WEBVTT

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 Let's open in a word of prayer.

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 Father in heaven, we, once again, we confess our immense thanks that you have shed your love on us through your Holy Spirit.

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! Lord, we don't deserve these blessings and these things. You give us all we need to know you, to walk with you, to be in your light.

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 And more than that, Lord, you give us this wonderful church, this safe place. You've planted us in this city.

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 We pray, Lord, that we would use these gifts for your glory, to spread your kingdom.

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 We pray today, and this moment in particular, that you would give us wisdom about that very difficult question of Christianity and Christians regarding warfare.

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 Give us insight. Give us insight into your word, into your calling on our lives as citizens, but also many of us are voters.

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 And we just pray that you give us wisdom in these things, and we pray all this in the name of Jesus Christ. Amen.

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 Amen.

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 Okay, friends. I was here two weeks ago. The original plan was for us to do capital punishment and then warfare, but then some people's schedule got confusculated,

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 and then so I'm two weeks late or a week late. But whereas with capital punishment, we talked about using lethal force against someone who had perpetrated a horrific crime.

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 Today, we're going to be talking about using lethal force that almost by necessity will be used against people who have not committed a crime.

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 So this is the idea of warfare.

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 And one definition that distinguishes something like capital punishment from warfare is that warfare is a broader use of force in which very likely some innocent people will be caught up in what is being conducted.

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 That's what makes warfare such a difficult question and such a fraught question.

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 As you can tell, perhaps, from this definition of warfare, we could expand this to talk about the use of physical force or violence at all.

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 So on the one hand, we could talk about warfare in a broader sense to include all kinds of physical force or violence that, when used, has a somewhat reasonable chance of affecting innocent people.

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 I'm speaking about things like certain police work or if you are doing a security operation or if you're serving in the military but in peacetime or issues of self-defense or potentially moments of heroic but violent self-sacrifice,

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 where you see something happening and you decide to do something to prevent a terrible act from occurring.

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 That's perhaps a broader view where you still have this idea of using violence where there's potential for innocence being affected,

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 whereas a narrower definition would limit warfare to simply what we would traditionally think of as a war, like nation-states fighting against one another.

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 But all of these questions are bound up in the idea of Christianity and warfare, of Christians and violence.

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 Is it ever appropriate to use violence as if you are a Christian?

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 And if so, when and how?

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 What are the reasons why?

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 In our last class that I was teaching with you on capital punishment,

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 the position that I took was that a capital punishment, clearly you see in Scripture that God has mandated it on occasion.

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 It's not inherently wrong at all times because God did ask it to be carried out at times.

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 But in that class, I didn't take a position on whether capital punishment should be used in our country today.

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 That's sort of a separate question, and I presented different points of view.

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 Today, on this class on warfare, I'm going to do something a little bit different.

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 Instead of not taking positions or sides on warfare, what I'm going to suggest is that perhaps God can call faithful Christians

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 to different paths regarding a specific instance of warfare.

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 That there could be different paths that God genuinely calls Christians that are part of the same community of faith down

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 in terms of whether to be pacifistic or whether to support the war, and if so, how to support the war.

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 And I'll explain all that as we go.

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 What our outline will be is it'll be similar from the last time I was with you,

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 where I'm going to kind of talk about different passages in Scripture,

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 some of which appear to support the idea that warfare can be just at times under specific circumstances,

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 and then passages that can suggest that, no, Christians are called to a different or higher purpose.

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 I do this so that you can see perhaps the motives and the reasoning behind Christians who take both sides of the question.

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 Then I want to walk us through a brief history of Christians and pacifism on the one hand,

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 and then Christians and just warfare on the other hand,

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 because it turns out we actually have two great traditions in the church,

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 where on the one hand there will be Christians who argue that the Scriptures support pacifism,

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 and then we have Christians who argue that, no, the Scriptures support that there are times when warfare is justified.

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 And then I'll present some thoughts on this,

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 and then some lessons that we can draw from what we've learned,

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 and going forward if we're ever faced with very difficult situations like warfare.

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 Let's get started.

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 What I'm going to do now is put the, you know, a scholar would call this the locus classicus.

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 It's the verse that is sort of the calling card of Christian pacifism.

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 It's Jesus' Sermon on the Mount.

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 It's Matthew chapter 5, verse 38.

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 And it's a pacifism.

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 I'm terrible at spelling.

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 Yeah, I got that right.

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 And Jesus says this,

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 You have heard that it was said, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

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 But I say to you, do not resist an evil person.

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 But whoever slaps you on your right cheek, turn the other to him also.

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 If anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, let him have your coat also.

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 Whoever forces you to go one mile, go with him too.

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 Give to him who asks of you, and do not turn away from him who wants to borrow from you.

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 Pacifism takes these verses quite literally.

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 When Jesus says, do not resist an evil person, they take these verses as meaning we should not participate in warfare.

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 That you should not try to resist an evil person with violence.

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 It's a straightforward reading.

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 If you continue reading Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, you know, Jesus will say things like,

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 Love your enemies.

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 Pray for those who persecute you.

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 And the pacifist will say, Jesus meant that.

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 He meant to love your enemies.

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 He meant to do these things.

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 However, you know, someone could point to other things where Jesus says,

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 I say, make no oath at all, either by heaven, for it is God's throne.

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 Let your statement be yes, yes, or no, no.

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 Anything beyond this is of the evil one.

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 And someone could reply that I'm not sure he only wants us saying yes, yes, no, no.

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 I think he's getting at the heart of vows you can't keep and taking the Lord's name in vain.

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 But this is probably the gold star of Christian pacifism is Matthew 538.

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 Of course, though, there are many other verses.

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 They're counterpoints for the idea of just war.

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 I'm only going to choose one or two.

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 There are certainly probably better ones because especially in the Old Testament,

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 there's so many warfare verses.

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 But I did want to choose one or two in particular that I thought were particularly thought-provoking.

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 This one is from 1 Samuel 17.

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 And this is, of course, the famous story of David and Goliath,

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 where David goes out.

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 The Israelite armies are arrayed in warfare against the Philistines.

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 Goliath, this warrior, is coming out challenging the Israelite armies

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 and defying the God of Israel.

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 It's very blasphemous.

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 And no warrior is willing to stand before this giant Goliath, this mighty warrior.

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 And David, young David, who's probably just a teenager, he's probably like 15 or something.

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 And he says he will fight Goliath.

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 And he says,

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 And Saul said to David,

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 And of course, as you all know,

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 David kills Goliath, chops off his head,

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 and earns a great victory.

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 What is interesting about this is that there is a psalm of David, Psalm 144,

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 where he says,

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 Blessed be the Lord my rock who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle.

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 He is my steadfast love and my fortress,

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 my stronghold and my deliverer,

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 my shield and he in whom I take refuge,

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 who subdues peoples under me.

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 So this sort of warrior act or warrior ethos that was exhibited by David is also commemorated in the Psalms.

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 And that gives it a little more than just a historical account.

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 Sometimes you read the Old Testament,

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 and of course not all the stories of what people do in the Old Testament are meant to give us moral examples to follow.

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 Sometimes they're actually the opposite.

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 They're supposed to show us how not to do things.

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 But in this case,

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 there's a psalm commemorating David as a warrior and as a fighter.

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 So that's one counterpoint on the just war side of things.

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 I want to walk through a few others.

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 This one is...

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 I'm going to go in reverse order here.

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 I'm going to do the just war passage first.

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 Now, some people...

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 We talked about this in the capital punishment class.

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 Some people might look at these.

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 A pacifist might respond to this and say,

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 Yes, that's true,

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 but that is the Old Covenant.

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 And in the New Covenant,

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 we are called to higher and better things.

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 And that's where this passage is interesting.

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 This is in Luke chapter 22.

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 This is towards the very end of Jesus's ministry.

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 I think this is actually the day...

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 It's the last week of Jesus's life.

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 And Jesus says to the disciples,

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 he sort of gives them a parting warning.

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 And he says,

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 When I sent you out with no money bag or knapsack or sandals,

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 did you lack anything?

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 This is when he sent out the apostles two by two.

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 And then he sent out the 70.

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 And he asked,

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 Did you lack anything?

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 And they said,

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 Nothing.

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 And he said to them,

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 But now let the one who has a money bag take it,

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 and likewise a knapsack.

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 So he's warning them,

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 tough times are going to come.

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 And then he says this,

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 And let the one who has no sword sell his cloak and buy one.

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 For I tell you that this scripture must be fulfilled in me,

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 and he was numbered with the transgressors.

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 He's prophesying his unjust death that's about to happen.

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 And the disciples respond to this,

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 and they say,

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 Look, Lord, here are two swords.

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 And he said,

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 That's enough.

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 It's a cryptic passage.

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 There's a lot of surprising things about this.

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 One, Jesus tells them to sell their cloak and buy a sword.

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 And then they respond and they say,

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 Actually, we already have swords.

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 And it looks like the disciples are bringing weapons of warfare around with them,

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 when they're with Jesus, apparently.

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 That's what's going on.

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 But then Jesus also,

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 you know,

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 he doesn't,

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 he says that's enough.

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 Like, it's almost like he's trying to restrain them at the same time.

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 But still, it's very interesting.

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 Swords, remember, there were no guns back then.

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 And so bringing a sword was how you would defend yourself when you're on the way between cities and things like that.

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 So that's what they're bringing around, apparently.

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 However, there are some counterpoints here.

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 If we keep reading the Gospels,

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 and we come to when Jesus is arrested,

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 this also happens in Luke.

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 So this is just very shortly after Jesus had said about the necessity of bringing a sword.

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 In Matthew 26,

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 Jesus is arrested.

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 Judas, one of the twelve,

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 comes up with swords and clubs.

