

00:22:47.740 --> 00:22:49.039
 You really see

00:22:49.039 --> 00:22:50.720
 how much of a romantic Calvin is

00:22:50.720 --> 00:22:51.279
 in a letter

00:22:51.279 --> 00:22:52.220
 that he writes to Pharrell.

00:22:52.799 --> 00:22:53.140
 It says,

00:22:53.140 --> 00:22:55.400
 I'm not of the wild race

00:22:55.400 --> 00:22:55.980
 of lovers

00:22:55.980 --> 00:22:57.580
 who at the first sight

00:22:57.580 --> 00:22:58.560
 of a fine figure

00:22:58.560 --> 00:22:59.940
 embrace all the faults

00:22:59.940 --> 00:23:00.500
 of their beloved.

00:23:01.259 --> 00:23:02.380
 This is the only beauty

00:23:02.380 --> 00:23:03.300
 that appeals to me.

00:23:03.740 --> 00:23:04.759
 If she is chaste,

00:23:05.480 --> 00:23:06.500
 if she is not finicky,

00:23:06.780 --> 00:23:07.780
 if she is economical,

00:23:08.100 --> 00:23:09.120
 if she is patient,

00:23:09.320 --> 00:23:10.680
 if she is interested

00:23:10.680 --> 00:23:11.759
 about my health.

00:23:12.900 --> 00:23:15.259
 So that's his standard, right?

00:23:15.920 --> 00:23:16.960
 He ends up marrying

00:23:16.960 --> 00:23:18.280
 one of his congregants,

00:23:18.560 --> 00:23:19.740
 Idolette de Burr.

00:23:19.740 --> 00:23:21.099
 She is a widow

00:23:21.099 --> 00:23:23.339
 of a French-speaking Anabaptist.

00:23:23.980 --> 00:23:25.039
 And she converts

00:23:25.039 --> 00:23:26.259
 to the Reformed faith

00:23:26.259 --> 00:23:26.960
 and they get married.

00:23:27.620 --> 00:23:28.460
 Again, we don't know

00:23:28.460 --> 00:23:30.039
 a ton about their family life

00:23:30.039 --> 00:23:30.799
 because Calvin, again,

00:23:30.839 --> 00:23:31.400
 he's reluctant

00:23:31.400 --> 00:23:32.920
 to speak much about himself.

00:23:33.359 --> 00:23:34.180
 But we do know

00:23:34.180 --> 00:23:35.400
 that they loved one another.

00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:38.059
 They had one child

00:23:38.059 --> 00:23:39.559
 who was born prematurely

00:23:39.559 --> 00:23:41.900
 and then dies in infancy.

00:23:43.720 --> 00:23:44.720
 In another letter

00:23:44.720 --> 00:23:45.319
 to a friend,

00:23:45.500 --> 00:23:46.440
 you see how Calvin,

00:23:46.440 --> 00:23:47.880
 he wrestles with grief,

00:23:48.220 --> 00:23:48.900
 with suffering.

00:23:49.759 --> 00:23:50.200
 He writes,

00:23:50.360 --> 00:23:51.240
 Certainly the Lord

00:23:51.240 --> 00:23:52.259
 has afflicted us

00:23:52.259 --> 00:23:54.200
 with a deep, painful wound

00:23:54.200 --> 00:23:54.820
 in the death

00:23:54.820 --> 00:23:55.840
 of our beloved son.

00:23:57.400 --> 00:23:58.740
 But he is our father.

00:23:59.740 --> 00:24:01.100
 He knows what's best

00:24:01.100 --> 00:24:01.800
 for his children.

00:24:04.240 --> 00:24:05.540
 Later, his precious

00:24:05.540 --> 00:24:07.519
 Idolette would also pass away.

00:24:08.800 --> 00:24:09.860
 Calvin comments on this,

00:24:09.980 --> 00:24:10.880
 I am deprived

00:24:10.880 --> 00:24:13.360
 of my excellent life companion.

00:24:15.620 --> 00:24:16.940
 Although his child

00:24:16.940 --> 00:24:17.580
 would pass away,

00:24:17.579 --> 00:24:19.019
 doesn't mean that his house

00:24:19.019 --> 00:24:19.659
 was empty.

00:24:20.960 --> 00:24:21.359
 Idolette,

00:24:21.559 --> 00:24:22.919
 she brought in two children

00:24:22.919 --> 00:24:24.480
 from her previous marriage

00:24:24.480 --> 00:24:25.839
 about whom Calvin

00:24:25.839 --> 00:24:27.359
 assured to her,

00:24:27.539 --> 00:24:28.319
 promised to her

00:24:28.319 --> 00:24:29.279
 on her deathbed

00:24:29.279 --> 00:24:30.659
 that he would faithfully

00:24:30.659 --> 00:24:31.199
 raise them.

00:24:33.259 --> 00:24:34.139
 In addition,

00:24:34.359 --> 00:24:35.359
 he lived with

00:24:35.359 --> 00:24:36.279
 his brother's family

00:24:36.279 --> 00:24:38.059
 and his brother

00:24:38.059 --> 00:24:39.339
 had eight children.

00:24:40.439 --> 00:24:41.639
 For most of his life,

00:24:41.720 --> 00:24:42.480
 Calvin's house

00:24:42.480 --> 00:24:44.179
 was full of little children.

00:24:44.180 --> 00:24:46.000
 And I make the excuse

00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:47.820
 that Theo is so distracting,

00:24:48.039 --> 00:24:49.060
 always knocking on my door,

00:24:49.200 --> 00:24:50.160
 wanting to be picked up.

00:24:50.740 --> 00:24:51.400
 But now I know

00:24:51.400 --> 00:24:52.100
 to shut my mouth

00:24:52.100 --> 00:24:53.720
 because you look later on

00:24:53.720 --> 00:24:54.720
 the sheer output

00:24:54.720 --> 00:24:55.360
 of Calvin

00:24:55.360 --> 00:24:56.400
 and how hard he works

00:24:56.400 --> 00:24:57.480
 and he does it all

00:24:57.480 --> 00:24:58.080
 in the context

00:24:58.080 --> 00:24:59.539
 of living with little children.

00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:02.100
 Most importantly,

00:25:02.400 --> 00:25:03.400
 in the years

00:25:03.400 --> 00:25:04.160
 in Strasbourg,

00:25:04.400 --> 00:25:04.900
 he develops

00:25:04.900 --> 00:25:06.180
 a close relationship

00:25:06.180 --> 00:25:07.560
 with the remarkable

00:25:07.560 --> 00:25:08.320
 pastor there,

00:25:08.380 --> 00:25:09.000
 Martin Bootzer.

00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:11.079
 they develop

00:25:11.079 --> 00:25:11.920
 like a father

00:25:11.920 --> 00:25:13.160
 and son-like relationship.

00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:14.660
 And Bootzer,

00:25:14.940 --> 00:25:15.559
 the older pastor,

00:25:15.680 --> 00:25:16.259
 takes Calvin,

00:25:16.339 --> 00:25:17.000
 the younger pastor,

00:25:17.059 --> 00:25:17.619
 under his wing.

00:25:18.640 --> 00:25:19.420
 And Bootzer,

00:25:19.720 --> 00:25:21.039
 it's noted that he has

00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:22.619
 particularly theological

00:25:22.619 --> 00:25:24.460
 influences on Calvin.

00:25:25.140 --> 00:25:26.240
 The first is regarding

00:25:26.240 --> 00:25:27.279
 church governance,

00:25:27.500 --> 00:25:28.259
 church policy,

00:25:28.480 --> 00:25:29.220
 or polity, rather.

00:25:30.460 --> 00:25:31.140
 Bootzer shows that

00:25:31.140 --> 00:25:31.700
 there are only

00:25:31.700 --> 00:25:33.660
 four governing offices

00:25:33.660 --> 00:25:34.500
 in the church.

00:25:35.180 --> 00:25:36.559
 And he says that

00:25:36.559 --> 00:25:37.079
 number one

00:25:37.079 --> 00:25:38.079
 is the teacher,

00:25:38.079 --> 00:25:39.839
 is basically

00:25:39.839 --> 00:25:40.980
 like the seminary

00:25:40.980 --> 00:25:41.399
 professor,

00:25:41.599 --> 00:25:42.279
 the professor

00:25:42.279 --> 00:25:43.939
 responsible for studying

00:25:43.939 --> 00:25:45.240
 and teaching theology.

00:25:46.319 --> 00:25:47.019
 Then two,

00:25:47.179 --> 00:25:48.259
 the teaching pastor,

00:25:48.439 --> 00:25:48.879
 the one who's

00:25:48.879 --> 00:25:49.699
 responsible for

00:25:49.699 --> 00:25:50.539
 the ministry of the word,

00:25:50.639 --> 00:25:51.359
 for the sacraments.

00:25:51.939 --> 00:25:52.559
 Number three,

00:25:52.720 --> 00:25:53.619
 the ruling elders

00:25:53.619 --> 00:25:54.779
 who have the job

00:25:54.779 --> 00:25:55.839
 of governing the church.

00:25:55.839 --> 00:25:56.619
 And then four,

00:25:56.720 --> 00:25:58.119
 the office of deacon.

00:25:59.500 --> 00:26:00.960
 What's notably absent

00:26:00.960 --> 00:26:02.639
 is what Sean

00:26:02.639 --> 00:26:03.500
 talked about today

00:26:03.500 --> 00:26:03.939
 in his sermon

00:26:03.939 --> 00:26:04.720
 was the offices

00:26:04.720 --> 00:26:06.079
 of cardinal,

00:26:06.399 --> 00:26:07.419
 of bishops,

00:26:07.420 --> 00:26:08.560
 of the pope,

00:26:08.800 --> 00:26:09.039
 right?

00:26:09.420 --> 00:26:10.160
 Does anybody know

00:26:10.160 --> 00:26:10.880
 what a bishop

00:26:10.880 --> 00:26:11.880
 technically is?

00:26:12.779 --> 00:26:13.240
 Do you guys know?

00:26:17.820 --> 00:26:18.340
 Yeah?

00:26:19.180 --> 00:26:20.180
 Yeah, overseer.

00:26:20.360 --> 00:26:20.480
 Yeah.

00:26:21.220 --> 00:26:22.120
 In particular,

00:26:22.279 --> 00:26:23.039
 how the church

00:26:23.039 --> 00:26:23.640
 polity works

00:26:23.640 --> 00:26:24.560
 is that

00:26:24.560 --> 00:26:26.240
 essentially

00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:26.779
 it's the

00:26:26.779 --> 00:26:27.680
 local church

00:26:27.680 --> 00:26:28.460
 pastor's boss.

00:26:28.460 --> 00:26:29.559
 And so

00:26:29.559 --> 00:26:31.960
 the bishop

00:26:31.960 --> 00:26:32.740
 is in control

00:26:32.740 --> 00:26:33.900
 or overseers

00:26:33.900 --> 00:26:35.220
 multiple congregants

00:26:35.220 --> 00:26:36.000
 or multiple

00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:36.720
 churches,

00:26:36.900 --> 00:26:37.180
 parishes,

00:26:37.400 --> 00:26:38.920
 and he's kind of

00:26:38.920 --> 00:26:39.559
 like the head honcho.

00:26:39.680 --> 00:26:40.500
 So all these people

00:26:40.500 --> 00:26:41.740
 need to report to him.

00:26:42.079 --> 00:26:42.980
 So pastors no longer

00:26:42.980 --> 00:26:44.400
 are solely responsible

00:26:44.400 --> 00:26:46.620
 that the church

00:26:46.620 --> 00:26:46.980
 governance

00:26:46.980 --> 00:26:47.559
 doesn't belong

00:26:47.559 --> 00:26:48.539
 to local eldership,

00:26:48.660 --> 00:26:49.700
 but it ultimately

00:26:49.700 --> 00:26:50.960
 lands on bishops.

00:26:51.200 --> 00:26:51.400
 And then,

00:26:51.460 --> 00:26:51.660
 of course,

00:26:51.700 --> 00:26:52.140
 you see that

00:26:52.140 --> 00:26:53.400
 continue to climb up

00:26:53.400 --> 00:26:53.940
 with,

00:26:54.100 --> 00:26:54.600
 you end up

00:26:54.600 --> 00:26:55.620
 leading to the pope.

00:26:56.359 --> 00:26:57.379
 So what he says

00:26:57.379 --> 00:26:57.819
 is, no,

00:26:57.879 --> 00:26:58.759
 the church governance

00:26:58.759 --> 00:26:59.779
 ultimately lies

00:26:59.779 --> 00:27:01.719
 in the local pastors,

00:27:01.859 --> 00:27:02.899
 in the local eldership.

00:27:03.539 --> 00:27:04.359
 And so it's not

00:27:04.359 --> 00:27:05.519
 a hierarchical system

00:27:05.519 --> 00:27:06.719
 of the Roman Catholic Church

00:27:06.719 --> 00:27:07.759
 where authority

00:27:07.759 --> 00:27:09.039
 flows top down

00:27:09.039 --> 00:27:09.759
 from a single

00:27:09.759 --> 00:27:10.679
 supreme head

00:27:10.679 --> 00:27:11.179
 of the pope,

00:27:11.919 --> 00:27:13.299
 but it's instead

00:27:13.299 --> 00:27:13.979
 shared by

00:27:13.979 --> 00:27:15.199
 a plurality of elders.

00:27:15.500 --> 00:27:16.459
 That's Calvin's

00:27:16.459 --> 00:27:16.819
 big thing

00:27:16.819 --> 00:27:17.819
 or Bootser's

00:27:17.819 --> 00:27:19.179
 big thing.

00:27:20.219 --> 00:27:21.459
 And in terms

00:27:21.459 --> 00:27:22.319
 of the four offices,

00:27:22.459 --> 00:27:22.979
 we would essentially

00:27:22.979 --> 00:27:24.059
 agree with them,

00:27:24.279 --> 00:27:25.199
 but we just don't

00:27:25.200 --> 00:27:26.279
 bifurcate the

00:27:26.279 --> 00:27:27.340
 elder's role

00:27:27.340 --> 00:27:27.860
 like that

00:27:27.860 --> 00:27:29.460
 into teaching

00:27:29.460 --> 00:27:30.000
 and preaching

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:30.779
 and ruling.

00:27:31.059 --> 00:27:31.799
 I think a pastor

00:27:31.799 --> 00:27:32.460
 should essentially

00:27:32.460 --> 00:27:33.620
 be able to do

00:27:33.620 --> 00:27:34.660
 all of those things.

00:27:35.400 --> 00:27:36.140
 And so many churches

00:27:36.140 --> 00:27:37.059
 like ours,

00:27:37.080 --> 00:27:37.940
 we do distinguish

00:27:37.940 --> 00:27:39.299
 the role of senior

00:27:39.299 --> 00:27:40.519
 pastor and associate

00:27:40.519 --> 00:27:41.259
 pastor, right?