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 And Judas gives a sign,

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 and he says,

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 the one whom I kiss

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 is the man,

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 sees him.

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 And he comes up to Jesus at once,

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 and he says,

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 greetings, Rabbi.

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 And he kisses him,

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 and Jesus says,

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 friend,

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 do what you came to do.

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 And then they came up and laid hands on Jesus

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 and seized him.

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 And behold,

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 one of those who were with Jesus,

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 this is Peter,

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 we know from other Gospels,

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 he stretched out his hand,

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 he drew his sword,

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 he struck the servant of the high priest

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 and cut off his ear.

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 So he seems to be doing what Jesus literally just recommended.

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 And then Jesus says,

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 put your sword back into its place,

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 for all who take the sword will perish by the sword.

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 Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father,

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 and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels?

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 Hmm.

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 Here we have the classic scenario of using violence.

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 Jesus has just recommended they buy swords,

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 people are coming to attack them unjustly,

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 a disciple unsheathes his sword and attacks.

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 Peter does this,

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 and Jesus rebukes him.

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 And we know from other Gospels,

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 he heals the man who had his ear cut off.

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 And then he says,

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 don't you think

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 I could appeal to my Father

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 and he would send twelve legions of angels

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 to take care of all this?

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 But how then,

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 he says,

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 should the Scriptures be fulfilled

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 that it must be so?

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 There's a partner passage with this.

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 If we keep reading the Gospels,

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 one of my joys is taking the Gospels

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 and weaving them together in chronological order.

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 If you keep reading

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 and you come to

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 John,

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 oh,

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 I forgot the chapter verse.

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 It's when Jesus is standing before Pontius Pilate.

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 It's verse 36.

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 I forget the actual chapter.

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 He's standing before Pontius Pilate

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 in the Gospel of John

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 and Pontius Pilate is just mystified

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 that Jesus is not defending himself more,

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 that he's not.

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 And Jesus says this,

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 my kingdom is not of this world.

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 If my kingdom were of this world,

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 my servants would fight

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 that I not be delivered over to the Jews.

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 But my kingdom is not of this world.

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 18.

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 18.

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 John 18.

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 Here we have

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 a very fitting partner passage

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 where Jesus explains,

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 hey,

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 my kingdom is not from here.

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 My kingdom is a spiritual kingdom.

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 Otherwise,

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 my servants would be fighting for me.

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 But I'm part of a greater kingdom,

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 a higher kingdom.

00:16:26.939 --> 00:16:28.939
 So I hope you see the juxtaposition

00:16:28.939 --> 00:16:30.039
 between these passages.

00:16:30.679 --> 00:16:32.100
 It also shows,

00:16:32.360 --> 00:16:33.840
 I think these illustrate

00:16:33.840 --> 00:16:37.080
 the difficulties of these questions

00:16:37.080 --> 00:16:39.419
 because in some sense,

00:16:39.500 --> 00:16:39.679
 I mean,

00:16:39.799 --> 00:16:41.379
 the disciples were carrying swords.

00:16:41.580 --> 00:16:43.200
 Jesus recommended they get a sword.

00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:43.860
 But then,

00:16:44.620 --> 00:16:47.000
 he also clearly had

00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:49.319
 very strict conditions

00:16:49.319 --> 00:16:51.539
 when you might use these things

00:16:51.539 --> 00:16:52.600
 at minimum.

00:16:52.600 --> 00:16:55.500
 If you want to go the pacifistic route,

00:16:55.560 --> 00:16:56.480
 you could also argue

00:16:56.480 --> 00:16:58.159
 that perhaps he was saying

00:16:58.159 --> 00:16:59.379
 something symbolically.

00:16:59.680 --> 00:17:02.019
 He didn't mean the use of literal swords.

00:17:02.659 --> 00:17:03.440
 But either way,

00:17:03.480 --> 00:17:04.440
 you see how these questions

00:17:04.440 --> 00:17:05.160
 are very difficult

00:17:05.160 --> 00:17:06.599
 and they're fraught

00:17:06.599 --> 00:17:09.000
 about Christians and violence

00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:10.099
 and Christians and warfare.

00:17:10.099 --> 00:17:10.539
 Well,

00:17:12.939 --> 00:17:14.419
 we do have some other

00:17:14.419 --> 00:17:15.559
 very interesting passages

00:17:15.559 --> 00:17:16.919
 that I want to make sure

00:17:16.919 --> 00:17:17.519
 we go through.

00:17:18.519 --> 00:17:19.980
 This is when,

00:17:21.000 --> 00:17:21.980
 this is regards

00:17:21.980 --> 00:17:24.319
 how the New Testament

00:17:24.319 --> 00:17:25.859
 treats soldiers.

00:17:26.980 --> 00:17:29.599
 And one passage

00:17:29.599 --> 00:17:31.299
 where we find this

00:17:31.299 --> 00:17:34.379
 is in the early passages

00:17:34.379 --> 00:17:35.799
 of the Gospel of Luke.

00:17:35.799 --> 00:17:35.919
 Luke,

00:17:36.379 --> 00:17:37.779
 and I,

00:17:37.859 --> 00:17:38.099
 you know,

00:17:38.200 --> 00:17:39.500
 I cut off the chapter again.

00:17:39.579 --> 00:17:40.500
 I think it's Luke 4,

00:17:40.899 --> 00:17:42.059
 but it's verse 10.

00:17:43.139 --> 00:17:44.180
 It's 3 or 4,

00:17:44.899 --> 00:17:46.980
 where a crowd

00:17:46.980 --> 00:17:48.379
 is around John the Baptist

00:17:48.379 --> 00:17:49.299
 and they're asking,

00:17:49.440 --> 00:17:50.059
 what should we do?

00:17:50.099 --> 00:17:50.579
 And he answers,

00:17:50.700 --> 00:17:51.599
 whoever has two tunics

00:17:51.599 --> 00:17:52.419
 is to share with him

00:17:52.419 --> 00:17:52.960
 who has none.

00:17:53.359 --> 00:17:54.079
 Whoever has food

00:17:54.079 --> 00:17:54.980
 is to do likewise.

00:17:55.440 --> 00:17:56.579
 Tax collectors also come

00:17:56.579 --> 00:17:57.680
 to be baptized by John

00:17:57.680 --> 00:17:58.319
 and they say to him,

00:17:58.359 --> 00:17:58.599
 teacher,

00:17:58.720 --> 00:17:59.500
 what shall we do?

00:17:59.759 --> 00:18:00.399
 And John says,

00:18:00.480 --> 00:18:01.220
 collect no more

00:18:01.220 --> 00:18:01.980
 than you are authorized

00:18:01.980 --> 00:18:02.900
 to collect.

00:18:03.620 --> 00:18:04.240
 Chapter 3.

00:18:04.700 --> 00:18:05.720
 Luke chapter 3,

00:18:05.799 --> 00:18:07.019
 verse 10.

00:18:07.860 --> 00:18:09.720
 Then soldiers,

00:18:10.220 --> 00:18:11.559
 Roman soldiers,

00:18:12.140 --> 00:18:13.460
 come to John

00:18:13.460 --> 00:18:15.120
 and they say,

00:18:15.240 --> 00:18:16.220
 and what shall we do?

00:18:16.599 --> 00:18:17.839
 And he says to them,

00:18:19.299 --> 00:18:20.519
 do not extort money

00:18:20.519 --> 00:18:21.599
 from anyone by threats

00:18:21.599 --> 00:18:22.900
 or by false accusation

00:18:22.900 --> 00:18:24.380
 and be content

00:18:24.380 --> 00:18:25.019
 with your wages.

00:18:26.400 --> 00:18:27.360
 That's what he says.

00:18:27.920 --> 00:18:28.880
 He doesn't say

00:18:28.880 --> 00:18:29.860
 abandon your post.

00:18:30.160 --> 00:18:30.799
 He doesn't say

00:18:30.799 --> 00:18:31.779
 never use violence.

00:18:31.779 --> 00:18:32.599
 He just says,

00:18:33.079 --> 00:18:35.299
 don't extort money.

00:18:36.099 --> 00:18:36.980
 Be content with your wages.

00:18:37.180 --> 00:18:37.799
 Soldiers are always

00:18:37.799 --> 00:18:38.980
 rioting in the ancient world.

00:18:39.099 --> 00:18:40.000
 Be content with your wages.

00:18:41.879 --> 00:18:42.399
 Interesting.

00:18:42.879 --> 00:18:43.740
 Very interesting.

00:18:44.240 --> 00:18:45.460
 Here's another one.

00:18:45.720 --> 00:18:46.579
 You might say,

00:18:46.680 --> 00:18:47.960
 well, that was John the Baptist.

00:18:48.240 --> 00:18:48.359
 You know,

00:18:48.399 --> 00:18:49.599
 we're still technically

00:18:49.599 --> 00:18:50.980
 Old Covenant here.

00:18:51.420 --> 00:18:52.680
 Maybe that's what he's doing.

00:18:53.519 --> 00:18:54.839
 But there is

00:18:54.839 --> 00:18:57.379
 another parallel case

00:18:57.379 --> 00:18:57.920
 with Jesus.

00:18:58.680 --> 00:19:00.200
 It's not quite as explicit,

00:19:00.200 --> 00:19:01.799
 but in another sense,

00:19:02.019 --> 00:19:03.460
 it's also interesting

00:19:03.460 --> 00:19:04.200
 for different reasons.

00:19:04.600 --> 00:19:05.840
 This is when our Lord,

00:19:05.920 --> 00:19:07.120
 this is Matthew chapter 8.

00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:13.420
 Our Lord enters Capernaum.

00:19:13.500 --> 00:19:14.559
 That's his home base

00:19:14.559 --> 00:19:15.160
 of ministry.

00:19:15.559 --> 00:19:16.460
 And a centurion,

00:19:16.580 --> 00:19:17.460
 so this is an officer

00:19:17.460 --> 00:19:19.279
 in the Roman army.

00:19:19.400 --> 00:19:20.019
 He comes to him

00:19:20.019 --> 00:19:20.340
 and he says,

00:19:20.339 --> 00:19:21.619
 my servant is lying paralyzed

00:19:21.619 --> 00:19:22.480
 at home suffering.

00:19:23.059 --> 00:19:23.759
 And Jesus says,

00:19:23.839 --> 00:19:24.899
 I will come and heal him.

00:19:25.139 --> 00:19:26.059
 But the centurion says,

00:19:26.159 --> 00:19:26.379
 Lord,

00:19:26.459 --> 00:19:27.339
 I'm not worthy

00:19:27.339 --> 00:19:28.799
 to have you come under my roof.

00:19:29.199 --> 00:19:31.079
 This is a very moving passage.

00:19:32.139 --> 00:19:33.819
 In the Gospels,

00:19:34.139 --> 00:19:35.359
 the full context is

00:19:35.359 --> 00:19:38.139
 that some Jewish leaders

00:19:38.139 --> 00:19:39.119
 come to Jesus

00:19:39.119 --> 00:19:39.679
 and they say,

00:19:39.740 --> 00:19:39.859
 hey,

00:19:39.899 --> 00:19:41.099
 you got to help this guy out.

00:19:41.559 --> 00:19:42.259
 He's worthy.

00:19:42.379 --> 00:19:43.279
 He's given us money

00:19:43.279 --> 00:19:43.980
 for this synagogue.

00:19:44.240 --> 00:19:45.359
 He's done all this great stuff.

00:19:45.419 --> 00:19:46.139
 He's worthy for you

00:19:46.139 --> 00:19:46.659
 to do this.

00:19:46.659 --> 00:19:47.980
 But then the centurion says,

00:19:48.119 --> 00:19:48.819
 I am not worthy

00:19:48.819 --> 00:19:50.279
 for you to do this for me.

00:19:50.439 --> 00:19:51.960
 He's a man of great humility

00:19:51.960 --> 00:19:52.639
 and faith.

00:19:53.599 --> 00:19:55.559
 And the centurion says,

00:19:55.659 --> 00:19:56.119
 I'm not worthy

00:19:56.119 --> 00:19:57.240
 to have you come under my roof,

00:19:57.319 --> 00:19:58.359
 but only say the word

00:19:58.359 --> 00:19:59.559
 and my servant will be healed.

00:20:00.139 --> 00:20:01.179
 And this is important

00:20:01.179 --> 00:20:02.059
 for our question here.

00:20:02.139 --> 00:20:02.460
 He says,

00:20:02.579 --> 00:20:04.379
 I too am a man under authority

00:20:04.379 --> 00:20:05.700
 with soldiers under me.

00:20:05.819 --> 00:20:06.980
 And I say to one,

00:20:07.119 --> 00:20:08.079
 go and he goes

00:20:08.079 --> 00:20:08.619
 and to another,

00:20:08.779 --> 00:20:09.519
 come and he comes

00:20:09.519 --> 00:20:10.480
 and to my servant,

00:20:10.619 --> 00:20:11.659
 do this and he does it.

00:20:12.339 --> 00:20:13.299
 When Jesus heard this,

00:20:13.319 --> 00:20:14.000
 he marveled

00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:15.439
 and he said to those,

00:20:15.439 --> 00:20:16.460
 truly I tell you,

00:20:16.980 --> 00:20:18.079
 with no one in Israel

00:20:18.079 --> 00:20:19.799
 have I found such faith.

00:20:20.259 --> 00:20:21.079
 I tell you,

00:20:21.139 --> 00:20:22.179
 many will come from the east

00:20:22.179 --> 00:20:22.740
 and the west

00:20:22.740 --> 00:20:23.759
 and recline with Abraham,

00:20:23.980 --> 00:20:24.539
 Isaac and Jacob

00:20:24.539 --> 00:20:25.539
 in the kingdom of God

00:20:25.539 --> 00:20:27.059
 while the sons of the kingdom

00:20:27.059 --> 00:20:27.779
 will be thrown

00:20:27.779 --> 00:20:28.759
 into the outer darkness.

00:20:29.480 --> 00:20:30.439
 And to the centurion,

00:20:30.539 --> 00:20:31.019
 Jesus said,

00:20:31.119 --> 00:20:32.179
 go, let it be done

00:20:32.179 --> 00:20:33.539
 for as you have believed,

00:20:33.599 --> 00:20:34.339
 it will be done.

00:20:34.639 --> 00:20:35.839
 And the servant was healed

00:20:35.839 --> 00:20:37.059
 at that very hour.

00:20:38.839 --> 00:20:40.019
 There are two things here.

00:20:40.139 --> 00:20:42.399
 One is that Jesus is here

00:20:42.399 --> 00:20:44.199
 teaching a centurion,

00:20:44.200 --> 00:20:45.900
 a man in the Roman military

00:20:45.900 --> 00:20:49.680
 and he compliments his faith.

00:20:50.580 --> 00:20:52.259
 He doesn't rebuke him

00:20:52.259 --> 00:20:53.539
 for his military service.

00:20:53.660 --> 00:20:54.740
 He doesn't tell him,

00:20:55.319 --> 00:20:56.759
 yes, you have great faith,

00:20:56.840 --> 00:20:57.680
 but you do need to do

00:20:57.680 --> 00:20:58.660
 this one important thing.

00:20:59.380 --> 00:21:01.660
 He actually gives him

00:21:01.660 --> 00:21:02.539
 one of the greatest compliments

00:21:02.539 --> 00:21:03.259
 he gives anyone

00:21:03.259 --> 00:21:04.019
 in the scriptures.

00:21:05.019 --> 00:21:07.220
 And furthermore,

00:21:07.279 --> 00:21:08.819
 the second point is that

00:21:08.819 --> 00:21:10.059
 what has the centurion

00:21:10.059 --> 00:21:11.140
 just said to Jesus?

00:21:11.140 --> 00:21:14.900
 This, this centurion just,

00:21:17.520 --> 00:21:23.000
 the centurion gave an example

00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:26.300
 of how he conducts his life

00:21:26.300 --> 00:21:27.180
 in the military

00:21:27.180 --> 00:21:29.040
 about ordering soldiers.

00:21:29.259 --> 00:21:30.600
 He says, I tell soldiers

00:21:30.600 --> 00:21:32.259
 to do this and they do it.

00:21:32.980 --> 00:21:34.160
 And that's why I know

00:21:34.160 --> 00:21:35.280
 that you can do this, Lord.

00:21:35.400 --> 00:21:36.860
 So the centurion gives

00:21:36.860 --> 00:21:38.960
 an argument of Jesus's,

00:21:39.180 --> 00:21:40.220
 of his faith in Jesus

00:21:40.220 --> 00:21:41.360
 based on his own

00:21:41.360 --> 00:21:42.339
 military service.

00:21:43.220 --> 00:21:44.660
 And Jesus accepts

00:21:44.660 --> 00:21:45.579
 this argument.

00:21:45.860 --> 00:21:46.500
 He says, this is,

00:21:46.640 --> 00:21:47.680
 this man has immense faith.

00:21:49.180 --> 00:21:50.720
 So, hmm,

00:21:51.600 --> 00:21:52.880
 interesting food for thought.

00:21:53.339 --> 00:21:55.680
 But, just like last time,

00:21:57.920 --> 00:22:00.200
 you know, if we wanted to,

00:22:00.759 --> 00:22:02.220
 the pacifists could respond

00:22:03.059 --> 00:22:05.980
 by saying, well, you know,

00:22:06.240 --> 00:22:07.259
 the gospels

00:22:07.259 --> 00:22:08.720
 and the New Testament

00:22:08.720 --> 00:22:09.339
 as a whole

00:22:09.339 --> 00:22:11.279
 call us to higher things.

00:22:11.640 --> 00:22:12.599
 And often,

00:22:12.740 --> 00:22:13.339
 the New Testament

00:22:13.339 --> 00:22:14.539
 does not explicitly

00:22:14.539 --> 00:22:16.279
 delve into details

00:22:16.279 --> 00:22:17.420
 of social order.

00:22:17.640 --> 00:22:17.839
 You know,

00:22:17.900 --> 00:22:20.059
 it doesn't always

00:22:20.059 --> 00:22:22.720
 as openly condemn slavery

00:22:22.720 --> 00:22:23.480
 as we would hope,

00:22:23.579 --> 00:22:24.220
 for instance.

00:22:24.980 --> 00:22:25.799
 And perhaps,

00:22:25.799 --> 00:22:26.680
 this is an example

00:22:26.680 --> 00:22:27.940
 where Jesus was,

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:28.599
 was simply

00:22:28.599 --> 00:22:29.940
 treating the centurion

00:22:29.940 --> 00:22:30.680
 as an individual.

00:22:30.680 --> 00:22:31.599
 He wasn't thinking

00:22:31.599 --> 00:22:32.640
 of the larger social

00:22:32.640 --> 00:22:33.460
 implications of his

00:22:33.460 --> 00:22:34.259
 military service

00:22:34.259 --> 00:22:35.039
 or something like that.

00:22:35.039 --> 00:22:36.559
 Should we not

00:22:36.559 --> 00:22:38.099
 be thinking of these things

00:22:38.099 --> 00:22:39.059
 in the full unfolding

00:22:39.059 --> 00:22:39.700
 of the gospel

00:22:39.700 --> 00:22:40.279
 and the resurrection

00:22:40.279 --> 00:22:40.859
 of Jesus

00:22:40.859 --> 00:22:42.680
 like Isaiah 9

00:22:42.680 --> 00:22:43.879
 talks about?