00:27:41.420 --> 00:27:42.460
 But we don't

00:27:42.460 --> 00:27:43.700
 necessarily see that

00:27:43.700 --> 00:27:44.700
 as an explicitly

00:27:44.700 --> 00:27:45.819
 different class

00:27:45.819 --> 00:27:46.640
 of elders.

00:27:48.100 --> 00:27:49.180
 We also talked

00:27:49.180 --> 00:27:49.740
 about the

00:27:49.740 --> 00:27:50.920
 regulative principle

00:27:50.920 --> 00:27:51.340
 of worship

00:27:51.340 --> 00:27:52.180
 last week.

00:27:52.279 --> 00:27:52.720
 Does anybody

00:27:52.720 --> 00:27:53.720
 remember that?

00:27:54.620 --> 00:27:55.180
 Anyone remember

00:27:55.180 --> 00:27:55.840
 the regulative

00:27:55.840 --> 00:27:56.680
 principle of worship?

00:27:57.880 --> 00:27:58.140
 Anyone?

00:27:58.900 --> 00:27:59.160
 Yeah?

00:28:00.160 --> 00:28:00.600
 Okay.

00:28:04.600 --> 00:28:05.080
 Yes,

00:28:05.460 --> 00:28:06.160
 exactly.

00:28:07.580 --> 00:28:08.000
 Exactly,

00:28:08.180 --> 00:28:08.500
 exactly.

00:28:08.640 --> 00:28:08.940
 And that's

00:28:08.940 --> 00:28:09.620
 opposed to the

00:28:09.620 --> 00:28:10.620
 normative principle

00:28:10.620 --> 00:28:11.120
 of worship.

00:28:11.380 --> 00:28:12.019
 The normative

00:28:12.019 --> 00:28:13.180
 says that anything

00:28:13.180 --> 00:28:13.620
 that scripture

00:28:13.620 --> 00:28:15.200
 doesn't explicitly

00:28:15.200 --> 00:28:15.759
 prohibit,

00:28:15.860 --> 00:28:16.500
 you are allowed

00:28:16.500 --> 00:28:17.080
 to do.

00:28:17.840 --> 00:28:18.740
 So I use the

00:28:18.740 --> 00:28:19.100
 example,

00:28:19.400 --> 00:28:20.660
 right,

00:28:20.779 --> 00:28:21.480
 maybe you could

00:28:21.480 --> 00:28:22.000
 have a magic

00:28:22.000 --> 00:28:22.299
 show.

00:28:23.019 --> 00:28:23.600
 Scripture doesn't

00:28:23.599 --> 00:28:24.699
 talk about that.

00:28:25.579 --> 00:28:26.099
 Maybe you could

00:28:26.099 --> 00:28:26.480
 have a magic

00:28:26.480 --> 00:28:27.019
 show or maybe

00:28:27.019 --> 00:28:27.419
 you could have

00:28:27.419 --> 00:28:29.539
 a stand-up

00:28:29.539 --> 00:28:30.319
 comedy set.

00:28:31.319 --> 00:28:32.019
 This doesn't

00:28:32.019 --> 00:28:32.559
 say anything

00:28:32.559 --> 00:28:33.019
 about that,

00:28:33.099 --> 00:28:33.699
 so that could

00:28:33.699 --> 00:28:34.139
 be allowed.

00:28:35.480 --> 00:28:36.319
 So he becomes

00:28:36.319 --> 00:28:37.039
 very convinced

00:28:37.039 --> 00:28:37.679
 of the

00:28:37.679 --> 00:28:38.459
 regulative

00:28:38.459 --> 00:28:39.419
 principle of

00:28:39.419 --> 00:28:39.659
 worship,

00:28:39.659 --> 00:28:40.439
 which is the

00:28:40.439 --> 00:28:41.279
 hallmark of

00:28:41.279 --> 00:28:41.679
 really the

00:28:41.679 --> 00:28:42.179
 reformed

00:28:42.179 --> 00:28:42.659
 tradition.

00:28:43.859 --> 00:28:44.480
 So influenced

00:28:44.480 --> 00:28:45.119
 by Bootser,

00:28:45.379 --> 00:28:46.419
 later on in

00:28:46.419 --> 00:28:47.219
 Calvin's ministry,

00:28:47.579 --> 00:28:48.419
 he particularly

00:28:48.419 --> 00:28:48.859
 adopts,

00:28:48.899 --> 00:28:49.279
 and we talked

00:28:49.279 --> 00:28:49.799
 about this too

00:28:49.799 --> 00:28:50.240
 with Zwingli,

00:28:50.680 --> 00:28:51.299
 he adopts

00:28:51.299 --> 00:28:53.039
 the instrument

00:28:53.039 --> 00:28:53.440
 list,

00:28:53.700 --> 00:28:54.480
 the acapella

00:28:54.480 --> 00:28:55.240
 singing of

00:28:55.240 --> 00:28:55.859
 the psalms

00:28:55.859 --> 00:28:56.279
 only.

00:28:56.779 --> 00:28:57.419
 So no

00:28:57.419 --> 00:28:57.879
 guitars,

00:28:58.259 --> 00:28:59.159
 no amps,

00:28:59.339 --> 00:28:59.819
 no nothing,

00:29:00.059 --> 00:29:01.079
 just voices,

00:29:01.419 --> 00:29:01.940
 and just

00:29:01.940 --> 00:29:02.539
 the psalms.

00:29:03.960 --> 00:29:05.220
 And if I'm

00:29:05.220 --> 00:29:05.519
 honest,

00:29:05.619 --> 00:29:06.720
 I do confess

00:29:06.720 --> 00:29:07.279
 to you that

00:29:07.279 --> 00:29:07.779
 when I think

00:29:07.779 --> 00:29:08.139
 about that

00:29:08.139 --> 00:29:08.700
 kind of worship,

00:29:09.119 --> 00:29:09.980
 some words

00:29:09.980 --> 00:29:10.419
 that come to

00:29:10.419 --> 00:29:11.099
 mind are

00:29:11.099 --> 00:29:12.619
 boring,

00:29:13.799 --> 00:29:14.759
 sleepy,

00:29:16.039 --> 00:29:16.859
 I don't know,

00:29:16.980 --> 00:29:17.519
 those things,

00:29:17.619 --> 00:29:17.740
 right?

00:29:17.740 --> 00:29:19.279
 But nothing

00:29:19.279 --> 00:29:20.299
 is further

00:29:20.299 --> 00:29:20.799
 from the

00:29:20.799 --> 00:29:21.920
 truth about

00:29:21.920 --> 00:29:22.599
 the worship

00:29:22.599 --> 00:29:23.120
 that happens

00:29:23.120 --> 00:29:23.819
 in Calvin's

00:29:23.819 --> 00:29:24.140
 church.

00:29:25.240 --> 00:29:26.259
 Some visitors

00:29:26.259 --> 00:29:27.120
 joined the

00:29:27.120 --> 00:29:28.539
 service one

00:29:28.539 --> 00:29:28.839
 time,

00:29:29.039 --> 00:29:29.839
 and they

00:29:29.839 --> 00:29:30.579
 note how

00:29:30.579 --> 00:29:31.400
 shocked they

00:29:31.400 --> 00:29:31.579
 are,

00:29:31.700 --> 00:29:32.680
 how energetic,

00:29:32.940 --> 00:29:33.579
 how lively,

00:29:33.720 --> 00:29:34.539
 how passionate

00:29:34.539 --> 00:29:35.799
 these people

00:29:35.799 --> 00:29:36.319
 are in

00:29:36.319 --> 00:29:36.900
 singing worship.

00:29:37.940 --> 00:29:38.759
 Much of the

00:29:38.759 --> 00:29:39.559
 medieval Catholic

00:29:39.559 --> 00:29:39.920
 worship,

00:29:40.140 --> 00:29:41.880
 it was basically

00:29:41.880 --> 00:29:42.799
 being sung to,

00:29:43.400 --> 00:29:43.579
 right?

00:29:43.680 --> 00:29:44.299
 They have the

00:29:44.299 --> 00:29:44.759
 choirs,

00:29:45.160 --> 00:29:45.819
 they're the ones

00:29:45.819 --> 00:29:46.420
 who would sing

00:29:46.420 --> 00:29:46.779
 the worship,

00:29:46.900 --> 00:29:47.420
 and you just

00:29:47.420 --> 00:29:47.860
 sat there,

00:29:47.900 --> 00:29:48.539
 and you were

00:29:48.539 --> 00:29:49.060
 sung to.

00:29:49.900 --> 00:29:51.100
 But in Calvin's

00:29:51.100 --> 00:29:51.340
 church,

00:29:51.420 --> 00:29:52.200
 the roof is

00:29:52.200 --> 00:29:53.360
 practically popping

00:29:53.360 --> 00:29:55.180
 off because of

00:29:55.180 --> 00:29:56.200
 how loud,

00:29:56.360 --> 00:29:57.220
 how deafeningly

00:29:57.220 --> 00:29:58.279
 loud people are

00:29:58.279 --> 00:29:59.259
 at singing the

00:29:59.259 --> 00:29:59.960
 worship of their

00:29:59.960 --> 00:30:00.240
 God.

00:30:01.360 --> 00:30:02.019
 I've been to

00:30:02.019 --> 00:30:02.440
 some churches

00:30:02.440 --> 00:30:03.039
 where it's

00:30:03.039 --> 00:30:04.039
 deafeningly loud

00:30:04.039 --> 00:30:04.660
 because they

00:30:04.660 --> 00:30:05.279
 turn up the

00:30:05.279 --> 00:30:06.779
 amps like crazy,

00:30:06.860 --> 00:30:07.460
 I'm sure maybe

00:30:07.460 --> 00:30:07.940
 you know that,

00:30:08.100 --> 00:30:09.740
 and again,

00:30:09.820 --> 00:30:10.259
 maybe different

00:30:10.259 --> 00:30:10.640
 styles,

00:30:10.820 --> 00:30:12.519
 but I don't

00:30:12.519 --> 00:30:12.800
 know about you,

00:30:12.800 --> 00:30:13.360
 I'd rather be

00:30:13.360 --> 00:30:13.900
 in a church

00:30:13.900 --> 00:30:15.060
 where it's only

00:30:15.060 --> 00:30:15.920
 deafeningly loud

00:30:15.920 --> 00:30:16.480
 because the

00:30:16.480 --> 00:30:17.060
 people of

00:30:17.060 --> 00:30:17.519
 God are

00:30:17.519 --> 00:30:18.080
 singing worship

00:30:18.080 --> 00:30:19.039
 to him,

00:30:19.279 --> 00:30:19.500
 right?

00:30:20.240 --> 00:30:21.140
 And that's

00:30:21.140 --> 00:30:22.240
 what marks

00:30:22.240 --> 00:30:23.180
 and characterizes

00:30:23.180 --> 00:30:24.019
 Calvin's church.

00:30:24.900 --> 00:30:25.519
 Finally,

00:30:25.660 --> 00:30:26.279
 Bootser teaches

00:30:26.279 --> 00:30:27.279
 Calvin on the

00:30:27.279 --> 00:30:28.080
 necessity of

00:30:28.080 --> 00:30:29.440
 practicing church

00:30:29.440 --> 00:30:30.240
 discipline,

00:30:31.200 --> 00:30:31.820
 church discipline

00:30:31.820 --> 00:30:32.320
 being the

00:30:32.320 --> 00:30:32.960
 practice of

00:30:32.960 --> 00:30:33.560
 correcting,

00:30:34.220 --> 00:30:35.019
 restoring erring

00:30:35.019 --> 00:30:35.820
 members in

00:30:35.820 --> 00:30:37.120
 repentance to

00:30:37.120 --> 00:30:37.600
 protect the

00:30:37.600 --> 00:30:37.940
 holiness,

00:30:38.180 --> 00:30:38.980
 the witness of

00:30:38.980 --> 00:30:39.480
 the church,

00:30:40.200 --> 00:30:40.660
 and follows

00:30:40.660 --> 00:30:41.600
 biblical patterns

00:30:41.599 --> 00:30:42.279
 like Matthew

00:30:42.279 --> 00:30:42.679
 18,

00:30:42.859 --> 00:30:43.240
 1 Corinthians

00:30:43.240 --> 00:30:43.639
 5.

00:30:44.779 --> 00:30:45.579
 In particular,

00:30:45.719 --> 00:30:46.539
 Bootser impresses

00:30:46.539 --> 00:30:47.359
 on Calvin the

00:30:47.359 --> 00:30:48.599
 need to properly

00:30:48.599 --> 00:30:49.359
 fence the

00:30:49.359 --> 00:30:50.219
 Lord's table

00:30:50.219 --> 00:30:51.619
 to prevent

00:30:51.619 --> 00:30:52.099
 those who are

00:30:52.099 --> 00:30:52.559
 living in

00:30:52.559 --> 00:30:53.159
 egregious,

00:30:53.379 --> 00:30:54.259
 blatant sin,

00:30:54.419 --> 00:30:55.259
 unrepentant sin,

00:30:55.639 --> 00:30:56.259
 from partaking

00:30:56.259 --> 00:30:56.779
 of the elements.

00:30:56.899 --> 00:30:57.139
 And we're going

00:30:57.139 --> 00:30:58.059
 to see just how

00:30:58.059 --> 00:30:58.879
 that impacts

00:30:58.879 --> 00:30:59.599
 Luther a little

00:30:59.599 --> 00:30:59.939
 bit later.

00:31:00.599 --> 00:31:01.899
 So we talked

00:31:01.899 --> 00:31:02.599
 about Bootser.

00:31:03.799 --> 00:31:04.599
 Everything's going

00:31:04.599 --> 00:31:06.259
 just great for

00:31:06.259 --> 00:31:08.480
 Calvin until he

00:31:08.480 --> 00:31:09.119
 gets this letter,

00:31:09.539 --> 00:31:10.799
 and guess who

00:31:10.799 --> 00:31:11.279
 it is.

00:31:12.399 --> 00:31:12.879
 It's his

00:31:12.879 --> 00:31:13.440
 favorite people

00:31:13.440 --> 00:31:13.940
 on earth.

00:31:14.180 --> 00:31:15.059
 It's the city

00:31:15.059 --> 00:31:16.039
 councilors of

00:31:16.039 --> 00:31:16.359
 Geneva.

00:31:16.740 --> 00:31:17.180
 They're back

00:31:17.180 --> 00:31:17.480
 again.

00:31:18.859 --> 00:31:19.559
 And they're

00:31:19.559 --> 00:31:20.259
 desperate for

00:31:20.259 --> 00:31:20.899
 help because

00:31:20.899 --> 00:31:22.700
 in 1539,

00:31:23.299 --> 00:31:24.079
 this cardinal

00:31:24.079 --> 00:31:24.960
 of the Roman

00:31:24.960 --> 00:31:25.519
 Catholic Church,

00:31:25.680 --> 00:31:26.039
 Cardinal

00:31:26.039 --> 00:31:26.740
 Sattoletto,

00:31:27.599 --> 00:31:28.779
 he tries to

00:31:28.779 --> 00:31:29.519
 woo back

00:31:29.519 --> 00:31:30.339
 Geneva to the

00:31:30.339 --> 00:31:30.779
 Roman Catholic

00:31:30.779 --> 00:31:31.099
 Church.