00:22:44.339 --> 00:22:45.119
 Isaiah 9,

00:22:45.420 --> 00:22:46.799
 verse 5 says,

00:22:47.039 --> 00:22:48.379
 this beautiful prophecy

00:22:48.379 --> 00:22:49.279
 of Jesus,

00:22:49.680 --> 00:22:50.539
 for every boot

00:22:50.539 --> 00:22:51.799
 of the trampling warrior

00:22:51.799 --> 00:22:52.879
 in battle tumult

00:22:52.879 --> 00:22:53.859
 and every garment

00:22:53.859 --> 00:22:54.579
 rolled in blood

00:22:54.579 --> 00:22:55.339
 will be burned

00:22:55.339 --> 00:22:56.700
 as fuel for the fire.

00:22:57.079 --> 00:22:57.759
 For to us,

00:22:57.799 --> 00:22:58.759
 a child is born.

00:22:58.759 --> 00:22:59.619
 To us,

00:22:59.680 --> 00:23:00.480
 a son is given.

00:23:01.359 --> 00:23:01.940
 And the government

00:23:01.940 --> 00:23:03.740
 shall be upon his shoulders

00:23:03.740 --> 00:23:04.640
 and his name

00:23:04.640 --> 00:23:05.160
 shall be called

00:23:05.160 --> 00:23:06.279
 Wonderful Counselor,

00:23:06.620 --> 00:23:07.259
 Mighty God,

00:23:07.700 --> 00:23:08.660
 Everlasting Father,

00:23:09.140 --> 00:23:10.579
 Prince of Peace.

00:23:10.980 --> 00:23:12.299
 And of the increase

00:23:12.299 --> 00:23:13.000
 of his government

00:23:13.000 --> 00:23:14.200
 and of peace,

00:23:14.539 --> 00:23:17.700
 there will be no end.

00:23:19.059 --> 00:23:21.480
 The pacifist would say

00:23:21.480 --> 00:23:24.859
 that this should be our goal.

00:23:25.799 --> 00:23:26.779
 We follow Jesus,

00:23:26.779 --> 00:23:27.839
 the Prince of Peace.

00:23:28.940 --> 00:23:29.900
 And yes,

00:23:30.120 --> 00:23:32.120
 perhaps the centurion,

00:23:32.119 --> 00:23:33.879
 Jesus did not openly

00:23:33.879 --> 00:23:34.839
 condemn the centurion,

00:23:35.039 --> 00:23:37.500
 but we are called

00:23:37.500 --> 00:23:38.679
 to greater things

00:23:38.679 --> 00:23:40.219
 than this.

00:23:42.479 --> 00:23:45.419
 And Isaiah 9 prophesies

00:23:45.419 --> 00:23:46.639
 such a thing.

00:23:47.939 --> 00:23:48.699
 I think,

00:23:48.819 --> 00:23:49.159
 actually,

00:23:49.299 --> 00:23:50.679
 this now occurs to me,

00:23:50.739 --> 00:23:51.639
 I think I skipped

00:23:51.639 --> 00:23:53.039
 a very important passage.

00:23:53.139 --> 00:23:53.519
 I don't know why

00:23:53.519 --> 00:23:54.119
 I skipped this.

00:23:54.919 --> 00:23:55.719
 So if you don't mind,

00:23:55.759 --> 00:23:57.159
 I'm going to reverse order here.

00:23:57.160 --> 00:23:59.680
 that argument that,

00:23:59.800 --> 00:23:59.900
 oh,

00:23:59.960 --> 00:24:01.320
 perhaps the centurion

00:24:01.320 --> 00:24:03.600
 was doing something

00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:04.300
 maybe

00:24:04.300 --> 00:24:09.180
 a pacifist might argue

00:24:09.180 --> 00:24:11.200
 not inherently sinful

00:24:11.200 --> 00:24:11.779
 but not

00:24:11.779 --> 00:24:13.120
 what we're called

00:24:13.120 --> 00:24:13.660
 to be doing,

00:24:13.720 --> 00:24:14.460
 if that makes sense.

00:24:14.580 --> 00:24:15.380
 Sometimes you'll hear

00:24:15.380 --> 00:24:16.620
 these sorts of arguments.

00:24:17.380 --> 00:24:19.160
 We see examples of this

00:24:19.160 --> 00:24:20.259
 with David.

00:24:20.440 --> 00:24:20.720
 Remember,

00:24:20.840 --> 00:24:21.580
 David was called

00:24:21.580 --> 00:24:22.380
 to warfare,

00:24:22.779 --> 00:24:24.840
 but in 1 Chronicles,

00:24:24.839 --> 00:24:26.359
 when he is trying

00:24:26.359 --> 00:24:27.659
 to build God's temple,

00:24:28.899 --> 00:24:30.299
 King David says

00:24:30.299 --> 00:24:31.379
 that,

00:24:31.619 --> 00:24:32.579
 I had it in my heart

00:24:32.579 --> 00:24:34.039
 to build a house

00:24:34.039 --> 00:24:35.059
 of rest

00:24:35.059 --> 00:24:35.899
 for the ark

00:24:35.899 --> 00:24:36.819
 of the covenant

00:24:36.819 --> 00:24:37.539
 of the Lord

00:24:37.539 --> 00:24:38.559
 and for the footstool

00:24:38.559 --> 00:24:39.259
 of our God,

00:24:39.419 --> 00:24:40.699
 and I made preparations

00:24:40.699 --> 00:24:41.519
 for building,

00:24:41.899 --> 00:24:42.819
 but God said to me,

00:24:42.919 --> 00:24:44.019
 you may not build

00:24:44.019 --> 00:24:45.379
 a house for my name,

00:24:45.480 --> 00:24:46.539
 for you are a man

00:24:46.539 --> 00:24:47.039
 of war

00:24:47.039 --> 00:24:48.480
 and have shed blood.

00:24:51.919 --> 00:24:52.819
 And that's in

00:24:52.819 --> 00:24:53.500
 the Old Covenant.

00:24:53.500 --> 00:24:56.940
 So what happens?

00:24:57.619 --> 00:24:58.059
 Solomon,

00:24:58.299 --> 00:24:59.000
 his son,

00:24:59.259 --> 00:25:01.220
 builds the temple

00:25:01.220 --> 00:25:02.700
 and Solomon's name

00:25:02.700 --> 00:25:03.819
 means peace.

00:25:04.480 --> 00:25:05.240
 He's the one

00:25:05.240 --> 00:25:05.880
 who built it.

00:25:07.220 --> 00:25:07.720
 So,

00:25:08.039 --> 00:25:09.079
 you see sort of

00:25:09.079 --> 00:25:10.400
 the intertwining paths.

00:25:10.740 --> 00:25:11.420
 I have not,

00:25:11.420 --> 00:25:12.420
 I have not articulated

00:25:13.119 --> 00:25:14.019
 a single argument

00:25:14.019 --> 00:25:14.779
 for pacifism.

00:25:14.900 --> 00:25:15.039
 I mean,

00:25:15.059 --> 00:25:16.059
 there's different kinds

00:25:16.059 --> 00:25:16.539
 of arguments

00:25:16.539 --> 00:25:17.319
 for pacifism.

00:25:18.500 --> 00:25:20.180
 One is an absolutist one

00:25:20.180 --> 00:25:21.420
 where war is never permitted.

00:25:21.559 --> 00:25:22.559
 It's a horrific crime.

00:25:22.559 --> 00:25:24.399
 But there's lesser forms

00:25:24.399 --> 00:25:24.659
 of it.

00:25:24.759 --> 00:25:25.579
 There's the arguments

00:25:25.579 --> 00:25:26.279
 that, well,

00:25:26.980 --> 00:25:28.379
 that's not what we should

00:25:28.379 --> 00:25:29.579
 ever strive for.

00:25:29.720 --> 00:25:31.000
 It's always defiling

00:25:31.000 --> 00:25:31.579
 somehow.

00:25:32.059 --> 00:25:33.179
 It's never the higher

00:25:33.179 --> 00:25:33.679
 calling.

00:25:33.980 --> 00:25:34.879
 There's also those

00:25:34.879 --> 00:25:35.339
 arguments

00:25:35.339 --> 00:25:37.599
 for pacifism as well.

00:25:37.679 --> 00:25:38.139
 But of course,

00:25:38.579 --> 00:25:39.480
 those who hold

00:25:39.480 --> 00:25:40.119
 to just war

00:25:40.119 --> 00:25:41.480
 have a large number

00:25:41.480 --> 00:25:42.559
 of scriptural passages

00:25:42.559 --> 00:25:43.639
 on their side

00:25:43.639 --> 00:25:44.879
 as well.

00:25:45.159 --> 00:25:45.839
 For instance,

00:25:46.500 --> 00:25:47.740
 the disciples

00:25:47.740 --> 00:25:48.460
 bringing swords

00:25:48.460 --> 00:25:49.139
 around with them

00:25:49.140 --> 00:25:50.440
 is one of them.

00:25:51.580 --> 00:25:52.000
 Now,

00:25:52.640 --> 00:25:53.800
 what I want to do now

00:25:53.800 --> 00:25:55.080
 is give just a brief

00:25:55.080 --> 00:25:56.600
 overview of the history

00:25:56.600 --> 00:25:57.320
 of pacifism

00:25:57.320 --> 00:25:59.259
 and then a brief

00:25:59.259 --> 00:26:00.100
 overview of the history

00:26:00.100 --> 00:26:01.420
 of just war theology.

00:26:02.180 --> 00:26:02.880
 And I'm going to go

00:26:02.880 --> 00:26:03.540
 quickly here.

00:26:03.720 --> 00:26:04.820
 I'm realizing I'm already,

00:26:04.980 --> 00:26:05.800
 I think I'm already

00:26:05.800 --> 00:26:07.440
 going slower

00:26:07.440 --> 00:26:08.160
 than I anticipated.

00:26:08.680 --> 00:26:09.400
 This book,

00:26:09.720 --> 00:26:10.500
 The Early Church

00:26:10.500 --> 00:26:11.300
 on Killing,

00:26:11.759 --> 00:26:12.880
 a comprehensive source book

00:26:12.880 --> 00:26:13.340
 on war,

00:26:13.480 --> 00:26:13.800
 abortion,

00:26:13.920 --> 00:26:14.620
 and capital punishment

00:26:14.620 --> 00:26:15.740
 is very useful.

00:26:16.180 --> 00:26:17.599
 It's a fairly comprehensive

00:26:17.599 --> 00:26:20.359
 collection of excerpts

00:26:20.359 --> 00:26:21.779
 from Christian writings

00:26:21.779 --> 00:26:22.920
 in the first 300 years

00:26:22.920 --> 00:26:23.440
 of the church

00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:24.380
 that have to do

00:26:24.380 --> 00:26:25.240
 with war,

00:26:25.339 --> 00:26:25.620
 abortion,

00:26:25.700 --> 00:26:26.400
 and capital punishment.

00:26:27.160 --> 00:26:29.259
 And it's well done.

00:26:29.680 --> 00:26:30.440
 The excerpts

00:26:30.440 --> 00:26:32.099
 are from older translations,

00:26:32.099 --> 00:26:32.799
 so they can be

00:26:32.799 --> 00:26:33.339
 a little difficult

00:26:33.339 --> 00:26:33.799
 to follow.

00:26:34.380 --> 00:26:35.019
 The reason why

00:26:35.019 --> 00:26:35.660
 this is important

00:26:35.660 --> 00:26:36.599
 is because when you look

00:26:36.599 --> 00:26:37.079
 at the history

00:26:37.079 --> 00:26:37.819
 of pacifism,

00:26:37.940 --> 00:26:38.519
 there are two

00:26:38.519 --> 00:26:39.400
 main streams

00:26:39.400 --> 00:26:39.900
 of thought.

00:26:40.220 --> 00:26:41.980
 One is the Anabaptists,

00:26:42.339 --> 00:26:43.079
 the other is

00:26:43.079 --> 00:26:43.720
 the early church.

00:26:43.720 --> 00:26:45.319
 both of them

00:26:45.319 --> 00:26:46.759
 were pacifistic.

00:26:46.960 --> 00:26:47.299
 In fact,

00:26:47.299 --> 00:26:48.819
 the early church

00:26:48.819 --> 00:26:51.900
 was almost universally

00:26:51.900 --> 00:26:53.480
 pacifistic.

00:26:53.740 --> 00:26:54.860
 And I wanted to

00:26:54.860 --> 00:26:56.019
 read to you

00:26:56.019 --> 00:26:57.519
 just some quick highlights

00:26:57.519 --> 00:26:58.640
 from the early church

00:26:58.640 --> 00:27:00.319
 so you can get a sense

00:27:00.319 --> 00:27:01.759
 of the passion

00:27:01.759 --> 00:27:03.100
 that the early church

00:27:03.100 --> 00:27:04.660
 had for not

00:27:04.660 --> 00:27:06.240
 practicing warfare.

00:27:07.339 --> 00:27:08.299
 Remember that

00:27:08.299 --> 00:27:08.920
 these Christians

00:27:08.920 --> 00:27:09.980
 are writing at a time

00:27:09.980 --> 00:27:11.460
 when no Christian

00:27:11.460 --> 00:27:12.559
 is in governmental power,

00:27:12.559 --> 00:27:13.460
 they're being

00:27:13.460 --> 00:27:14.299
 sometimes horrifically

00:27:14.299 --> 00:27:14.859
 persecuted.

00:27:15.859 --> 00:27:16.759
 So here we go.

00:27:21.139 --> 00:27:22.500
 Athenagoras of Athens,

00:27:22.619 --> 00:27:23.039
 he's writing

00:27:23.039 --> 00:27:24.240
 in the year 180,

00:27:25.259 --> 00:27:26.740
 he articulates

00:27:26.740 --> 00:27:27.899
 that Christians

00:27:27.899 --> 00:27:28.899
 oppose abortion,

00:27:29.279 --> 00:27:30.019
 infanticide,

00:27:30.299 --> 00:27:31.679
 gladiatorial contests,

00:27:31.980 --> 00:27:33.079
 and then he says,

00:27:33.339 --> 00:27:33.940
 how then,

00:27:34.240 --> 00:27:35.019
 when we do not

00:27:35.019 --> 00:27:35.759
 even look

00:27:35.759 --> 00:27:37.419
 on gladiatorial contests,

00:27:37.480 --> 00:27:38.500
 lest we should contract

00:27:38.500 --> 00:27:39.440
 guilt and pollution,

00:27:39.899 --> 00:27:40.440
 how then

00:27:40.440 --> 00:27:41.679
 should we put people

00:27:41.680 --> 00:27:42.240
 to death.

00:27:43.360 --> 00:27:44.799
 Tertullian in 225,

00:27:44.880 --> 00:27:45.519
 he denounces

00:27:45.519 --> 00:27:46.740
 gladiatorial contests,

00:27:46.980 --> 00:27:49.019
 but he goes even further

00:27:49.019 --> 00:27:49.960
 and he insists,

00:27:50.140 --> 00:27:50.360
 quote,

00:27:50.620 --> 00:27:52.380
 God puts his prohibition

00:27:52.380 --> 00:27:54.000
 on every sort

00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:56.140
 of man killing.

00:27:58.720 --> 00:27:59.360
 Tertullian,

00:27:59.560 --> 00:28:00.880
 I love Tertullian,

00:28:00.980 --> 00:28:01.860
 but he was

00:28:01.860 --> 00:28:02.880
 about as extreme

00:28:02.880 --> 00:28:03.560
 as you can get.

00:28:04.840 --> 00:28:05.960
 Tertullian even argues

00:28:05.960 --> 00:28:06.560
 that the shedding

00:28:06.560 --> 00:28:07.580
 of human blood

00:28:07.580 --> 00:28:08.700
 cannot be forgiven.

00:28:08.700 --> 00:28:11.700
 But what he probably

00:28:11.700 --> 00:28:12.480
 means by that

00:28:12.480 --> 00:28:13.279
 is not that God

00:28:13.279 --> 00:28:13.940
 won't forgive it,

00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:14.740
 but that the church

00:28:14.740 --> 00:28:15.420
 can't forgive it.

00:28:15.480 --> 00:28:15.860
 In other words,

00:28:15.900 --> 00:28:16.460
 you're permanently

00:28:16.460 --> 00:28:17.340
 excommunicated.

00:28:17.759 --> 00:28:18.980
 Still very harsh,

00:28:19.740 --> 00:28:20.680
 extremely harsh,

00:28:20.860 --> 00:28:21.960
 but that's Tertullian

00:28:21.960 --> 00:28:22.319
 for you.

00:28:23.440 --> 00:28:24.559
 Minucius Felix,

00:28:25.080 --> 00:28:25.640
 writing around

00:28:25.640 --> 00:28:26.279
 the year 200,

00:28:26.539 --> 00:28:27.039
 he says,

00:28:27.259 --> 00:28:27.799
 to us,

00:28:28.180 --> 00:28:28.799
 as Christians,

00:28:28.940 --> 00:28:29.900
 it is not lawful

00:28:29.900 --> 00:28:31.140
 either to see

00:28:31.140 --> 00:28:32.620
 or to hear

00:28:32.620 --> 00:28:34.660
 of human slaughter.

00:28:34.660 --> 00:28:36.620
 Origen,

00:28:36.740 --> 00:28:37.600
 in 254,

00:28:38.120 --> 00:28:39.480
 unequivocally insists

00:28:39.480 --> 00:28:40.820
 that under no circumstances

00:28:40.820 --> 00:28:42.120
 should Christians kill.

00:28:43.019 --> 00:28:44.160
 And he says,

00:28:44.700 --> 00:28:45.840
 he warns Christians,

00:28:46.019 --> 00:28:46.259
 quote,

00:28:47.019 --> 00:28:48.700
 lest because of warfare

00:28:48.700 --> 00:28:50.100
 or the vindication

00:28:50.100 --> 00:28:50.759
 of our rights

00:28:50.759 --> 00:28:52.220
 or for any occasion

00:28:52.220 --> 00:28:53.620
 we should take the sword,

00:28:53.779 --> 00:28:55.259
 there is no such occasion

00:28:55.259 --> 00:28:55.960
 that is allowed

00:28:55.960 --> 00:28:57.360
 by the gospel teaching.

00:28:57.519 --> 00:28:59.279
 We must use the sword

00:28:59.279 --> 00:29:01.440
 against no one.

00:29:02.540 --> 00:29:03.580
 That's what Origen said.

00:29:03.579 --> 00:29:05.740
 He says,

00:29:06.579 --> 00:29:08.079
 and I quote him here,

00:29:08.319 --> 00:29:10.279
 nowhere does Christ teach

00:29:10.279 --> 00:29:10.980
 that it is right

00:29:10.980 --> 00:29:11.799
 for his own disciples

00:29:11.799 --> 00:29:13.099
 to offer violence

00:29:13.099 --> 00:29:14.240
 against anyone,

00:29:14.559 --> 00:29:15.379
 however wicked

00:29:15.379 --> 00:29:16.539
 they might be.

00:29:16.679 --> 00:29:17.819
 Christ did not deem it

00:29:17.819 --> 00:29:19.559
 in keeping with his laws

00:29:19.559 --> 00:29:20.740
 to allow the killing

00:29:20.740 --> 00:29:22.019
 of any individual

00:29:22.019 --> 00:29:23.339
 whatever.