00:31:31.720 --> 00:31:32.500
 He writes

00:31:32.500 --> 00:31:33.319
 that they have

00:31:33.319 --> 00:31:33.899
 abandoned the

00:31:33.899 --> 00:31:34.819
 one true church,

00:31:35.639 --> 00:31:37.519
 but we'll cut

00:31:37.519 --> 00:31:38.039
 you the slack.

00:31:38.220 --> 00:31:38.559
 You're going to

00:31:38.559 --> 00:31:39.059
 be completely

00:31:39.059 --> 00:31:39.980
 forgiven if you

00:31:39.980 --> 00:31:40.779
 just return.

00:31:40.799 --> 00:31:41.539
 If you join the

00:31:41.539 --> 00:31:41.980
 Catholic Church

00:31:41.980 --> 00:31:42.220
 again.

00:31:43.480 --> 00:31:43.879
 And he says,

00:31:44.240 --> 00:31:44.779
 look, particularly

00:31:44.779 --> 00:31:45.519
 at Pharrell,

00:31:45.619 --> 00:31:46.379
 look at Calvin.

00:31:47.519 --> 00:31:48.200
 They're false

00:31:48.200 --> 00:31:48.559
 teachers.

00:31:48.759 --> 00:31:49.799
 They're wolves

00:31:49.799 --> 00:31:50.579
 dressed in

00:31:50.579 --> 00:31:51.500
 sheep's clothing.

00:31:52.319 --> 00:31:52.700
 They have

00:31:52.700 --> 00:31:53.419
 misled you,

00:31:53.500 --> 00:31:53.859
 and look,

00:31:53.919 --> 00:31:54.519
 now, they have

00:31:54.519 --> 00:31:55.539
 abandoned you.

00:31:56.659 --> 00:31:57.980
 So the city

00:31:57.980 --> 00:31:58.700
 council and

00:31:58.700 --> 00:31:59.559
 desire to stay

00:31:59.559 --> 00:32:01.180
 reformed, they

00:32:01.180 --> 00:32:02.419
 search for help

00:32:02.419 --> 00:32:03.859
 to respond to

00:32:03.859 --> 00:32:04.200
 this letter.

00:32:04.279 --> 00:32:04.680
 They know that

00:32:04.680 --> 00:32:05.220
 they're not the

00:32:05.220 --> 00:32:05.720
 theologians.

00:32:05.819 --> 00:32:06.299
 They need help

00:32:06.299 --> 00:32:07.579
 writing a response.

00:32:07.579 --> 00:32:09.079
 They send help

00:32:09.079 --> 00:32:09.659
 to multiple

00:32:09.659 --> 00:32:11.179
 cities, but no

00:32:11.179 --> 00:32:11.819
 one comes to

00:32:11.819 --> 00:32:13.439
 their help until

00:32:13.439 --> 00:32:14.319
 they finally send

00:32:14.319 --> 00:32:15.779
 it to Strasburg.

00:32:17.199 --> 00:32:19.220
 Now, Calvin, I

00:32:19.220 --> 00:32:19.960
 think understandably

00:32:19.960 --> 00:32:21.059
 so, he's pretty

00:32:21.059 --> 00:32:22.539
 reluctant to help

00:32:22.539 --> 00:32:23.419
 these people out.

00:32:24.579 --> 00:32:25.619
 After all, again,

00:32:25.699 --> 00:32:27.159
 they drove him out

00:32:27.159 --> 00:32:27.960
 of the city, and

00:32:27.960 --> 00:32:28.859
 it's a bit of a

00:32:28.859 --> 00:32:29.759
 sour spot for

00:32:29.759 --> 00:32:30.279
 Calvin.

00:32:30.960 --> 00:32:31.960
 But by the

00:32:31.960 --> 00:32:33.000
 encouragement of

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:34.599
 Bootster, he does

00:32:34.599 --> 00:32:35.879
 write the response

00:32:35.880 --> 00:32:36.540
 to Sattoletto.

00:32:37.400 --> 00:32:38.740
 And this reply

00:32:38.740 --> 00:32:39.360
 is widely

00:32:39.360 --> 00:32:40.220
 understood as

00:32:40.220 --> 00:32:40.720
 the most

00:32:40.720 --> 00:32:41.440
 succinct,

00:32:42.040 --> 00:32:42.840
 persuasive

00:32:42.840 --> 00:32:43.860
 treatise of

00:32:43.860 --> 00:32:44.420
 the Reformation.

00:32:45.040 --> 00:32:46.000
 It's a great

00:32:46.000 --> 00:32:46.900
 piece of work.

00:32:48.240 --> 00:32:48.840
 He not only

00:32:48.840 --> 00:32:49.360
 faithfully

00:32:49.360 --> 00:32:50.260
 exposits God's

00:32:50.260 --> 00:32:51.100
 word to

00:32:51.100 --> 00:32:51.800
 highlight key

00:32:51.800 --> 00:32:52.420
 reformational

00:32:52.420 --> 00:32:53.220
 ideas like

00:32:53.220 --> 00:32:54.300
 justification by

00:32:54.300 --> 00:32:54.740
 faith alone,

00:32:55.500 --> 00:32:56.500
 or sola

00:32:56.500 --> 00:32:57.500
 scriptura, or

00:32:57.500 --> 00:32:58.880
 the priesthood

00:32:58.880 --> 00:32:59.480
 of all believers,

00:32:59.680 --> 00:33:00.240
 all these things

00:33:00.240 --> 00:33:00.700
 that we've talked

00:33:00.700 --> 00:33:01.020
 about in the

00:33:01.020 --> 00:33:01.320
 past.

00:33:01.480 --> 00:33:02.140
 Most particularly

00:33:02.140 --> 00:33:03.020
 he highlights

00:33:03.020 --> 00:33:03.700
 our union

00:33:03.700 --> 00:33:04.480
 with Christ.

00:33:04.480 --> 00:33:06.259
 But he

00:33:06.259 --> 00:33:07.559
 expands the

00:33:07.559 --> 00:33:08.120
 argument to

00:33:08.120 --> 00:33:08.779
 say that

00:33:08.779 --> 00:33:10.160
 Rome, you

00:33:10.160 --> 00:33:11.160
 call us the

00:33:11.160 --> 00:33:11.740
 theological

00:33:11.740 --> 00:33:13.360
 innovators, but

00:33:13.360 --> 00:33:13.860
 it is actually

00:33:13.860 --> 00:33:14.640
 you who have

00:33:14.640 --> 00:33:15.360
 strayed away.

00:33:15.880 --> 00:33:17.480
 We stand in

00:33:17.480 --> 00:33:18.120
 line with the

00:33:18.120 --> 00:33:18.960
 apostolic teacher.

00:33:19.099 --> 00:33:19.900
 We stand on the

00:33:19.900 --> 00:33:20.880
 shoulders of the

00:33:20.880 --> 00:33:21.660
 church fathers.

00:33:22.339 --> 00:33:23.839
 You're not

00:33:23.839 --> 00:33:25.039
 following the

00:33:25.039 --> 00:33:25.259
 Bible.

00:33:26.259 --> 00:33:27.140
 So this

00:33:27.140 --> 00:33:28.160
 tour de force

00:33:28.160 --> 00:33:29.039
 of a letter,

00:33:29.440 --> 00:33:31.120
 it gets Calvin

00:33:31.120 --> 00:33:31.799
 back on the

00:33:31.799 --> 00:33:33.660
 radar for the

00:33:33.660 --> 00:33:35.080
 city councilors,

00:33:35.640 --> 00:33:36.120
 and they

00:33:36.120 --> 00:33:36.620
 realize they

00:33:36.620 --> 00:33:37.160
 made a mistake.

00:33:38.080 --> 00:33:39.259
 They write to

00:33:39.259 --> 00:33:40.200
 beg Calvin to

00:33:40.200 --> 00:33:40.720
 come back.

00:33:41.720 --> 00:33:42.500
 Again, Calvin

00:33:42.500 --> 00:33:43.480
 wants no part of

00:33:43.480 --> 00:33:44.240
 Geneva whatsoever,

00:33:44.800 --> 00:33:45.759
 but Bootser,

00:33:45.900 --> 00:33:46.259
 Pharrell,

00:33:46.380 --> 00:33:48.880
 the classic

00:33:48.880 --> 00:33:49.360
 people who

00:33:49.360 --> 00:33:49.800
 keep telling

00:33:49.800 --> 00:33:50.160
 him to do

00:33:50.160 --> 00:33:50.420
 things he

00:33:50.420 --> 00:33:50.820
 doesn't want

00:33:50.820 --> 00:33:51.160
 to do,

00:33:51.620 --> 00:33:52.660
 they eventually

00:33:52.660 --> 00:33:53.759
 convince Calvin

00:33:53.759 --> 00:33:54.920
 to return,

00:33:55.560 --> 00:33:56.279
 to serve the

00:33:56.279 --> 00:33:56.720
 needy people

00:33:56.720 --> 00:33:56.940
 there.

00:33:57.759 --> 00:33:58.380
 And Geneva

00:33:58.380 --> 00:33:59.120
 is where the

00:33:59.120 --> 00:33:59.680
 rest of his

00:33:59.680 --> 00:34:00.340
 ministry will

00:34:00.340 --> 00:34:00.840
 play out.

00:34:00.839 --> 00:34:02.459
 when he

00:34:02.459 --> 00:34:03.039
 returns to

00:34:03.039 --> 00:34:03.939
 Geneva after

00:34:03.939 --> 00:34:04.839
 three years

00:34:04.839 --> 00:34:07.019
 in 1541,

00:34:07.919 --> 00:34:08.719
 he famously,

00:34:08.719 --> 00:34:09.739
 he steps up

00:34:09.739 --> 00:34:11.219
 to preach at

00:34:11.219 --> 00:34:11.400
 St.

00:34:11.460 --> 00:34:11.679
 Pierre,

00:34:12.219 --> 00:34:13.279
 and what

00:34:13.279 --> 00:34:13.799
 does he do?

00:34:14.940 --> 00:34:16.420
 He simply

00:34:16.420 --> 00:34:17.860
 picks up right

00:34:17.860 --> 00:34:18.619
 where he left

00:34:18.619 --> 00:34:18.940
 off.

00:34:20.219 --> 00:34:21.039
 No, I

00:34:21.039 --> 00:34:21.920
 told you so.

00:34:22.619 --> 00:34:23.500
 No, you

00:34:23.500 --> 00:34:24.119
 were wrong to

00:34:24.119 --> 00:34:24.860
 drive me out.

00:34:25.480 --> 00:34:26.179
 Nothing like

00:34:26.179 --> 00:34:26.440
 that.

00:34:27.179 --> 00:34:28.380
 Just the next

00:34:28.380 --> 00:34:28.860
 passage.

00:34:28.860 --> 00:34:30.460
 If that's

00:34:30.460 --> 00:34:30.780
 not a

00:34:30.780 --> 00:34:31.160
 perfect

00:34:31.160 --> 00:34:31.900
 metaphor of

00:34:31.900 --> 00:34:32.620
 faithful,

00:34:33.120 --> 00:34:33.579
 patient,

00:34:33.800 --> 00:34:34.360
 enduring

00:34:34.360 --> 00:34:35.039
 pastoral

00:34:35.039 --> 00:34:35.400
 ministry,

00:34:35.680 --> 00:34:36.539
 I'm not

00:34:36.539 --> 00:34:36.840
 sure what

00:34:36.840 --> 00:34:37.160
 it is.

00:34:37.400 --> 00:34:37.780
 Kevin

00:34:37.780 --> 00:34:38.160
 Dillon, he

00:34:38.160 --> 00:34:38.620
 talks about

00:34:38.620 --> 00:34:38.860
 this.

00:34:39.400 --> 00:34:40.160
 You threaten

00:34:40.160 --> 00:34:40.760
 my life,

00:34:40.980 --> 00:34:41.519
 what do you

00:34:41.519 --> 00:34:41.740
 get?

00:34:42.460 --> 00:34:42.740
 You're going

00:34:42.740 --> 00:34:43.000
 to get the

00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:43.539
 next passage.

00:34:44.260 --> 00:34:44.940
 You threaten

00:34:44.940 --> 00:34:46.360
 to disown

00:34:46.360 --> 00:34:47.420
 me to raid

00:34:47.420 --> 00:34:47.940
 my house,

00:34:48.120 --> 00:34:48.360
 what are you

00:34:48.360 --> 00:34:48.500
 going to

00:34:48.500 --> 00:34:48.720
 get?

00:34:48.900 --> 00:34:49.980
 You're going

00:34:49.980 --> 00:34:50.280
 to get the

00:34:50.280 --> 00:34:51.059
 next passage.

00:34:52.680 --> 00:34:53.559
 That's the

00:34:53.559 --> 00:34:54.200
 kind of man

00:34:54.200 --> 00:34:54.940
 that he is.

00:34:55.140 --> 00:34:55.460
 And that's

00:34:55.460 --> 00:34:55.960
 the kind of

00:34:55.960 --> 00:34:57.039
 faithful ministry

00:34:57.039 --> 00:34:58.380
 that pastors

00:34:58.380 --> 00:34:58.920
 should strive

00:34:58.920 --> 00:34:59.180
 for.

00:34:59.619 --> 00:35:00.400
 You attack

00:35:00.400 --> 00:35:01.280
 me, what are

00:35:01.280 --> 00:35:01.500
 you going to

00:35:01.500 --> 00:35:01.619
 get?

00:35:01.640 --> 00:35:01.900
 You're going

00:35:01.900 --> 00:35:02.320
 to get the

00:35:02.320 --> 00:35:03.180
 next message,

00:35:03.660 --> 00:35:04.260
 my best

00:35:04.260 --> 00:35:04.900
 message the

00:35:04.900 --> 00:35:05.340
 very next

00:35:05.340 --> 00:35:05.579
 Sunday.

00:35:06.980 --> 00:35:07.640
 Following the

00:35:07.640 --> 00:35:08.460
 pattern started

00:35:08.460 --> 00:35:09.079
 from Zwingli,

00:35:09.180 --> 00:35:09.720
 he preached

00:35:09.720 --> 00:35:11.079
 Lectio Continua,

00:35:11.559 --> 00:35:12.480
 which we talked

00:35:12.480 --> 00:35:13.480
 about is just

00:35:13.480 --> 00:35:14.579
 preaching expositionly,

00:35:14.680 --> 00:35:15.500
 preaching through

00:35:15.500 --> 00:35:16.000
 the books of the

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:17.280
 Bible, chapter by

00:35:17.280 --> 00:35:18.400
 chapter, verse by

00:35:18.400 --> 00:35:18.700
 verse.

00:35:19.480 --> 00:35:20.320
 He preached

00:35:20.320 --> 00:35:21.000
 often.

00:35:21.400 --> 00:35:21.880
 He preached

00:35:21.880 --> 00:35:23.260
 twice on Sundays

00:35:23.260 --> 00:35:25.039
 and every single

00:35:25.039 --> 00:35:25.740
 day of the week,

00:35:26.059 --> 00:35:26.660
 every other week.

00:35:26.659 --> 00:35:28.759
 never with the

00:35:28.759 --> 00:35:29.799
 manuscripts, Calvin

00:35:29.799 --> 00:35:31.079
 would steep himself

00:35:31.079 --> 00:35:32.659
 in the text in his

00:35:32.659 --> 00:35:33.500
 preparation and then

00:35:33.500 --> 00:35:34.319
 he'd just get up and

00:35:34.319 --> 00:35:34.799
 he'd preach.

00:35:36.000 --> 00:35:36.859
 His practice was

00:35:36.859 --> 00:35:38.039
 typically to preach on

00:35:38.039 --> 00:35:39.199
 Sundays in the New

00:35:39.199 --> 00:35:40.460
 Testament and then

00:35:40.460 --> 00:35:41.319
 through the rest of

00:35:41.319 --> 00:35:42.539
 the week, preach in

00:35:42.539 --> 00:35:43.319
 the Old Testament so

00:35:43.319 --> 00:35:45.239
 that his congregation

00:35:45.239 --> 00:35:46.779
 would receive a

00:35:46.779 --> 00:35:47.679
 balanced diet.

00:35:48.619 --> 00:35:50.619
 We have over 2,500

00:35:50.619 --> 00:35:51.920
 sermon manuscripts

00:35:51.920 --> 00:35:51.920


00:35:51.920 --> 00:35:53.619
 that listeners, they

00:35:53.619 --> 00:35:54.400
 heard the sermon

00:35:54.400 --> 00:35:54.820
 that they would

00:35:54.820 --> 00:35:56.659
 transcribe and some

00:35:56.659 --> 00:35:57.300
 of which are still

00:35:57.300 --> 00:35:58.200
 being translated to

00:35:58.200 --> 00:35:58.579
 this day.

00:35:59.639 --> 00:36:00.700
 His preaching was

00:36:00.700 --> 00:36:02.639
 earnest, forceful.

00:36:03.500 --> 00:36:04.460
 One example, he

00:36:04.460 --> 00:36:05.200
 preaches through the

00:36:05.200 --> 00:36:06.300
 book of Ephesians and

00:36:06.300 --> 00:36:07.220
 during one sermon he

00:36:07.220 --> 00:36:08.740
 literally pops a blood

00:36:08.740 --> 00:36:10.360
 vessel because of how

00:36:10.360 --> 00:36:11.260
 forcefully he's trying

00:36:11.260 --> 00:36:11.659
 to preach.

00:36:12.940 --> 00:36:14.539
 And the frequency and

00:36:14.539 --> 00:36:15.440
 the volume of his

00:36:15.440 --> 00:36:16.619
 preaching is just the

00:36:16.619 --> 00:36:17.980
 tip of the iceberg of

00:36:17.980 --> 00:36:19.159
 the sheer output of

00:36:19.159 --> 00:36:19.519
 this man.

00:36:19.619 --> 00:36:20.260
 This man is

00:36:20.260 --> 00:36:21.100
 incredible.

00:36:22.120 --> 00:36:23.800
 In his short life, he

00:36:23.800 --> 00:36:24.740
 does the work that

00:36:24.740 --> 00:36:25.600
 honestly it would

00:36:25.600 --> 00:36:26.900
 require us probably

00:36:26.900 --> 00:36:28.000
 two or three

00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:28.980
 lifetimes to

00:36:28.980 --> 00:36:29.300
 accomplish.

00:36:30.180 --> 00:36:31.440
 Frankly, he writes

00:36:31.440 --> 00:36:32.480
 more than probably

00:36:32.480 --> 00:36:33.420
 most of us will ever

00:36:33.420 --> 00:36:34.840
 read in our entire

00:36:34.840 --> 00:36:35.240
 lives.

00:36:36.120 --> 00:36:38.280
 About 35 volumes of

00:36:38.280 --> 00:36:39.400
 correspondences of

00:36:39.400 --> 00:36:41.140
 letters in which

00:36:41.140 --> 00:36:41.940
 people wrote to him

00:36:41.940 --> 00:36:42.920
 asking for pastoral

00:36:42.920 --> 00:36:44.680
 advice for certain

00:36:44.680 --> 00:36:46.100
 situations like that.

00:36:47.760 --> 00:36:48.860
 People asked him for

00:36:48.860 --> 00:36:49.760
 pastoral advice and he

00:36:49.760 --> 00:36:51.020
 was never too busy to

00:36:51.020 --> 00:36:51.520
 answer them.

00:36:52.120 --> 00:36:53.340
 In our modern day

00:36:53.340 --> 00:36:54.660
 context, I think his

00:36:54.660 --> 00:36:57.460
 email inbox was

00:36:57.460 --> 00:36:58.680
 perfectly pristine.

00:36:58.820 --> 00:36:59.400
 He read everything,

00:36:59.500 --> 00:37:00.240
 replied to everything.

00:37:01.400 --> 00:37:02.520
 He writes catechisms,

00:37:03.020 --> 00:37:04.620
 tracts, confessions of

00:37:04.620 --> 00:37:05.840
 faith, ecclesiastical

00:37:05.840 --> 00:37:07.180
 documents, liturgies,

00:37:07.360 --> 00:37:07.780
 treatises.

00:37:08.480 --> 00:37:09.580
 He writes more than

00:37:09.580 --> 00:37:11.260
 50 commentaries

00:37:11.260 --> 00:37:14.240
 covering more than 70%

00:37:14.240 --> 00:37:15.480
 of all the Bible.

00:37:15.680 --> 00:37:16.500
 He writes about three

00:37:16.500 --> 00:37:17.820
 fourths, covers about

00:37:17.820 --> 00:37:18.400
 three fourths of the

00:37:18.400 --> 00:37:18.599
 Bible.

00:37:19.200 --> 00:37:20.059
 And he, again, goes

00:37:20.059 --> 00:37:21.280
 through them verse by

00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:21.619
 verse.

00:37:23.360 --> 00:37:24.639
 These commentaries, even

00:37:24.639 --> 00:37:25.599
 though they're more than

00:37:25.599 --> 00:37:27.760
 500 years old, they're

00:37:27.760 --> 00:37:29.280
 honestly still gold for

00:37:29.280 --> 00:37:30.460
 modern preachers and

00:37:30.460 --> 00:37:30.860
 pastors.

00:37:32.160 --> 00:37:32.960
 There are some things

00:37:32.960 --> 00:37:34.200
 that Calvin can argue

00:37:34.200 --> 00:37:35.539
 and elucidate more

00:37:35.539 --> 00:37:36.920
 clearly than any modern

00:37:36.920 --> 00:37:38.599
 commentator can do.

00:37:39.639 --> 00:37:41.099
 And that was his goal,

00:37:41.220 --> 00:37:41.340
 right?

00:37:41.340 --> 00:37:43.420
 Unlike other contemporaries

00:37:43.420 --> 00:37:44.880
 who use commentaries for

00:37:44.880 --> 00:37:46.760
 these lengthy, heady,

00:37:47.039 --> 00:37:48.440
 doctrinal digressions,

00:37:49.039 --> 00:37:50.960
 his simple goal was, in

00:37:50.960 --> 00:37:52.400
 his commentaries, clarity

00:37:52.400 --> 00:37:54.860
 and lucid, clarity and

00:37:54.860 --> 00:37:55.200
 brevity.

00:37:56.480 --> 00:37:58.740
 And it's really those two

00:37:58.740 --> 00:38:00.220
 aspects that allow these

00:38:00.220 --> 00:38:01.500
 commentators or comment,

00:38:01.660 --> 00:38:03.320
 commentaries to penetrate

00:38:03.320 --> 00:38:04.780
 our minds, the minds of the

00:38:04.780 --> 00:38:05.100
 readers.

00:38:06.460 --> 00:38:08.980
 Later, Jacob Arminius,

00:38:08.980 --> 00:38:10.679
 if you know the term

00:38:10.679 --> 00:38:13.019
 Arminianism, famously it's

00:38:13.019 --> 00:38:13.980
 put against Calvinism,

00:38:14.420 --> 00:38:15.960
 Arminianism, the clash,

00:38:16.079 --> 00:38:16.219
 right?

00:38:16.559 --> 00:38:18.039
 The founder, essentially, of

00:38:18.039 --> 00:38:19.179
 Arminianism, hear what he

00:38:19.179 --> 00:38:20.320
 has to say about Calvin.

00:38:20.900 --> 00:38:22.360
 He recommends the

00:38:22.360 --> 00:38:23.679
 commentaries, saying,

00:38:23.679 --> 00:38:24.779
 after the reading of

00:38:24.779 --> 00:38:26.679
 scripture, I recommend that

00:38:26.679 --> 00:38:28.219
 the commentaries of Calvin

00:38:28.219 --> 00:38:28.739
 be read.

00:38:29.940 --> 00:38:31.059
 For I affirm that in the

00:38:31.059 --> 00:38:31.940
 interpretation of

00:38:31.940 --> 00:38:33.159
 scripture, Calvin is

00:38:33.159 --> 00:38:35.339
 incomparable, and that his

00:38:35.339 --> 00:38:36.480
 commentaries are more to

00:38:36.480 --> 00:38:37.759
 be valued than anything

00:38:37.759 --> 00:38:39.359
 that is handed down to us

00:38:39.359 --> 00:38:40.339
 in the writings of the

00:38:40.339 --> 00:38:40.579
 fathers.

00:38:40.639 --> 00:38:41.980
 Very, very high praise from

00:38:41.980 --> 00:38:43.019
 someone who disagreed with

00:38:43.019 --> 00:38:44.019
 him, very starkly.

00:38:45.659 --> 00:38:47.079
 Here's another historian.

00:38:47.319 --> 00:38:49.079
 Calvin was an exegetical

00:38:49.079 --> 00:38:50.759
 genius of the first order.

00:38:50.760 --> 00:38:53.260
 His commentaries are

00:38:53.260 --> 00:38:54.620
 unsurpassed for their

00:38:54.620 --> 00:38:56.680
 originality, depth, clarity,

00:38:56.860 --> 00:38:57.540
 and soundness.

00:38:58.260 --> 00:39:01.160
 Calvin was king, king of the

00:39:01.160 --> 00:39:01.700
 commentators.

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:05.060
 There, if you read through

00:39:05.060 --> 00:39:06.200
 them, he actually is

00:39:06.200 --> 00:39:08.180
 surprisingly unashamed to

00:39:08.180 --> 00:39:10.180
 admit as well when he

00:39:10.180 --> 00:39:11.780
 simply just doesn't know the

00:39:11.780 --> 00:39:13.420
 answer to a tough question.

00:39:14.220 --> 00:39:15.680
 I think that's so encouraging

00:39:15.680 --> 00:39:17.760
 for me to see his humility.

00:39:17.760 --> 00:39:20.180
 And he doesn't let perfection

00:39:20.180 --> 00:39:22.240
 come in the way of progress.

00:39:22.820 --> 00:39:24.640
 And he continues to track on

00:39:24.640 --> 00:39:26.480
 chapter by chapter, verse by

00:39:26.480 --> 00:39:26.720
 verse.

00:39:27.960 --> 00:39:29.780
 And finally, you can't speak

00:39:29.780 --> 00:39:31.180
 about Calvin and his work

00:39:31.180 --> 00:39:32.360
 without mentioning the

00:39:32.360 --> 00:39:35.700
 aforementioned 1,800-page

00:39:35.700 --> 00:39:37.480
 magisterial tome of the

00:39:37.480 --> 00:39:38.100
 Institutes.

00:39:38.740 --> 00:39:40.840
 And it's by far Calvin's

00:39:40.840 --> 00:39:41.780
 greatest achievement.

00:39:42.540 --> 00:39:44.340
 And he takes the classical

00:39:44.340 --> 00:39:46.600
 insights of the Reformation and

00:39:46.599 --> 00:39:47.920
 he gives them a clear

00:39:47.920 --> 00:39:51.400
 systematic exposition, which

00:39:51.400 --> 00:39:53.319
 neither Luther nor Zwingli

00:39:53.319 --> 00:39:54.559
 was able to do.

00:39:55.559 --> 00:39:56.539
 And so that's why people call

00:39:56.539 --> 00:39:58.000
 him the architect of the

00:39:58.000 --> 00:39:58.360
 Reformation.

00:39:59.599 --> 00:40:00.880
 So Martin Lloyd-Jones,

00:40:01.019 --> 00:40:02.460
 faithful pastor, he writes

00:40:02.460 --> 00:40:02.839
 this,

00:40:03.380 --> 00:40:04.819
 Luther was a volcano,

00:40:05.819 --> 00:40:07.400
 spewing out ideas in all

00:40:07.400 --> 00:40:09.659
 directions without form or

00:40:09.659 --> 00:40:10.259
 systems.

00:40:10.260 --> 00:40:13.560
 But ideas cannot live and last

00:40:13.560 --> 00:40:14.240
 without a body.

00:40:15.180 --> 00:40:16.440
 And the great need for the

00:40:16.440 --> 00:40:18.380
 Reformation was a theologian,

00:40:19.020 --> 00:40:20.300
 a systematic thinker.

00:40:21.260 --> 00:40:22.720
 And he goes as far as to say

00:40:22.720 --> 00:40:23.940
 that there was a very good

00:40:23.940 --> 00:40:25.220
 chance that the Reformation

00:40:25.220 --> 00:40:27.180
 would have died out by the end

00:40:27.180 --> 00:40:29.160
 of the 16th century if it

00:40:29.160 --> 00:40:29.960
 weren't for Calvin.

00:40:30.620 --> 00:40:31.700
 And the reality is that there's

00:40:31.700 --> 00:40:32.700
 a very good chance that all of

00:40:32.700 --> 00:40:34.080
 us then, without Calvin, would

00:40:34.080 --> 00:40:34.860
 be Catholic.

00:40:34.860 --> 00:40:34.940
 Catholic?

00:40:35.960 --> 00:40:36.180
 Right?

00:40:37.440 --> 00:40:38.980
 When Calvin comes on the

00:40:38.980 --> 00:40:40.780
 scene, he particularly, he

00:40:40.780 --> 00:40:42.740
 inherits a tradition and a

00:40:42.740 --> 00:40:44.780
 theology that's marked by two

00:40:44.780 --> 00:40:46.539
 decades of controversy, of

00:40:46.539 --> 00:40:47.200
 infighting.

00:40:48.160 --> 00:40:49.360
 Another historian, Caspar

00:40:49.360 --> 00:40:51.360
 Schweckfield, he says this,

00:40:51.900 --> 00:40:53.079
 the Papists damn the

00:40:53.079 --> 00:40:55.360
 Lutherans, the Lutherans

00:40:55.360 --> 00:40:57.120
 damn the Zwinglians, the

00:40:57.120 --> 00:40:58.099
 Zwinglians damn the

00:40:58.099 --> 00:40:59.360
 Anabaptists, and the

00:40:59.360 --> 00:41:00.700
 Anabaptists damn all the

00:41:00.700 --> 00:41:01.000
 others.