00:29:24.139 --> 00:29:24.699
 Cyprian,

00:29:24.939 --> 00:29:26.099
 writing in 258,

00:29:26.359 --> 00:29:27.740
 he insists that manslaughter

00:29:27.740 --> 00:29:29.359
 is a mortal crime.

00:29:29.859 --> 00:29:30.740
 He says,

00:29:31.079 --> 00:29:32.480
 he's referring to his flock

00:29:32.480 --> 00:29:33.039
 and he says,

00:29:33.039 --> 00:29:34.599
 we are of those

00:29:34.599 --> 00:29:35.319
 who, quote,

00:29:35.379 --> 00:29:36.379
 may not kill

00:29:36.379 --> 00:29:38.759
 but who must be killed.

00:29:39.039 --> 00:29:39.599
 And he's writing

00:29:39.599 --> 00:29:40.119
 in this time

00:29:40.119 --> 00:29:41.039
 of terrible persecution.

00:29:42.180 --> 00:29:43.180
 It goes on.

00:29:43.259 --> 00:29:44.819
 I could keep going here.

00:29:45.980 --> 00:29:46.180
 You know,

00:29:46.240 --> 00:29:47.839
 Lactantius around the year 300

00:29:47.839 --> 00:29:48.200
 says,

00:29:48.299 --> 00:29:49.899
 Christians are ignorant of war.

00:29:50.039 --> 00:29:50.599
 They are friendly

00:29:50.599 --> 00:29:51.359
 to their enemies.

00:29:51.960 --> 00:29:53.220
 They do not commit war

00:29:53.220 --> 00:29:54.079
 or commit murders.

00:29:54.819 --> 00:29:56.200
 Putting someone to death

00:29:56.200 --> 00:29:56.899
 is wrong,

00:29:56.980 --> 00:29:57.399
 he says.

00:29:57.639 --> 00:29:59.079
 Lactantius says,

00:29:59.079 --> 00:30:00.099
 every kind of killing

00:30:00.099 --> 00:30:00.639
 is wrong.

00:30:01.039 --> 00:30:01.379
 Abortion,

00:30:01.539 --> 00:30:02.119
 infanticide,

00:30:02.240 --> 00:30:03.619
 exposure of newborn children,

00:30:03.759 --> 00:30:04.699
 gladiatorial contests,

00:30:04.839 --> 00:30:05.500
 capital punishment,

00:30:05.599 --> 00:30:06.159
 and warfare,

00:30:06.519 --> 00:30:07.139
 he believes,

00:30:07.399 --> 00:30:08.460
 are all wrong.

00:30:08.679 --> 00:30:10.460
 He even says

00:30:10.460 --> 00:30:12.599
 that it is wrong

00:30:12.599 --> 00:30:14.339
 to accuse someone

00:30:14.339 --> 00:30:16.480
 of a capital crime

00:30:16.480 --> 00:30:17.619
 because it makes

00:30:17.619 --> 00:30:18.319
 no different,

00:30:18.419 --> 00:30:18.619
 quote,

00:30:18.679 --> 00:30:19.699
 whether you put a person

00:30:19.699 --> 00:30:20.879
 to death by word

00:30:20.879 --> 00:30:21.839
 or by sword.

00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:24.159
 That's how intense

00:30:24.159 --> 00:30:25.079
 these people were.

00:30:25.079 --> 00:30:27.500
 They were straight

00:30:27.500 --> 00:30:28.159
 down the line.

00:30:28.519 --> 00:30:28.980
 Our first,

00:30:29.099 --> 00:30:31.159
 one of our earliest

00:30:31.159 --> 00:30:32.039
 church orders,

00:30:32.220 --> 00:30:33.199
 this is a church manual

00:30:33.199 --> 00:30:34.559
 of how you baptize,

00:30:34.679 --> 00:30:36.220
 how you do the Eucharist,

00:30:36.480 --> 00:30:37.220
 how you bring in

00:30:37.220 --> 00:30:37.779
 new members,

00:30:38.439 --> 00:30:40.199
 and this church order

00:30:40.199 --> 00:30:42.019
 says that those

00:30:42.019 --> 00:30:42.960
 who are gladiators

00:30:42.960 --> 00:30:44.259
 or teach gladiators

00:30:44.259 --> 00:30:45.480
 or teach swordsmanship

00:30:45.480 --> 00:30:47.079
 or teach military skills

00:30:47.079 --> 00:30:48.059
 or weapons training,

00:30:48.539 --> 00:30:49.980
 they should stop

00:30:49.980 --> 00:30:51.379
 or they will be excluded

00:30:51.379 --> 00:30:52.519
 from baptism.

00:30:52.519 --> 00:30:55.879
 So the early church

00:30:55.879 --> 00:30:57.259
 was very,

00:30:57.539 --> 00:30:58.900
 fairly universal in this.

00:30:59.000 --> 00:30:59.240
 However,

00:30:59.379 --> 00:31:00.400
 we do have examples,

00:31:00.599 --> 00:31:01.599
 if I can give a counterpoint

00:31:01.599 --> 00:31:01.920
 to this,

00:31:02.500 --> 00:31:03.819
 we do have examples

00:31:03.819 --> 00:31:05.400
 of Christians serving

00:31:05.400 --> 00:31:06.220
 in the military

00:31:06.220 --> 00:31:07.119
 in the early church.

00:31:07.639 --> 00:31:08.759
 That does come up.

00:31:09.720 --> 00:31:10.240
 Tertullian,

00:31:10.379 --> 00:31:11.299
 he's one of the harshest

00:31:11.299 --> 00:31:11.819
 guys on this.

00:31:11.879 --> 00:31:13.019
 He even talks about

00:31:13.019 --> 00:31:15.639
 one of these situations

00:31:15.639 --> 00:31:16.599
 where he compliments

00:31:16.599 --> 00:31:17.579
 the Christian soldiers.

00:31:18.460 --> 00:31:20.440
 So it's not

00:31:20.440 --> 00:31:21.799
 totally universal,

00:31:21.799 --> 00:31:24.220
 but there is a quote,

00:31:24.500 --> 00:31:25.519
 if I can find it,

00:31:25.779 --> 00:31:26.359
 that the author

00:31:26.359 --> 00:31:27.180
 of this volume,

00:31:28.119 --> 00:31:29.539
 this author of this volume

00:31:29.539 --> 00:31:30.960
 put together,

00:31:31.319 --> 00:31:32.579
 he says,

00:31:32.680 --> 00:31:34.299
 and I think this is fair,

00:31:34.740 --> 00:31:35.599
 he says that

00:31:35.599 --> 00:31:37.319
 in all of our

00:31:37.319 --> 00:31:37.919
 hundreds and hundreds

00:31:37.919 --> 00:31:38.899
 and hundreds of pages

00:31:38.899 --> 00:31:40.099
 of writings

00:31:40.099 --> 00:31:40.579
 that we have

00:31:40.579 --> 00:31:41.339
 from the early church,

00:31:41.339 --> 00:31:41.980
 there is not

00:31:41.980 --> 00:31:44.419
 a single statement

00:31:44.419 --> 00:31:47.180
 that explicitly allows

00:31:47.180 --> 00:31:48.079
 Christians to serve

00:31:48.079 --> 00:31:48.539
 in the military.

00:31:49.220 --> 00:31:50.700
 They're either silent on it

00:31:50.700 --> 00:31:51.860
 or they're negative on it.

00:31:51.940 --> 00:31:52.120
 Yes?

00:31:52.980 --> 00:31:54.340
 All of these individuals

00:31:54.340 --> 00:31:56.279
 who have made this

00:31:56.279 --> 00:31:56.740
 pretty clear

00:31:56.740 --> 00:31:57.799
 past this commentary,

00:31:57.980 --> 00:31:58.660
 have any of them

00:31:58.660 --> 00:32:00.220
 written on Luke 22?

00:32:01.799 --> 00:32:02.240
 So,

00:32:02.480 --> 00:32:04.160
 Origen has some homilies

00:32:04.160 --> 00:32:04.980
 on Luke 22.

00:32:05.900 --> 00:32:06.340
 No,

00:32:06.420 --> 00:32:07.039
 he has some homilies

00:32:07.039 --> 00:32:07.400
 on Luke.

00:32:07.440 --> 00:32:08.400
 I don't know if the homilies

00:32:08.400 --> 00:32:09.140
 cover Luke 22.

00:32:09.539 --> 00:32:10.340
 That would be a great

00:32:10.340 --> 00:32:11.120
 question to ask,

00:32:11.400 --> 00:32:12.180
 especially because

00:32:12.180 --> 00:32:13.120
 when Origen said

00:32:13.120 --> 00:32:13.840
 those statements,

00:32:13.840 --> 00:32:14.940
 he was talking about

00:32:14.940 --> 00:32:16.920
 the Matthew 26 passage

00:32:16.920 --> 00:32:17.799
 where Jesus says,

00:32:17.799 --> 00:32:18.700
 those who use the sword

00:32:18.700 --> 00:32:19.480
 will die by the sword.

00:32:19.680 --> 00:32:20.079
 So,

00:32:20.159 --> 00:32:20.579
 I don't know

00:32:20.579 --> 00:32:21.220
 if he then

00:32:21.220 --> 00:32:22.819
 went and looked

00:32:22.819 --> 00:32:23.500
 at that one.

00:32:24.000 --> 00:32:24.240
 Ivor.

00:32:24.879 --> 00:32:25.359
 Yeah.

00:32:26.359 --> 00:32:28.279
 I was kind of drafted

00:32:28.279 --> 00:32:29.700
 and I joined the Navy

00:32:29.700 --> 00:32:30.799
 to avoid the Army.