00:41:01.000 --> 00:41:05.320
 During Calvin's lifetime, at

00:41:05.320 --> 00:41:07.519
 that precise moment, Zwingli

00:41:07.519 --> 00:41:10.059
 had died, Luther was dormant,

00:41:10.699 --> 00:41:12.099
 the Roman Catholic Church was

00:41:12.099 --> 00:41:14.420
 resurgent, and the Anabaptists

00:41:14.420 --> 00:41:15.699
 were fragmented.

00:41:16.760 --> 00:41:18.699
 With the Institutes, Calvin

00:41:18.699 --> 00:41:20.500
 emerges as the new leader of

00:41:20.500 --> 00:41:21.639
 the Reformation and the

00:41:21.639 --> 00:41:24.280
 reformulator of a new

00:41:24.280 --> 00:41:24.739
 theology.

00:41:25.840 --> 00:41:27.960
 I talked at the beginning of

00:41:27.960 --> 00:41:29.820
 the class in week one about

00:41:29.820 --> 00:41:31.860
 how we should strive to

00:41:31.860 --> 00:41:32.940
 incorporate in our reading

00:41:32.940 --> 00:41:34.720
 diet old books by dead

00:41:34.720 --> 00:41:35.019
 people.

00:41:36.200 --> 00:41:37.700
 And I think the Institutes

00:41:37.700 --> 00:41:39.480
 is a great, great first

00:41:39.480 --> 00:41:41.180
 option because it's a very

00:41:41.180 --> 00:41:42.400
 pastoral work.

00:41:42.720 --> 00:41:44.360
 It's not just dry, heady

00:41:44.360 --> 00:41:45.600
 theological material.

00:41:46.320 --> 00:41:46.380
 Right?

00:41:46.440 --> 00:41:48.100
 In some particular sections,

00:41:48.660 --> 00:41:49.800
 especially on ones like

00:41:49.800 --> 00:41:51.920
 prayer, you really see

00:41:51.920 --> 00:41:53.400
 Luther's pastoral, or

00:41:53.400 --> 00:41:54.960
 Luther, Calvin's pastoral

00:41:54.960 --> 00:41:55.700
 heart come out.

00:41:56.660 --> 00:41:58.180
 Some have read through the

00:41:58.180 --> 00:41:59.480
 Institutes even devotionally.

00:41:59.820 --> 00:42:01.260
 And if you're interested in

00:42:01.260 --> 00:42:02.260
 reading it, I kind of feel

00:42:02.260 --> 00:42:03.300
 ashamed talking about it

00:42:03.300 --> 00:42:03.960
 like this because I've never

00:42:03.960 --> 00:42:04.780
 actually finished reading it,

00:42:04.900 --> 00:42:07.440
 but I love if you guys want to

00:42:07.440 --> 00:42:08.000
 read it with me.

00:42:08.640 --> 00:42:12.080
 This is pretty much the gold

00:42:12.080 --> 00:42:14.200
 standard of the Institutes.

00:42:14.360 --> 00:42:15.519
 It's obviously translated in

00:42:15.519 --> 00:42:15.840
 English.

00:42:16.100 --> 00:42:17.720
 This copy by John

00:42:17.720 --> 00:42:19.059
 Macnell, Sean bought it for me,

00:42:19.080 --> 00:42:19.820
 or the church bought it for me.

00:42:21.200 --> 00:42:22.720
 Yeah, it's long.

00:42:22.860 --> 00:42:24.160
 This is actually just one of two,

00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:25.400
 so there's another entire book

00:42:25.400 --> 00:42:26.200
 to it as well.

00:42:27.059 --> 00:42:28.319
 But there are some reading

00:42:28.319 --> 00:42:29.659
 plans that people have come up

00:42:29.659 --> 00:42:31.359
 with where you just have to

00:42:31.359 --> 00:42:32.599
 read 15 minutes a day.

00:42:33.079 --> 00:42:34.559
 15 minutes a day for a year,

00:42:34.639 --> 00:42:35.579
 and that you can get through

00:42:35.579 --> 00:42:36.639
 the entire thing.

00:42:37.319 --> 00:42:38.879
 And I think it's a great way to

00:42:38.879 --> 00:42:40.579
 sink your teeth into some old

00:42:40.579 --> 00:42:41.460
 books by dead people.

00:42:41.839 --> 00:42:43.059
 And if you want to read one,

00:42:43.460 --> 00:42:45.119
 this is probably one of the best.

00:42:46.559 --> 00:42:47.719
 Talk about it a little bit.

00:42:47.819 --> 00:42:50.519
 Calvin talks or covers such a wide

00:42:50.519 --> 00:42:52.259
 breadth of material from faith and

00:42:52.260 --> 00:42:54.200
 salvation to the local church,

00:42:54.200 --> 00:42:56.380
 from prayer to the sacraments.

00:42:56.380 --> 00:42:58.480
 So I couldn't possibly cover all

00:42:58.480 --> 00:42:59.600
 that Calvin says.

00:43:00.260 --> 00:43:01.440
 But just some really,

00:43:01.620 --> 00:43:02.880
 really brief highlights.

00:43:03.900 --> 00:43:05.300
 It opens with one of the most

00:43:05.300 --> 00:43:08.240
 famous openings of any theological

00:43:08.240 --> 00:43:08.680
 work.

00:43:08.940 --> 00:43:09.440
 He writes this,

00:43:09.600 --> 00:43:11.480
 Nearly all the wisdom we possess

00:43:11.480 --> 00:43:12.860
 consists of two parts,

00:43:13.540 --> 00:43:15.480
 knowledge of God and knowledge of

00:43:15.480 --> 00:43:15.800
 self.

00:43:16.360 --> 00:43:17.860
 And he says that those are

00:43:17.860 --> 00:43:19.660
 intertwined, right?

00:43:19.720 --> 00:43:21.320
 That's his genius immediately on

00:43:21.320 --> 00:43:21.700
 display.

00:43:22.220 --> 00:43:24.660
 You cannot have one without the

00:43:24.660 --> 00:43:24.840
 other.

00:43:25.620 --> 00:43:28.080
 You can't truly know yourself,

00:43:28.340 --> 00:43:29.880
 who you are as a finite creature,

00:43:30.059 --> 00:43:31.960
 without knowing the true and

00:43:31.960 --> 00:43:32.880
 living God.

00:43:34.280 --> 00:43:35.100
 And on the flip side,

00:43:35.180 --> 00:43:36.840
 you can't really know God unless

00:43:36.840 --> 00:43:38.160
 you actually see yourself for who

00:43:38.160 --> 00:43:38.580
 you are.

00:43:39.019 --> 00:43:39.580
 A creature,

00:43:39.780 --> 00:43:41.059
 a sinful creature at that,

00:43:41.640 --> 00:43:41.800
 right?

00:43:41.840 --> 00:43:43.620
 And living in total dependence on

00:43:43.620 --> 00:43:43.840
 him,

00:43:44.360 --> 00:43:44.600
 right?

00:43:44.720 --> 00:43:46.880
 Most of the theological works at

00:43:46.880 --> 00:43:47.340
 that time,

00:43:47.660 --> 00:43:50.380
 it tended to separate theology

00:43:50.380 --> 00:43:51.300
 proper,

00:43:51.460 --> 00:43:52.440
 the study of God,

00:43:52.860 --> 00:43:53.599
 and anthropology,

00:43:53.920 --> 00:43:54.660
 the study of man.

00:43:54.780 --> 00:43:56.480
 It tended to separate those two.

00:43:57.079 --> 00:43:58.099
 But Luther's genius is,

00:43:58.220 --> 00:43:58.320
 again,

00:43:58.380 --> 00:43:59.700
 to see that they are totally

00:43:59.700 --> 00:44:00.380
 intertwined.

00:44:01.079 --> 00:44:02.059
 And I think that's helpful.

00:44:02.240 --> 00:44:02.440
 Again,

00:44:02.519 --> 00:44:03.660
 you read through these old books

00:44:03.660 --> 00:44:05.000
 and you'll find that these things

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:06.500
 apply to us in our day,

00:44:06.640 --> 00:44:07.840
 our day and age,

00:44:07.900 --> 00:44:08.119
 right?

00:44:08.480 --> 00:44:09.940
 Because you hear commonly the

00:44:09.940 --> 00:44:11.780
 language of self-discovery,

00:44:11.980 --> 00:44:13.280
 of self-actualization,

00:44:13.640 --> 00:44:15.500
 that people are saying,

00:44:15.500 --> 00:44:17.380
 you need to search within yourself.

00:44:17.659 --> 00:44:19.099
 You need to go travel and go

00:44:19.099 --> 00:44:19.679
 backpacking,

00:44:19.780 --> 00:44:20.079
 I don't know,

00:44:20.139 --> 00:44:20.719
 go meditating.

00:44:21.699 --> 00:44:23.059
 And if you search within yourself,

00:44:23.059 --> 00:44:24.239
 then you can find out who you

00:44:24.239 --> 00:44:24.860
 really are.

00:44:26.019 --> 00:44:27.880
 Luther would strongly push back on

00:44:27.880 --> 00:44:28.579
 that kind of talk,

00:44:29.300 --> 00:44:30.900
 saying that it's not by searching

00:44:30.900 --> 00:44:32.639
 internally do you find out who you

00:44:32.639 --> 00:44:32.820
 are,

00:44:32.920 --> 00:44:34.099
 but it's externally.

00:44:34.219 --> 00:44:35.980
 It's by seeing who God truly is

00:44:35.980 --> 00:44:36.800
 and all this splendor,

00:44:37.199 --> 00:44:38.960
 then you understand who you are,

00:44:39.119 --> 00:44:39.340
 right?

00:44:40.820 --> 00:44:41.260
 Next,

00:44:41.340 --> 00:44:43.239
 he talks about how Scripture is the

00:44:43.239 --> 00:44:43.980
 Word of God.

00:44:43.980 --> 00:44:46.420
 He highlights key doctrine of

00:44:46.420 --> 00:44:46.679
 Scripture,

00:44:46.860 --> 00:44:47.800
 like it's clarity,

00:44:48.039 --> 00:44:48.460
 veracity,

00:44:48.780 --> 00:44:49.219
 sufficiency.

00:44:49.699 --> 00:44:51.099
 Don't have time to get into that.

00:44:52.219 --> 00:44:53.760
 But one particular note about

00:44:53.760 --> 00:44:55.760
 the Scriptures is he asks,

00:44:55.960 --> 00:44:57.559
 how do we know that the Scriptures

00:44:57.559 --> 00:44:58.820
 are the Word of God?

00:44:59.780 --> 00:45:00.740
 And Calvin,

00:45:00.920 --> 00:45:03.639
 he argues that it really is by

00:45:03.639 --> 00:45:05.320
 the Holy Spirit alone,

00:45:05.480 --> 00:45:06.740
 the author of the Scriptures.

00:45:07.360 --> 00:45:09.679
 He is the one who convinces us

00:45:09.679 --> 00:45:11.960
 and it authenticates the Scriptures

00:45:11.960 --> 00:45:13.960
 to us that this truly is

00:45:13.960 --> 00:45:14.699
 the inerrant,

00:45:14.880 --> 00:45:16.039
 infallible Word of God,

00:45:16.800 --> 00:45:17.019
 right?

00:45:17.039 --> 00:45:18.460
 So we don't know and believe

00:45:18.460 --> 00:45:20.019
 the Bible is truth.

00:45:20.159 --> 00:45:22.400
 It's full of truth by subjecting it

00:45:22.400 --> 00:45:24.440
 to actually outside external

00:45:24.440 --> 00:45:25.980
 tests and measures.

00:45:26.659 --> 00:45:27.980
 We ultimately know

00:45:27.980 --> 00:45:29.199
 it is the Word of God

00:45:29.199 --> 00:45:30.619
 by the ministry,

00:45:30.740 --> 00:45:31.579
 the internal ministry

00:45:31.579 --> 00:45:32.599
 of the Holy Spirit himself.

00:45:34.320 --> 00:45:35.079
 And of course,

00:45:35.159 --> 00:45:36.920
 I'd be remiss if we didn't mention

00:45:36.920 --> 00:45:38.699
 the doctrines of grace,

00:45:39.220 --> 00:45:40.960
 topics like predestination,

00:45:40.960 --> 00:45:42.119
 election.

00:45:43.039 --> 00:45:44.920
 It's what Calvin is often

00:45:44.920 --> 00:45:46.159
 most known for,

00:45:46.619 --> 00:45:48.179
 but it's, number one,

00:45:48.300 --> 00:45:49.199
 hardly original.

00:45:49.780 --> 00:45:51.380
 At this point of church history,

00:45:52.119 --> 00:45:52.740
 Augustine,

00:45:53.199 --> 00:45:53.980
 Thomas Aquinas,

00:45:54.579 --> 00:45:55.019
 Luther,

00:45:55.260 --> 00:45:55.679
 Zwingli,

00:45:55.740 --> 00:45:56.900
 they all believed

00:45:56.900 --> 00:45:58.179
 and affirmed in election.

00:45:59.179 --> 00:46:00.880
 And it's also hardly all

00:46:00.880 --> 00:46:02.220
 that Calvin talks about,

00:46:02.420 --> 00:46:02.579
 right?

00:46:02.579 --> 00:46:03.500
 We talked about the different

00:46:03.500 --> 00:46:05.099
 editions of the Institutes.

00:46:05.659 --> 00:46:06.819
 In the first edition,

00:46:07.179 --> 00:46:07.880
 he doesn't even talk

00:46:07.880 --> 00:46:08.480
 about it at all.

00:46:09.699 --> 00:46:10.679
 And I mentioned that

00:46:10.679 --> 00:46:11.679
 he writes catechisms

00:46:11.679 --> 00:46:15.839
 in one 350-question catechism,

00:46:16.019 --> 00:46:17.000
 350 questions.

00:46:17.579 --> 00:46:18.819
 Not a single one

00:46:18.819 --> 00:46:20.099
 is about predestination.

00:46:21.559 --> 00:46:22.139
 That being said,

00:46:22.239 --> 00:46:24.339
 it's still such an important part

00:46:24.339 --> 00:46:25.739
 of Calvin's theology,

00:46:26.000 --> 00:46:26.259
 right?

00:46:26.360 --> 00:46:27.480
 Because I think it ultimately

00:46:27.480 --> 00:46:29.719
 flows from Calvin's

00:46:29.719 --> 00:46:30.839
 majestic view of God,

00:46:30.900 --> 00:46:32.199
 his big view of God,

00:46:32.460 --> 00:46:34.279
 and his small view of man.

00:46:35.099 --> 00:46:36.500
 He sees that God

00:46:36.500 --> 00:46:38.239
 is the first cause

00:46:38.239 --> 00:46:39.839
 and the last end

00:46:39.839 --> 00:46:41.360
 of all things.