00:32:32.259 --> 00:32:32.759
 Okay,

00:32:32.879 --> 00:32:33.000
 yeah,

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:33.159
 yeah.

00:32:33.720 --> 00:32:34.819
 And my ship,

00:32:35.879 --> 00:32:36.940
 the Enterprise,

00:32:37.119 --> 00:32:38.799
 was doing close air support

00:32:38.799 --> 00:32:39.940
 of the Marine Corps.

00:32:40.180 --> 00:32:40.440
 Yeah.

00:32:40.579 --> 00:32:41.599
 And I was part

00:32:41.599 --> 00:32:42.319
 of the ship.

00:32:43.180 --> 00:32:43.700
 So,

00:32:44.079 --> 00:32:44.700
 that makes me

00:32:44.700 --> 00:32:45.659
 combat veteran.

00:32:45.980 --> 00:32:46.319
 Yes.

00:32:46.319 --> 00:32:47.200
 Yeah.

00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:48.480
 So,

00:32:49.079 --> 00:32:50.159
 according to what

00:32:50.159 --> 00:32:50.779
 you're saying,

00:32:51.460 --> 00:32:52.679
 I could be included

00:32:52.679 --> 00:32:53.919
 from church services

00:32:53.919 --> 00:32:54.799
 for serving

00:32:54.799 --> 00:32:57.119
 when my government

00:32:57.119 --> 00:32:59.279
 kind of forced me

00:32:59.279 --> 00:33:00.799
 into the military?

00:33:01.720 --> 00:33:03.179
 I don't think that.

00:33:03.659 --> 00:33:03.839
 Yeah.

00:33:03.960 --> 00:33:04.179
 But,

00:33:04.500 --> 00:33:05.639
 there are people

00:33:05.639 --> 00:33:06.299
 in the early church

00:33:06.299 --> 00:33:07.220
 who would have said that.

00:33:07.339 --> 00:33:07.759
 Okay.

00:33:09.039 --> 00:33:10.519
 That would exclude

00:33:10.519 --> 00:33:11.859
 members of this congregation.

00:33:12.119 --> 00:33:13.099
 It would also exclude

00:33:13.099 --> 00:33:14.179
 members of our families

00:33:14.179 --> 00:33:15.439
 who serve in the military.

00:33:15.440 --> 00:33:16.620
 My nephew

00:33:16.620 --> 00:33:17.519
 is in the military

00:33:17.519 --> 00:33:18.019
 right now.

00:33:18.720 --> 00:33:19.059
 And,

00:33:19.259 --> 00:33:20.559
 my grandfather

00:33:20.559 --> 00:33:22.380
 and many of my ancestors

00:33:22.380 --> 00:33:23.160
 served in the military.

00:33:24.720 --> 00:33:25.960
 They took a really

00:33:25.960 --> 00:33:26.900
 extreme position

00:33:26.900 --> 00:33:29.840
 of which I'm going to,

00:33:30.039 --> 00:33:30.920
 we're about to turn

00:33:30.920 --> 00:33:32.380
 to the just war theory.

00:33:32.900 --> 00:33:33.080
 So,

00:33:33.240 --> 00:33:34.620
 I don't want to end

00:33:34.620 --> 00:33:35.340
 on this note.

00:33:35.580 --> 00:33:36.299
 There is another

00:33:36.299 --> 00:33:37.200
 point of view here

00:33:37.200 --> 00:33:38.299
 that I'm about to present.

00:33:38.299 --> 00:33:41.259
 I will also say

00:33:41.259 --> 00:33:42.180
 about the early church

00:33:42.180 --> 00:33:43.879
 that

00:33:43.879 --> 00:33:48.059
 I think

00:33:48.059 --> 00:33:50.159
 all of those quotations,

00:33:50.359 --> 00:33:51.619
 though they are very powerful

00:33:51.619 --> 00:33:52.940
 and all-encompassing,

00:33:53.200 --> 00:33:54.619
 they are not as universal

00:33:54.619 --> 00:33:55.720
 as you think.

00:33:56.200 --> 00:33:57.839
 If you read the early church,

00:33:57.919 --> 00:33:59.039
 you understand that

00:33:59.039 --> 00:33:59.980
 we,

00:34:00.519 --> 00:34:01.639
 the actual

00:34:01.639 --> 00:34:02.799
 on-the-ground work

00:34:02.799 --> 00:34:04.159
 of the local churches,

00:34:04.480 --> 00:34:05.779
 there are soldiers

00:34:05.779 --> 00:34:06.619
 in those churches.

00:34:06.779 --> 00:34:07.359
 We know that

00:34:07.359 --> 00:34:09.159
 from archaeological excavations.

00:34:09.639 --> 00:34:10.219
 We know that

00:34:10.219 --> 00:34:10.940
 from other,

00:34:11.500 --> 00:34:11.800
 from,

00:34:11.860 --> 00:34:12.300
 from,

00:34:12.300 --> 00:34:12.699
 um,

00:34:13.099 --> 00:34:13.599
 Christians,

00:34:13.980 --> 00:34:15.099
 writers who will mention

00:34:15.099 --> 00:34:16.239
 Christian soldiers

00:34:16.239 --> 00:34:17.920
 in the service of Rome.

00:34:18.400 --> 00:34:18.880
 Uh,

00:34:18.880 --> 00:34:20.079
 we know that this happened.

00:34:20.199 --> 00:34:20.739
 We know that it was

00:34:20.739 --> 00:34:21.420
 fairly common.

00:34:21.820 --> 00:34:22.400
 We know that they were

00:34:22.400 --> 00:34:23.039
 welcomed in.

00:34:23.820 --> 00:34:24.059
 So,

00:34:25.179 --> 00:34:25.759
 while

00:34:25.759 --> 00:34:27.099
 the quotations

00:34:27.099 --> 00:34:27.900
 that we have

00:34:27.900 --> 00:34:28.820
 universally support

00:34:28.820 --> 00:34:29.460
 pacifism,

00:34:29.679 --> 00:34:30.940
 we know that as a whole

00:34:30.940 --> 00:34:31.619
 that was not what

00:34:31.619 --> 00:34:32.179
 the early church

00:34:32.179 --> 00:34:33.179
 actually did

00:34:33.179 --> 00:34:34.059
 all the time,

00:34:34.059 --> 00:34:35.460
 if that makes sense.

00:34:36.359 --> 00:34:36.779
 Peter?

00:34:37.339 --> 00:34:37.599
 Um,

00:34:37.859 --> 00:34:38.940
 this time period,

00:34:39.179 --> 00:34:39.899
 I'm not great

00:34:39.899 --> 00:34:40.919
 with my church history,

00:34:41.359 --> 00:34:42.059
 is also,

00:34:42.419 --> 00:34:42.739
 uh,

00:34:42.739 --> 00:34:43.440
 during the time

00:34:43.440 --> 00:34:44.559
 where there was

00:34:44.559 --> 00:34:46.000
 active persecution

00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:47.139
 by the military

00:34:47.139 --> 00:34:48.199
 of the Christians.

00:34:48.559 --> 00:34:48.719
 Yep.

00:34:49.179 --> 00:34:50.159
 And could that

00:34:50.159 --> 00:34:50.839
 be the reason

00:34:50.839 --> 00:34:51.980
 why they say,

00:34:52.339 --> 00:34:53.219
 don't be in the military

00:34:53.219 --> 00:34:54.259
 because they're going

00:34:54.259 --> 00:34:55.000
 to be ordered

00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:56.460
 to kill fellow Christians?

00:34:56.559 --> 00:34:56.859
 And,

00:34:56.960 --> 00:34:57.940
 and there was

00:34:57.940 --> 00:34:58.919
 often forced

00:34:58.919 --> 00:34:59.619
 pagan worship

00:34:59.619 --> 00:35:00.399
 in the military,

00:35:00.400 --> 00:35:01.720
 where you had

00:35:01.720 --> 00:35:03.220
 to swear allegiance

00:35:03.220 --> 00:35:04.000
 to the genius

00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:04.519
 of Caesar,

00:35:04.660 --> 00:35:05.720
 the spirit of Caesar

00:35:05.720 --> 00:35:06.539
 and worship him

00:35:06.539 --> 00:35:07.780
 and do incense

00:35:07.780 --> 00:35:08.420
 to the emperor

00:35:08.420 --> 00:35:09.500
 as a show of loyalty

00:35:09.500 --> 00:35:10.260
 to the empire.

00:35:10.639 --> 00:35:12.260
 That is a huge factor

00:35:12.260 --> 00:35:12.559
 and,

00:35:12.639 --> 00:35:13.720
 and people will say that.

00:35:13.840 --> 00:35:14.660
 Another factor is,

00:35:15.360 --> 00:35:15.579
 uh,

00:35:15.579 --> 00:35:16.720
 this sounds really extreme,

00:35:16.720 --> 00:35:17.660
 but remember,

00:35:18.200 --> 00:35:18.900
 these are people

00:35:18.900 --> 00:35:19.960
 who are being slaughtered

00:35:19.960 --> 00:35:21.000
 for their faith at times

00:35:21.000 --> 00:35:21.760
 and they are saying

00:35:21.760 --> 00:35:22.920
 very similar things

00:35:22.920 --> 00:35:24.139
 to every Christian

00:35:24.139 --> 00:35:24.599
 that,

00:35:24.920 --> 00:35:25.599
 so a soldier,

00:35:25.780 --> 00:35:26.400
 you might respond

00:35:26.400 --> 00:35:26.660
 and say,

00:35:26.740 --> 00:35:26.840
 well,

00:35:26.860 --> 00:35:27.380
 if I'm a soldier,

00:35:27.440 --> 00:35:28.400
 that means I have to die.