00:46:42.279 --> 00:46:43.599
 He holds to a

00:46:43.599 --> 00:46:45.659
 monergistic soteriology,

00:46:45.799 --> 00:46:46.440
 big words,

00:46:46.639 --> 00:46:48.319
 but what it basically means

00:46:48.319 --> 00:46:49.179
 that monergistic

00:46:49.179 --> 00:46:50.480
 means essentially

00:46:50.480 --> 00:46:51.559
 one working,

00:46:52.579 --> 00:46:53.460
 because he held

00:46:53.460 --> 00:46:54.779
 that God alone,

00:46:55.199 --> 00:46:56.339
 he alone is the

00:46:56.339 --> 00:46:57.619
 effective cause

00:46:57.619 --> 00:46:58.980
 of our salvation,

00:46:59.159 --> 00:47:00.059
 of our regeneration.

00:47:00.980 --> 00:47:01.799
 And that's opposed

00:47:01.799 --> 00:47:03.079
 to a synergism,

00:47:03.420 --> 00:47:04.880
 where that belief

00:47:04.880 --> 00:47:05.740
 is that salvation

00:47:05.740 --> 00:47:07.260
 is a cooperative act

00:47:07.260 --> 00:47:08.119
 between God and man.

00:47:09.079 --> 00:47:09.960
 That man essentially

00:47:09.960 --> 00:47:11.420
 needs to supply something

00:47:11.420 --> 00:47:12.519
 from himself

00:47:12.519 --> 00:47:13.880
 to be able to be saved.

00:47:16.180 --> 00:47:17.059
 Because of texts

00:47:17.059 --> 00:47:18.039
 like Ephesians 2,

00:47:18.220 --> 00:47:18.940
 John 6,

00:47:19.099 --> 00:47:19.740
 Romans 9,

00:47:19.900 --> 00:47:20.619
 Calvin also taught

00:47:20.619 --> 00:47:21.800
 that sinners

00:47:21.800 --> 00:47:23.260
 are spiritually dead,

00:47:23.559 --> 00:47:23.780
 right?

00:47:23.940 --> 00:47:25.300
 They have no motion,

00:47:25.380 --> 00:47:26.039
 no function,

00:47:26.420 --> 00:47:27.820
 unable to cooperate

00:47:27.820 --> 00:47:28.480
 at all

00:47:28.480 --> 00:47:30.039
 with their salvation.

00:47:30.740 --> 00:47:32.079
 But only by the mercy

00:47:32.079 --> 00:47:32.440
 of God,

00:47:32.440 --> 00:47:33.360
 through the definite

00:47:33.360 --> 00:47:34.940
 and effectual atonement

00:47:34.940 --> 00:47:35.599
 at the cross,

00:47:36.099 --> 00:47:37.559
 Christ pays for the sins

00:47:37.559 --> 00:47:38.480
 of those he saves.

00:47:39.159 --> 00:47:40.440
 And by that atonement,

00:47:40.519 --> 00:47:41.320
 then he effectively

00:47:41.320 --> 00:47:42.500
 calls somebody.

00:47:42.860 --> 00:47:43.579
 And when he calls,

00:47:43.659 --> 00:47:44.780
 when his words

00:47:44.780 --> 00:47:45.360
 leave his mouth,

00:47:45.440 --> 00:47:46.599
 they never return empty.

00:47:47.079 --> 00:47:48.460
 So when he calls,

00:47:48.599 --> 00:47:49.780
 nobody can resist him.

00:47:50.780 --> 00:47:51.659
 And by that call,

00:47:51.720 --> 00:47:52.780
 he breathes life

00:47:52.780 --> 00:47:53.599
 into new souls,

00:47:54.019 --> 00:47:54.800
 resurrects us

00:47:54.800 --> 00:47:55.539
 to new life,

00:47:55.539 --> 00:47:57.340
 and that promise

00:47:57.340 --> 00:47:57.960
 of salvation

00:47:57.960 --> 00:47:58.960
 then leads,

00:47:59.239 --> 00:48:00.139
 this is the only basis

00:48:00.139 --> 00:48:01.099
 on which we can have

00:48:01.099 --> 00:48:02.719
 the total assurance

00:48:02.719 --> 00:48:03.340
 of pardon,

00:48:03.840 --> 00:48:04.980
 the total assurance

00:48:04.980 --> 00:48:05.920
 of salvation,

00:48:06.500 --> 00:48:08.059
 that God will be faithful

00:48:08.059 --> 00:48:08.759
 to his promise

00:48:08.759 --> 00:48:09.579
 because he can never

00:48:09.579 --> 00:48:10.900
 renege on his promises

00:48:10.900 --> 00:48:12.360
 and that we can trust

00:48:12.360 --> 00:48:14.019
 that he will hold us fast.

00:48:14.119 --> 00:48:14.820
 Do you guys know that song,

00:48:14.880 --> 00:48:15.659
 He Will Hold Us Fast?

00:48:16.099 --> 00:48:16.360
 Really,

00:48:16.500 --> 00:48:17.739
 you can't sing that song

00:48:17.739 --> 00:48:18.699
 fully

00:48:18.699 --> 00:48:20.079
 if you don't hold on

00:48:20.079 --> 00:48:22.340
 to a Calvinistic theology.

00:48:22.340 --> 00:48:24.980
 The common pushback

00:48:24.980 --> 00:48:25.700
 against Calvin

00:48:25.700 --> 00:48:26.820
 and the doctrines of grace

00:48:26.820 --> 00:48:29.059
 is the problem of hell.

00:48:30.180 --> 00:48:31.200
 It's a fair question.

00:48:31.280 --> 00:48:32.200
 It's a tough question.

00:48:32.980 --> 00:48:34.059
 If God is sovereign,

00:48:34.500 --> 00:48:35.780
 how is it right,

00:48:36.100 --> 00:48:36.660
 fair,

00:48:36.820 --> 00:48:38.680
 that any is sent to hell?

00:48:40.200 --> 00:48:41.519
 Calvin would follow

00:48:41.519 --> 00:48:42.320
 the Apostle Paul

00:48:42.320 --> 00:48:43.100
 in Romans 9

00:48:43.100 --> 00:48:44.079
 simply just saying,

00:48:44.240 --> 00:48:45.300
 who are you

00:48:45.300 --> 00:48:46.680
 as the pottery

00:48:46.680 --> 00:48:47.620
 to speak back

00:48:47.620 --> 00:48:48.320
 to the potter?

00:48:49.400 --> 00:48:50.740
 He has the right

00:48:50.740 --> 00:48:51.559
 to decide

00:48:51.559 --> 00:48:53.039
 what he will

00:48:53.039 --> 00:48:54.059
 with his pottery.

00:48:55.880 --> 00:48:56.639
 And I think it's,

00:48:56.820 --> 00:48:57.360
 it could be helpful

00:48:57.360 --> 00:48:58.179
 to also diagram,

00:48:58.340 --> 00:48:58.759
 hopefully you guys

00:48:58.759 --> 00:48:59.360
 can see this,

00:48:59.579 --> 00:49:00.340
 in particular,

00:49:00.480 --> 00:49:01.960
 how God treats,

00:49:02.980 --> 00:49:03.860
 can you guys see that?

00:49:08.920 --> 00:49:10.759
 He treats the two parties.

00:49:10.759 --> 00:49:12.079
 He has the elect,

00:49:12.779 --> 00:49:15.179
 he has the non-elect.

00:49:15.699 --> 00:49:16.639
 The elects,

00:49:16.779 --> 00:49:17.480
 he, of course,

00:49:17.559 --> 00:49:18.159
 saves,

00:49:18.159 --> 00:49:20.899
 and the non-elect,

00:49:21.119 --> 00:49:22.059
 he gives up

00:49:22.059 --> 00:49:24.500
 to their sin.

00:49:28.460 --> 00:49:29.119
 Why it's helpful

00:49:29.119 --> 00:49:30.059
 to diagram this,

00:49:30.299 --> 00:49:30.980
 diagram this,

00:49:31.119 --> 00:49:31.679
 is in particular,

00:49:31.819 --> 00:49:33.619
 you can see the asymmetry

00:49:33.619 --> 00:49:35.339
 in how he deals with them,

00:49:35.460 --> 00:49:35.679
 right?

00:49:36.259 --> 00:49:37.420
 So for the elect,

00:49:37.759 --> 00:49:38.839
 what does God give them?

00:49:38.920 --> 00:49:39.359
 He gives them

00:49:39.359 --> 00:49:40.679
 what they don't deserve.

00:49:41.159 --> 00:49:41.960
 He gives them grace.

00:49:42.739 --> 00:49:43.359
 He gives them grace.

00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:45.400
 Whereas the non-elect,

00:49:45.519 --> 00:49:46.180
 what does he give them?

00:49:46.220 --> 00:49:46.680
 He gives them

00:49:46.680 --> 00:49:48.260
 what they do deserve.

00:49:48.760 --> 00:49:49.860
 So there's a difference

00:49:49.860 --> 00:49:51.380
 in how he treats

00:49:51.380 --> 00:49:52.079
 these two parties.

00:49:52.599 --> 00:49:53.280
 Maybe another way

00:49:53.280 --> 00:49:54.260
 to frame that is,

00:49:54.820 --> 00:49:55.300
 in particular,

00:49:55.720 --> 00:49:57.099
 the elect,

00:49:57.440 --> 00:49:58.960
 God has to actively

00:49:58.960 --> 00:50:00.460
 step into their lives

00:50:00.460 --> 00:50:02.260
 and turn them to him.

00:50:02.340 --> 00:50:04.120
 Because they're on their path,

00:50:04.180 --> 00:50:05.300
 we're all once on the path

00:50:05.300 --> 00:50:06.140
 away from them,

00:50:06.480 --> 00:50:06.640
 right?

00:50:06.880 --> 00:50:08.039
 So he has to step in

00:50:08.039 --> 00:50:09.200
 and turn them to him.

00:50:09.780 --> 00:50:11.559
 Whereas for the non-elect,

00:50:11.559 --> 00:50:12.639
 it's not that God

00:50:12.639 --> 00:50:13.840
 has to do the same thing.

00:50:13.920 --> 00:50:14.759
 He has to step in

00:50:14.759 --> 00:50:15.840
 and turn,

00:50:15.980 --> 00:50:17.559
 they're running towards him

00:50:17.559 --> 00:50:18.139
 and that he actually

00:50:18.139 --> 00:50:18.900
 turns them away.

00:50:19.380 --> 00:50:20.380
 It's not like that,

00:50:20.420 --> 00:50:20.559
 right?

00:50:20.559 --> 00:50:21.659
 They're already

00:50:21.659 --> 00:50:22.699
 on their way to hell.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:23.440
 They're already

00:50:23.440 --> 00:50:24.039
 on their path.

00:50:24.579 --> 00:50:25.259
 And in the language

00:50:25.259 --> 00:50:25.980
 of Romans 1,

00:50:26.139 --> 00:50:27.699
 he simply gives them up

00:50:27.699 --> 00:50:28.340
 to their sins,

00:50:28.440 --> 00:50:29.519
 the lusts of their heart.

00:50:30.219 --> 00:50:31.840
 So there's an asymmetry

00:50:31.840 --> 00:50:32.539
 between the way

00:50:32.539 --> 00:50:33.500
 that he speaks

00:50:33.500 --> 00:50:34.840
 about these two groups.

00:50:39.519 --> 00:50:40.440
 Sometimes you hear

00:50:40.440 --> 00:50:41.960
 that also the accusation

00:50:41.960 --> 00:50:43.340
 that Calvinists,

00:50:43.500 --> 00:50:44.119
 they don't care

00:50:44.119 --> 00:50:45.139
 about evangelism.

00:50:45.619 --> 00:50:46.420
 They don't care

00:50:46.420 --> 00:50:47.179
 about missions

00:50:47.179 --> 00:50:48.220
 because, you know,

00:50:48.280 --> 00:50:49.380
 they just chalk it up

00:50:49.380 --> 00:50:50.280
 to God's sovereignty.

00:50:51.340 --> 00:50:52.440
 I think that's not only

00:50:52.440 --> 00:50:53.179
 a misunderstanding

00:50:53.179 --> 00:50:54.820
 of Calvinistic theology,

00:50:54.820 --> 00:50:55.760
 but I think it's also

00:50:55.760 --> 00:50:57.099
 a failure to account

00:50:57.099 --> 00:50:58.860
 for historical examples

00:50:58.860 --> 00:51:00.700
 in church history, right?

00:51:00.720 --> 00:51:01.920
 Not only are the founders

00:51:01.920 --> 00:51:03.500
 of the modern mission movement

00:51:03.500 --> 00:51:04.780
 like William Carey,

00:51:05.360 --> 00:51:06.039
 Adam Judson,

00:51:06.159 --> 00:51:06.820
 or Hudson Taylor,

00:51:06.980 --> 00:51:07.440
 all Calvinists,

00:51:07.440 --> 00:51:07.940
 Calvinists.

00:51:08.500 --> 00:51:10.079
 But we find examples

00:51:10.079 --> 00:51:11.179
 in Calvin himself.

00:51:12.320 --> 00:51:13.559
 So when Calvin returns

00:51:13.559 --> 00:51:14.420
 to Geneva,

00:51:14.840 --> 00:51:16.119
 the city became

00:51:16.119 --> 00:51:16.800
 something like

00:51:16.800 --> 00:51:18.940
 the missionary capital

00:51:18.940 --> 00:51:20.240
 of the Reformed world.

00:51:21.200 --> 00:51:22.000
 So Calvin,

00:51:22.119 --> 00:51:23.179
 he's so insightful.

00:51:23.320 --> 00:51:24.840
 He sees that this movement

00:51:24.840 --> 00:51:26.519
 is only going to continue on

00:51:26.519 --> 00:51:28.340
 if he trains pastors.

00:51:29.159 --> 00:51:30.480
 And so he sees it

00:51:30.480 --> 00:51:31.519
 as part of his ministry

00:51:31.519 --> 00:51:32.900
 to raise up other elders,

00:51:33.159 --> 00:51:33.700
 other leaders.

00:51:33.699 --> 00:51:36.079
 So he sets up Geneva College,

00:51:36.539 --> 00:51:37.319
 Geneva College,

00:51:37.719 --> 00:51:38.339
 where thousands

00:51:38.339 --> 00:51:39.899
 of Protestant refugees

00:51:39.899 --> 00:51:41.739
 flow to be trained

00:51:41.739 --> 00:51:42.239
 in the gospel

00:51:42.239 --> 00:51:43.359
 and then ultimately

00:51:43.359 --> 00:51:44.259
 to be sent back.

00:51:44.939 --> 00:51:46.239
 And it has a famous moniker,

00:51:46.579 --> 00:51:47.519
 a famous moniker

00:51:47.519 --> 00:51:48.639
 of being called

00:51:48.639 --> 00:51:49.679
 the School of Death.

00:51:50.719 --> 00:51:51.559
 Because why?

00:51:51.659 --> 00:51:52.399
 Because so many

00:51:52.399 --> 00:51:53.199
 of its graduates

00:51:53.199 --> 00:51:55.099
 would be then sent out,

00:51:55.699 --> 00:51:56.519
 fully knowing that

00:51:56.519 --> 00:51:57.699
 if they were to preach

00:51:57.699 --> 00:51:58.879
 the Protestant message,

00:51:59.279 --> 00:52:00.099
 that it could be

00:52:00.099 --> 00:52:00.759
 their very life

00:52:00.759 --> 00:52:01.399
 on their lines.

00:52:01.400 --> 00:52:04.380
 Calvin in particular,

00:52:04.559 --> 00:52:05.820
 he has a soft spot

00:52:05.820 --> 00:52:06.599
 for it seems like

00:52:06.599 --> 00:52:07.900
 the nation of France

00:52:07.900 --> 00:52:09.079
 because he's French, right?

00:52:09.579 --> 00:52:10.619
 So he sends

00:52:10.619 --> 00:52:12.220
 at least 88 pastors

00:52:12.220 --> 00:52:13.519
 back to France.

00:52:14.200 --> 00:52:15.700
 And these pastors,

00:52:15.920 --> 00:52:17.099
 they have an extraordinary

00:52:17.099 --> 00:52:19.420
 impact for the Reformation,

00:52:19.559 --> 00:52:20.059
 for the gospel.

00:52:20.780 --> 00:52:22.340
 Around 1555,

00:52:22.960 --> 00:52:23.920
 there were only a handful

00:52:23.920 --> 00:52:24.920
 of organized,

00:52:25.160 --> 00:52:26.119
 reformed churches

00:52:26.119 --> 00:52:26.840
 in France.

00:52:27.420 --> 00:52:28.320
 Just a handful.

00:52:29.280 --> 00:52:30.380
 By Calvin's death,

00:52:30.380 --> 00:52:31.680
 nine years later,

00:52:31.820 --> 00:52:33.079
 in 1564,

00:52:33.640 --> 00:52:34.119
 there were roughly

00:52:34.119 --> 00:52:35.599
 2,000 churches

00:52:35.599 --> 00:52:36.800
 and perhaps

00:52:36.800 --> 00:52:38.480
 one to two million

00:52:38.480 --> 00:52:39.140
 congregants

00:52:39.140 --> 00:52:39.820
 in those churches.

00:52:41.380 --> 00:52:42.440
 And most notably,

00:52:42.619 --> 00:52:43.640
 Calvin is also interested,

00:52:43.800 --> 00:52:44.660
 very heavily interested

00:52:44.660 --> 00:52:45.680
 in global missions

00:52:45.680 --> 00:52:46.760
 outside of Europe.

00:52:47.180 --> 00:52:47.820
 He sends out

00:52:47.820 --> 00:52:49.400
 the first Protestant missionaries

00:52:49.400 --> 00:52:50.660
 to the nation of Brazil

00:52:50.660 --> 00:52:51.380
 in 1556.

00:52:52.760 --> 00:52:54.320
 That mission ultimately fails

00:52:54.320 --> 00:52:55.539
 because of persecution,

00:52:55.760 --> 00:52:56.440
 internal conflict,

00:52:56.440 --> 00:52:58.039
 but it still demonstrates

00:52:58.039 --> 00:52:58.539
 nonetheless

00:52:58.539 --> 00:52:59.779
 that Calvin's vision,

00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:00.860
 he had a vision

00:53:00.860 --> 00:53:01.860
 beyond Europe

00:53:01.860 --> 00:53:03.579
 and he had a missionary's heart.

00:53:03.719 --> 00:53:04.719
 That was his goal.

00:53:05.639 --> 00:53:06.679
 Coming up on the end,

00:53:07.380 --> 00:53:08.079
 some challenges

00:53:08.079 --> 00:53:09.159
 to the ministry.

00:53:09.800 --> 00:53:10.219
 So hopefully,

00:53:10.380 --> 00:53:11.400
 you've seen so far

00:53:11.400 --> 00:53:12.400
 just how hard

00:53:12.400 --> 00:53:13.259
 this man works.

00:53:14.059 --> 00:53:15.000
 And honestly,

00:53:15.139 --> 00:53:16.279
 he probably works harder

00:53:16.279 --> 00:53:17.159
 than he should.

00:53:18.420 --> 00:53:20.000
 It's known that Calvin

00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:21.360
 regularly burns

00:53:21.360 --> 00:53:22.159
 the midnight oil,

00:53:22.659 --> 00:53:24.639
 working day and night,

00:53:24.840 --> 00:53:25.460
 tirelessly,

00:53:25.460 --> 00:53:26.320
 reading,

00:53:26.720 --> 00:53:27.039
 writing,

00:53:27.300 --> 00:53:27.760
 counseling,

00:53:28.019 --> 00:53:28.360
 studying,

00:53:28.579 --> 00:53:28.940
 thinking,

00:53:29.920 --> 00:53:31.320
 with basically

00:53:31.320 --> 00:53:32.400
 no breaks in between.

00:53:33.440 --> 00:53:34.519
 And why I say that

00:53:34.519 --> 00:53:35.179
 is because it certainly

00:53:35.179 --> 00:53:35.780
 didn't help

00:53:35.780 --> 00:53:36.699
 with his continuous

00:53:36.699 --> 00:53:37.639
 health problems.

00:53:38.579 --> 00:53:40.320
 Even from a very young age,

00:53:40.460 --> 00:53:41.760
 Calvin struggled mightily

00:53:41.760 --> 00:53:42.940
 with stomach issues.

00:53:44.980 --> 00:53:45.699
 And later on,

00:53:45.760 --> 00:53:46.639
 he suffers from,

00:53:47.139 --> 00:53:47.559
 like,

00:53:47.840 --> 00:53:48.960
 you read the symptoms,

00:53:49.119 --> 00:53:50.059
 he has like everything,

00:53:50.199 --> 00:53:50.460
 almost.

00:53:50.880 --> 00:53:51.740
 He has colic,

00:53:52.300 --> 00:53:53.179
 spits up blood,

00:53:53.400 --> 00:53:54.300
 violent fevers,

00:53:54.300 --> 00:53:56.840
 and the excruciating

00:53:56.840 --> 00:53:58.340
 sufferings of hemorrhoids.

00:53:59.380 --> 00:53:59.840
 One time,

00:54:00.039 --> 00:54:00.220
 I mean,

00:54:00.260 --> 00:54:01.060
 hopefully this is not

00:54:01.060 --> 00:54:01.500
 too graphic.

00:54:01.860 --> 00:54:02.560
 You guys ate your lunch.

00:54:03.420 --> 00:54:05.460
 He passes a kidney stone

00:54:05.460 --> 00:54:06.360
 so large

00:54:06.360 --> 00:54:07.440
 that it lacerates

00:54:07.440 --> 00:54:08.780
 his urinary canal.

00:54:09.440 --> 00:54:10.600
 And once it passes,

00:54:10.760 --> 00:54:11.280
 in his words,

00:54:11.440 --> 00:54:12.740
 a copious amount

00:54:12.740 --> 00:54:13.720
 of blood follows.

00:54:15.140 --> 00:54:16.060
 You compare this

00:54:16.060 --> 00:54:16.480
 to Luther,

00:54:16.560 --> 00:54:17.120
 if you remember,

00:54:17.360 --> 00:54:18.360
 from week one,

00:54:18.720 --> 00:54:19.680
 who wrestles,

00:54:19.820 --> 00:54:21.180
 struggles with physical issues

00:54:21.180 --> 00:54:22.280
 at the end of his life.

00:54:22.280 --> 00:54:24.260
 And quite often,

00:54:24.340 --> 00:54:24.900
 church historians

00:54:24.900 --> 00:54:25.620
 point to that

00:54:25.620 --> 00:54:26.240
 as the reason

00:54:26.240 --> 00:54:27.140
 why he ends up

00:54:27.140 --> 00:54:27.800
 kind of writing

00:54:27.800 --> 00:54:28.740
 really nasty,

00:54:29.280 --> 00:54:30.320
 anti-Semitic things.

00:54:30.960 --> 00:54:32.220
 But despite all

00:54:32.220 --> 00:54:33.480
 of his physical hardship,

00:54:34.260 --> 00:54:34.900
 Calvin remains

00:54:34.900 --> 00:54:36.240
 faithful to the Lord,

00:54:36.580 --> 00:54:37.700
 faithful to his ministry.

00:54:38.160 --> 00:54:39.380
 He's a model example

00:54:39.380 --> 00:54:41.040
 of steadfast perseverance

00:54:41.040 --> 00:54:41.480
 in that.

00:54:43.220 --> 00:54:44.340
 Neither do the internal

00:54:44.340 --> 00:54:45.640
 struggles from the church

00:54:45.640 --> 00:54:46.200
 stop.

00:54:46.800 --> 00:54:47.780
 His wrestlings

00:54:47.780 --> 00:54:49.140
 with the Genevans

00:54:49.140 --> 00:54:50.220
 still go on.

00:54:50.219 --> 00:54:52.839
 Some of the greatest enemies

00:54:52.839 --> 00:54:55.259
 was from within

00:54:55.259 --> 00:54:56.399
 his own church.

00:54:56.959 --> 00:54:57.980
 There's a faction

00:54:57.980 --> 00:54:59.319
 called the Libertines.

00:55:00.739 --> 00:55:01.599
 They're a faction

00:55:01.599 --> 00:55:02.419
 because they argue

00:55:02.419 --> 00:55:03.159
 that the cross

00:55:03.159 --> 00:55:04.099
 of Jesus Christ,

00:55:04.699 --> 00:55:06.199
 it makes it so

00:55:06.199 --> 00:55:07.599
 that it doesn't matter

00:55:07.599 --> 00:55:08.679
 how we as Christians

00:55:08.679 --> 00:55:09.459
 live our lives.

00:55:09.639 --> 00:55:10.459
 We can live righteously,

00:55:10.659 --> 00:55:10.819
 sure,

00:55:10.980 --> 00:55:12.379
 but it also doesn't matter

00:55:12.379 --> 00:55:13.599
 if we live in sin.

00:55:13.699 --> 00:55:15.379
 We can live in egregious sin

00:55:15.379 --> 00:55:16.259
 and it doesn't matter

00:55:16.259 --> 00:55:16.980
 because it's all forgiven.

00:55:17.579 --> 00:55:18.439
 That's what they're arguing.

00:55:18.440 --> 00:55:20.659
 It's really a clear

00:55:20.659 --> 00:55:21.579
 antinomian,

00:55:21.679 --> 00:55:22.220
 if you know that word,

00:55:22.340 --> 00:55:23.240
 anti-law,

00:55:23.480 --> 00:55:23.820
 namas.

00:55:24.320 --> 00:55:25.200
 It's a heresy.

00:55:26.460 --> 00:55:26.900
 And basically,

00:55:27.059 --> 00:55:28.240
 in every European city

00:55:28.240 --> 00:55:28.760
 back then,

00:55:29.240 --> 00:55:29.539
 men,

00:55:29.740 --> 00:55:30.179
 husbands,

00:55:30.659 --> 00:55:31.420
 they kept

00:55:31.420 --> 00:55:32.700
 multiple mistresses.

00:55:33.840 --> 00:55:34.440
 And so these

00:55:34.440 --> 00:55:35.679
 Libertines,

00:55:35.820 --> 00:55:36.400
 they essentially

00:55:36.400 --> 00:55:37.420
 would go into church

00:55:37.420 --> 00:55:38.780
 boasting of their

00:55:38.780 --> 00:55:40.039
 sexual promiscuity

00:55:40.039 --> 00:55:41.559
 in the name

00:55:41.559 --> 00:55:42.440
 of Christian freedom.

00:55:42.440 --> 00:55:44.820
 And I think,

00:55:45.119 --> 00:55:45.700
 as a side note,

00:55:45.760 --> 00:55:46.800
 it's a reminder

00:55:46.800 --> 00:55:48.480
 that we often think

00:55:48.480 --> 00:55:49.159
 that doctrine,

00:55:49.380 --> 00:55:50.139
 what's in our head,

00:55:50.220 --> 00:55:51.220
 then flows out

00:55:51.220 --> 00:55:52.300
 to our lives,

00:55:52.480 --> 00:55:52.659
 right?

00:55:52.720 --> 00:55:53.380
 It affects the way

00:55:53.380 --> 00:55:54.099
 that we live our lives,

00:55:54.139 --> 00:55:55.099
 which is absolutely true,

00:55:55.200 --> 00:55:55.400
 right?

00:55:55.800 --> 00:55:57.400
 But it's not just

00:55:57.400 --> 00:55:58.300
 a one-way street,

00:55:58.300 --> 00:55:58.820
 too.

00:55:59.800 --> 00:56:00.740
 Our living

00:56:00.740 --> 00:56:01.880
 and our choices,

00:56:02.659 --> 00:56:03.639
 it actually will,

00:56:04.380 --> 00:56:05.740
 it tends to impact

00:56:05.740 --> 00:56:06.519
 and influence

00:56:06.519 --> 00:56:07.139
 our theology,

00:56:07.360 --> 00:56:07.500
 too,

00:56:07.619 --> 00:56:07.860
 right?

00:56:07.860 --> 00:56:08.780
 If you live

00:56:08.780 --> 00:56:09.940
 a sinful lifestyle,

00:56:10.500 --> 00:56:11.579
 we often morph

00:56:11.579 --> 00:56:12.280
 and adapt

00:56:12.280 --> 00:56:13.000
 what we think

00:56:13.000 --> 00:56:14.059
 to then justify

00:56:14.059 --> 00:56:14.800
 our sin,

00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:15.220
 right?

00:56:15.480 --> 00:56:16.120
 I think that's

00:56:16.120 --> 00:56:16.900
 a classic example

00:56:16.900 --> 00:56:17.760
 with these Libertines.

00:56:18.320 --> 00:56:19.740
 It's really impossible

00:56:19.740 --> 00:56:20.400
 to hold on

00:56:20.400 --> 00:56:21.160
 to right doctrine

00:56:21.160 --> 00:56:22.360
 and wrong living

00:56:22.360 --> 00:56:23.300
 at the same time.

00:56:23.579 --> 00:56:24.519
 One will have to go.

00:56:27.160 --> 00:56:28.780
 So in 1530,

00:56:29.059 --> 00:56:30.180
 or 1553,

00:56:30.980 --> 00:56:31.620
 a rich,

00:56:31.840 --> 00:56:33.280
 influential Libertine

00:56:33.280 --> 00:56:34.360
 called Bert Tellier,

00:56:34.980 --> 00:56:36.160
 he was banned

00:56:36.160 --> 00:56:36.880
 by Calvin

00:56:36.880 --> 00:56:37.840
 as he should have been,

00:56:37.860 --> 00:56:39.340
 from the Lord's table.

00:56:39.640 --> 00:56:40.320
 He's blocked off,

00:56:40.420 --> 00:56:40.960
 fenced off,

00:56:41.440 --> 00:56:42.099
 because of his

00:56:42.099 --> 00:56:42.820
 unrepentant,

00:56:42.960 --> 00:56:44.780
 promiscuous lifestyle.

00:56:46.620 --> 00:56:47.200
 Bert Tellier then,

00:56:47.260 --> 00:56:48.640
 he goes to the city council,

00:56:49.200 --> 00:56:50.500
 probably flaunting

00:56:50.500 --> 00:56:51.059
 his wealth,

00:56:51.140 --> 00:56:51.680
 his power,

00:56:52.539 --> 00:56:54.180
 and the city councilors,

00:56:54.240 --> 00:56:54.780
 knowing that,

00:56:54.900 --> 00:56:56.079
 they then bypass,

00:56:56.400 --> 00:56:57.260
 try to overrule

00:56:57.260 --> 00:56:58.340
 Calvin's decision.

00:56:59.059 --> 00:56:59.599
 And so they say,

00:56:59.660 --> 00:57:00.180
 no, no, no, no,

00:57:00.320 --> 00:57:01.740
 Calvin's crazy.

00:57:01.900 --> 00:57:02.620
 You can come

00:57:02.620 --> 00:57:04.079
 and take the Lord's Supper.

00:57:05.660 --> 00:57:06.579
 Sunday comes,

00:57:06.820 --> 00:57:07.840
 and in walks Bert Tellier,

00:57:07.860 --> 00:57:10.960
 and once the sermon

00:57:10.960 --> 00:57:11.599
 is preached,

00:57:12.200 --> 00:57:13.340
 the prayers are prayed,

00:57:13.740 --> 00:57:15.039
 it's finally time

00:57:15.039 --> 00:57:16.320
 to partake of the Lord's Supper.

00:57:16.960 --> 00:57:18.260
 What will Calvin do?

00:57:20.140 --> 00:57:21.440
 What he does is remarkable.

00:57:21.680 --> 00:57:23.340
 He flings his arms

00:57:23.340 --> 00:57:25.120
 around the sacramental vessels,

00:57:25.640 --> 00:57:27.180
 as if to protect them

00:57:27.180 --> 00:57:28.019
 from dishonor,

00:57:28.559 --> 00:57:29.019
 sacrilege.

00:57:29.019 --> 00:57:30.480
 And he proclaims,

00:57:30.480 --> 00:57:32.159
 these hands you may crush,

00:57:32.280 --> 00:57:33.840
 these arms you may lop off,

00:57:34.039 --> 00:57:35.119
 my life you may take,

00:57:35.219 --> 00:57:36.139
 my blood is yours,

00:57:36.239 --> 00:57:37.059
 you may shed it,

00:57:37.420 --> 00:57:38.579
 but you shall never

00:57:38.579 --> 00:57:39.719
 force me to take

00:57:39.719 --> 00:57:40.519
 holy things

00:57:40.519 --> 00:57:41.900
 to the profaned,

00:57:41.940 --> 00:57:42.719
 and dishonor

00:57:42.719 --> 00:57:43.860
 the table of my God.

00:57:45.780 --> 00:57:46.679
 Do you respect

00:57:46.679 --> 00:57:47.340
 the Lord's table

00:57:47.340 --> 00:57:48.219
 in the same way?

00:57:48.219 --> 00:57:50.399
 It's a challenge for us,

00:57:50.699 --> 00:57:50.939
 right?

00:57:54.000 --> 00:57:55.739
 Probably the most common

00:57:55.739 --> 00:57:57.480
 attack against Calvin

00:57:57.480 --> 00:58:00.519
 is then the Cervetis affair

00:58:00.519 --> 00:58:02.000
 in 1553,

00:58:02.119 --> 00:58:02.719
 the same year.

00:58:03.759 --> 00:58:05.099
 A little back story,

00:58:05.619 --> 00:58:06.799
 Michael Cervetis

00:58:06.799 --> 00:58:08.519
 was a Spanish physician.

00:58:08.519 --> 00:58:11.179
 Originally part of

00:58:11.179 --> 00:58:12.039
 the Catholic Church,

00:58:12.179 --> 00:58:12.679
 Cervetis,

00:58:12.960 --> 00:58:14.539
 he writes some

00:58:14.539 --> 00:58:16.940
 anti-Trinitarian books.

00:58:17.420 --> 00:58:18.380
 It's clearly heresy,

00:58:18.639 --> 00:58:20.079
 and it makes him

00:58:20.079 --> 00:58:21.079
 a wanted man

00:58:21.079 --> 00:58:22.920
 by basically all of Europe,

00:58:23.000 --> 00:58:24.840
 all the Roman Catholic Church.

00:58:26.239 --> 00:58:27.119
 Despite that,

00:58:27.259 --> 00:58:28.139
 when Cervetis,

00:58:28.280 --> 00:58:29.539
 he actually reaches out

00:58:29.539 --> 00:58:30.099
 to Calvin

00:58:30.099 --> 00:58:30.940
 to meet up,

00:58:31.900 --> 00:58:33.199
 and Calvin agrees,

00:58:33.440 --> 00:58:34.420
 even though that this man

00:58:34.420 --> 00:58:35.159
 is a heretic.

00:58:35.920 --> 00:58:37.300
 He hopes that he can

00:58:37.300 --> 00:58:37.960
 win him back

00:58:37.960 --> 00:58:38.500
 to the Lord.

00:58:39.740 --> 00:58:40.139
 Of course,

00:58:40.260 --> 00:58:41.519
 Cervetis then stands him up,

00:58:42.000 --> 00:58:44.320
 but then a couple years later,

00:58:44.659 --> 00:58:46.000
 he reaches back out again.

00:58:46.659 --> 00:58:47.480
 Calvin sends him

00:58:47.480 --> 00:58:48.280
 the latest edition

00:58:48.280 --> 00:58:49.360
 of the Institutes,

00:58:50.360 --> 00:58:51.480
 and then Cervetis,

00:58:51.579 --> 00:58:52.480
 he takes the book,

00:58:52.639 --> 00:58:54.320
 he redlines all of it,

00:58:54.360 --> 00:58:54.760
 basically,

00:58:55.039 --> 00:58:56.240
 covers it in his edits,

00:58:56.400 --> 00:58:56.740
 saying,

00:58:56.880 --> 00:58:57.579
 these are all the things

00:58:57.579 --> 00:58:58.240
 that you got wrong.

00:59:00.119 --> 00:59:00.559
 Eventually,

00:59:00.780 --> 00:59:01.220
 Cervetis,

00:59:01.220 --> 00:59:02.460
 he flees Geneva,

00:59:03.260 --> 00:59:05.539
 or flees to Geneva,

00:59:05.800 --> 00:59:06.039
 rather,

00:59:06.340 --> 00:59:07.260
 and he walks

00:59:07.260 --> 00:59:08.020
 into church

00:59:08.020 --> 00:59:08.980
 while Calvin

00:59:08.980 --> 00:59:09.800
 is actually preaching,

00:59:10.520 --> 00:59:11.620
 and Calvin does

00:59:11.620 --> 00:59:12.660
 have him arrested.

00:59:13.700 --> 00:59:15.060
 While he's in prison,

00:59:15.540 --> 00:59:16.480
 Calvin visits him

00:59:16.480 --> 00:59:17.140
 often,

00:59:17.260 --> 00:59:17.860
 repeatedly,

00:59:18.520 --> 00:59:19.920
 appealing to persuade him

00:59:19.920 --> 00:59:21.000
 towards orthodoxy,

00:59:21.000 --> 00:59:22.960
 and during that time,

00:59:23.039 --> 00:59:24.260
 the Geneva Council,

00:59:24.260 --> 00:59:25.340
 they consult other

00:59:25.340 --> 00:59:26.480
 Protestant cities,

00:59:26.579 --> 00:59:26.900
 asking,

00:59:27.039 --> 00:59:27.440
 what should we do

00:59:27.440 --> 00:59:27.900
 with this man?

00:59:27.960 --> 00:59:28.760
 He's an infamous man.

00:59:29.159 --> 00:59:30.139
 They unanimously

00:59:30.139 --> 00:59:31.659
 recommend execution,

00:59:32.039 --> 00:59:34.760
 and this is

00:59:34.760 --> 00:59:36.159
 a smear on Calvin

00:59:36.159 --> 00:59:37.940
 that he does support

00:59:37.940 --> 00:59:39.019
 and defend

00:59:39.019 --> 00:59:39.980
 his execution,

00:59:40.219 --> 00:59:41.920
 but while he does that,

00:59:41.980 --> 00:59:42.739
 he requests

00:59:42.739 --> 00:59:43.980
 the more merciful

00:59:43.980 --> 00:59:45.599
 execution of beheading,

00:59:45.599 --> 00:59:46.920
 rather than to be burned

00:59:46.920 --> 00:59:47.539
 at the stake,

00:59:47.539 --> 00:59:48.659
 but the council

00:59:48.659 --> 00:59:49.400
 rejects this,

00:59:49.699 --> 00:59:50.920
 and he does have,

00:59:51.139 --> 00:59:52.279
 they do have Cervetis

00:59:52.279 --> 00:59:53.139
 burned at the stake.

00:59:54.099 --> 00:59:54.539
 And so Calvin

00:59:54.539 --> 00:59:55.340
 is certainly a man

00:59:55.340 --> 00:59:55.920
 of his time

00:59:55.920 --> 00:59:57.279
 when he supports

00:59:57.279 --> 00:59:58.340
 the execution,

00:59:58.699 --> 00:59:59.679
 and he does bear

00:59:59.679 --> 01:00:00.759
 moral responsibility.

01:00:01.800 --> 01:00:02.320
 It's a smear

01:00:02.320 --> 01:00:02.920
 on his legacy,

01:00:03.199 --> 01:00:03.940
 but really,

01:00:04.079 --> 01:00:04.840
 it's a more nuanced

01:00:04.840 --> 01:00:05.820
 picture than some people

01:00:05.820 --> 01:00:06.699
 really understand

01:00:06.699 --> 01:00:07.639
 or portray Calvin,

01:00:07.820 --> 01:00:08.820
 especially the Oxford

01:00:08.820 --> 01:00:10.320
 Dictionary, right,

01:00:10.460 --> 01:00:11.579
 calling him the dictator,

01:00:11.579 --> 01:00:12.860
 the cruel master

01:00:12.860 --> 01:00:13.420
 of Geneva.

01:00:15.119 --> 01:00:16.380
 Despite all these challenges,

01:00:16.380 --> 01:00:17.920
 Calvin fights the good faith.

01:00:18.039 --> 01:00:19.539
 He finishes the race well.

01:00:19.660 --> 01:00:21.900
 He dies on May 26th,

01:00:21.900 --> 01:00:22.900
 27th rather,

01:00:23.660 --> 01:00:26.280
 on 1564,

01:00:26.500 --> 01:00:28.539
 at the young age of 54,

01:00:29.240 --> 01:00:30.240
 in Geneva,

01:00:30.500 --> 01:00:31.260
 the very city

01:00:31.260 --> 01:00:32.740
 that tried to kill him,

01:00:33.119 --> 01:00:33.780
 reject him.

01:00:34.940 --> 01:00:35.920
 It's the very city

01:00:35.920 --> 01:00:37.340
 that through his resilience

01:00:37.340 --> 01:00:38.940
 he made into his home.

01:00:40.059 --> 01:00:41.440
 After a long period

01:00:41.440 --> 01:00:42.680
 of declining health,

01:00:42.800 --> 01:00:44.119
 marked by chronic illnesses

01:00:44.119 --> 01:00:45.220
 like migraines,

01:00:45.420 --> 01:00:46.079
 joint pain,

01:00:46.079 --> 01:00:46.940
 tuberculosis,

01:00:47.360 --> 01:00:49.460
 he preaches his last sermon

01:00:49.460 --> 01:00:51.019
 in early 1564,

01:00:51.360 --> 01:00:52.679
 and then he withdraws

01:00:52.679 --> 01:00:53.539
 from public ministry.

01:00:54.460 --> 01:00:55.199
 And while he's still

01:00:55.199 --> 01:00:56.019
 mentally active,

01:00:56.199 --> 01:00:57.000
 while he's still there,

01:00:57.099 --> 01:00:58.340
 he still tries to give

01:00:58.340 --> 01:00:59.239
 pastoral counsel.

01:00:59.400 --> 01:01:00.719
 People come visit him frequently.

01:01:01.480 --> 01:01:02.739
 But as death approaches,

01:01:03.119 --> 01:01:04.759
 he is visited

01:01:04.759 --> 01:01:05.900
 by fellow pastors,

01:01:06.360 --> 01:01:07.860
 and he expresses

01:01:07.860 --> 01:01:09.840
 a consistent humility

01:01:09.840 --> 01:01:10.559
 about his life,

01:01:11.440 --> 01:01:12.239
 emphasizing that

01:01:12.239 --> 01:01:13.920
 he simply is just

01:01:13.920 --> 01:01:14.519
 a sinner

01:01:14.519 --> 01:01:15.659
 saved by grace

01:01:15.659 --> 01:01:16.700
 rather than a figure

01:01:16.700 --> 01:01:17.639
 who deserves

01:01:17.639 --> 01:01:18.180
 great honor.

01:01:19.500 --> 01:01:19.760
 And so,

01:01:19.880 --> 01:01:21.039
 in keeping with his wishes,

01:01:21.519 --> 01:01:22.240
 he was buried

01:01:22.240 --> 01:01:23.900
 in an unmarked grave

01:01:23.900 --> 01:01:24.800
 in Geneva

01:01:24.800 --> 01:01:25.460
 so that no one

01:01:25.460 --> 01:01:26.019
 could find him,

01:01:26.039 --> 01:01:26.980
 no one could venerate him.

01:01:28.460 --> 01:01:29.720
 That's how humble he is.

01:01:29.980 --> 01:01:31.000
 And it reflects

01:01:31.000 --> 01:01:31.760
 his decision

01:01:31.760 --> 01:01:33.220
 not to point

01:01:33.220 --> 01:01:33.920
 to himself,

01:01:33.980 --> 01:01:34.519
 but ultimately

01:01:34.519 --> 01:01:35.820
 to the majestic God

01:01:35.820 --> 01:01:36.980
 that he longed

01:01:36.980 --> 01:01:37.360
 to worship

01:01:37.360 --> 01:01:38.420
 and be faithful to

01:01:38.420 --> 01:01:39.519
 for his entire life.

01:01:39.519 --> 01:01:41.880
 That's Calvin.

01:01:43.599 --> 01:01:44.539
 That concludes

01:01:44.539 --> 01:01:46.179
 our three classes

01:01:46.179 --> 01:01:46.900
 in church history.

01:01:47.420 --> 01:01:47.579
 So,

01:01:47.699 --> 01:01:48.500
 thanks guys for coming.

01:01:48.579 --> 01:01:49.259
 Do you guys have any questions?