00:35:28.780 --> 00:35:29.619
 But they're saying

00:35:29.619 --> 00:35:30.719
 that because if I abandon

00:35:30.719 --> 00:35:31.400
 my post,

00:35:31.440 --> 00:35:32.259
 I'll be executed.

00:35:32.819 --> 00:35:34.019
 But they are saying

00:35:34.019 --> 00:35:35.179
 the same things

00:35:35.179 --> 00:35:36.339
 to so many other

00:35:36.339 --> 00:35:37.099
 non-soldiers

00:35:37.099 --> 00:35:38.000
 who are in very

00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:39.019
 similar circumstances.

00:35:39.359 --> 00:35:40.480
 So they're not

00:35:40.480 --> 00:35:42.679
 singling out soldiers

00:35:42.679 --> 00:35:44.759
 for having to risk

00:35:44.759 --> 00:35:45.779
 something terrible

00:35:45.779 --> 00:35:47.079
 to leave.

00:35:47.259 --> 00:35:48.299
 This is for everybody.

00:35:48.460 --> 00:35:49.259
 Everybody's doing

00:35:49.259 --> 00:35:49.900
 all of this.

00:35:50.599 --> 00:35:50.779
 So,

00:35:51.139 --> 00:35:52.319
 while it is extreme,

00:35:52.420 --> 00:35:53.199
 you have to remember

00:35:53.199 --> 00:35:53.519
 they're,

00:35:53.519 --> 00:35:54.619
 they're casting this net

00:35:54.619 --> 00:35:55.819
 over pretty much

00:35:55.819 --> 00:35:57.139
 the whole flock.

00:35:57.859 --> 00:35:58.059
 Um,

00:35:58.179 --> 00:35:58.759
 there are,

00:35:58.760 --> 00:35:59.920
 remember that women

00:35:59.920 --> 00:36:01.760
 had almost zero rights

00:36:01.760 --> 00:36:02.980
 in the Roman Empire.

00:36:03.160 --> 00:36:04.400
 A Roman male citizen

00:36:04.400 --> 00:36:05.860
 could execute his wife

00:36:05.860 --> 00:36:06.520
 or children.

00:36:07.420 --> 00:36:08.300
 He could do that.

00:36:08.720 --> 00:36:09.880
 They had slaves.

00:36:09.980 --> 00:36:10.320
 You would have,

00:36:10.420 --> 00:36:11.320
 if you were a pastor

00:36:11.320 --> 00:36:11.820
 in a church,

00:36:11.820 --> 00:36:12.800
 you're going to have slaves

00:36:12.800 --> 00:36:13.360
 who go home

00:36:13.360 --> 00:36:13.820
 and get raped

00:36:13.820 --> 00:36:14.500
 by their masters.

00:36:14.780 --> 00:36:15.620
 You're going to have

00:36:15.620 --> 00:36:16.820
 people who are horribly

00:36:16.820 --> 00:36:17.920
 beaten by their fathers

00:36:17.920 --> 00:36:19.920
 with no recourse

00:36:19.920 --> 00:36:20.500
 at all.

00:36:20.980 --> 00:36:21.600
 This is just,

00:36:21.780 --> 00:36:23.340
 people who are signed up

00:36:23.340 --> 00:36:24.380
 for the gladiatorial contest

00:36:24.380 --> 00:36:25.220
 and compelled

00:36:25.220 --> 00:36:26.840
 to go and be slaughtered.

00:36:26.840 --> 00:36:27.019
 I mean,

00:36:27.059 --> 00:36:27.860
 all of these things

00:36:27.860 --> 00:36:28.340
 are happening.

00:36:28.920 --> 00:36:29.100
 So,

00:36:29.500 --> 00:36:30.079
 uh,

00:36:30.180 --> 00:36:30.500
 they,

00:36:30.640 --> 00:36:31.140
 they're living

00:36:31.140 --> 00:36:32.160
 in really terrible times.

00:36:32.160 --> 00:36:32.380
 So,

00:36:32.440 --> 00:36:33.320
 that does breed

00:36:33.320 --> 00:36:34.059
 extremism

00:36:34.059 --> 00:36:34.860
 by necessity.

00:36:35.460 --> 00:36:36.039
 By necessity.

00:36:36.240 --> 00:36:36.380
 So,

00:36:36.519 --> 00:36:37.100
 keep that in mind.

00:36:38.180 --> 00:36:38.380
 Um,

00:36:38.860 --> 00:36:39.600
 final point,

00:36:39.680 --> 00:36:40.140
 and this will be

00:36:40.140 --> 00:36:40.680
 our transition.

00:36:42.120 --> 00:36:42.559
 Uh,

00:36:42.680 --> 00:36:43.280
 I,

00:36:43.340 --> 00:36:44.039
 I want to

00:36:44.039 --> 00:36:45.079
 honor

00:36:45.079 --> 00:36:45.640
 and,

00:36:45.720 --> 00:36:45.960
 and,

00:36:46.059 --> 00:36:46.860
 and be inspired

00:36:46.860 --> 00:36:47.720
 by the faith

00:36:47.720 --> 00:36:48.559
 of our Christian

00:36:48.559 --> 00:36:49.000
 forebears

00:36:49.000 --> 00:36:49.700
 in the early church.

00:36:50.280 --> 00:36:50.760
 But,

00:36:51.039 --> 00:36:52.260
 it is one thing

00:36:52.260 --> 00:36:53.000
 to say these,

00:36:53.059 --> 00:36:53.280
 when you're,

00:36:53.559 --> 00:36:53.720
 these,

00:36:53.820 --> 00:36:54.820
 these kind of statements

00:36:54.820 --> 00:36:56.220
 when you're not in power,

00:36:56.900 --> 00:36:57.780
 it's another thing

00:36:57.780 --> 00:36:58.960
 to be in power

00:36:58.960 --> 00:37:00.460
 and allow violence

00:37:00.460 --> 00:37:01.260
 to be perpetrated

00:37:01.260 --> 00:37:02.280
 against innocent people.

00:37:03.080 --> 00:37:03.620
 And,

00:37:03.680 --> 00:37:04.840
 that brings in

00:37:04.840 --> 00:37:07.160
 just war theory.

00:37:07.400 --> 00:37:07.800
 And,

00:37:07.840 --> 00:37:08.519
 it turns out

00:37:08.519 --> 00:37:10.019
 that for 300 years,

00:37:10.120 --> 00:37:11.200
 Christians were not in power

00:37:11.200 --> 00:37:11.940
 in the Roman Empire.

00:37:12.140 --> 00:37:12.500
 And,

00:37:12.559 --> 00:37:13.039
 then an emperor

00:37:13.039 --> 00:37:13.720
 comes along

00:37:13.720 --> 00:37:14.640
 named Constantine

00:37:14.640 --> 00:37:16.100
 who became a Christian.

00:37:16.500 --> 00:37:16.880
 And,

00:37:16.880 --> 00:37:17.940
 he declared freedom

00:37:17.940 --> 00:37:18.519
 of religion.

00:37:19.120 --> 00:37:19.900
 Often people say

00:37:19.900 --> 00:37:20.780
 he made Christianity

00:37:20.780 --> 00:37:21.700
 the official religion.

00:37:21.820 --> 00:37:22.320
 He didn't.

00:37:22.740 --> 00:37:23.640
 He declared freedom

00:37:23.640 --> 00:37:24.080
 of religion.

00:37:24.079 --> 00:37:24.460
 He said,

00:37:24.519 --> 00:37:25.679
 you cannot persecute people

00:37:25.679 --> 00:37:26.719
 due to their religious beliefs.

00:37:27.059 --> 00:37:27.860
 It's one of the most

00:37:27.860 --> 00:37:28.719
 extraordinary

00:37:28.719 --> 00:37:30.500
 sociological statements

00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:30.799
 ever.

00:37:31.420 --> 00:37:31.799
 That he,

00:37:31.819 --> 00:37:32.480
 he was the one

00:37:32.480 --> 00:37:32.639
 who,

00:37:32.739 --> 00:37:34.079
 who really initiated this

00:37:34.079 --> 00:37:34.819
 for the first time.

00:37:35.559 --> 00:37:36.000
 And,

00:37:36.059 --> 00:37:36.500
 all of a sudden

00:37:36.500 --> 00:37:37.179
 you have a Christian

00:37:37.179 --> 00:37:37.639
 in power.

00:37:38.239 --> 00:37:38.920
 What do you do?

00:37:40.099 --> 00:37:40.480
 And,

00:37:41.099 --> 00:37:43.360
 this is where

00:37:43.360 --> 00:37:45.139
 just war theory

00:37:45.139 --> 00:37:47.420
 begins.

00:37:48.219 --> 00:37:48.719
 And,

00:37:49.360 --> 00:37:50.759
 the question

00:37:50.759 --> 00:37:51.880
 that those

00:37:51.880 --> 00:37:52.539
 in power

00:37:52.539 --> 00:37:53.460
 who are Christians

00:37:53.460 --> 00:37:54.139
 ask is,

00:37:54.460 --> 00:37:54.960
 should we let

00:37:54.960 --> 00:37:55.800
 evil go

00:37:55.800 --> 00:37:56.659
 unopposed?

00:37:58.019 --> 00:37:58.760
 C.S. Lewis

00:37:58.760 --> 00:38:00.559
 wrote an essay.

00:38:00.760 --> 00:38:01.440
 It's in the book

00:38:01.440 --> 00:38:02.159
 The Weight of Glory

00:38:02.159 --> 00:38:03.240
 and it's titled

00:38:03.240 --> 00:38:05.240
 Why I Am Not a Pacifist.

00:38:05.679 --> 00:38:06.059
 And,

00:38:06.119 --> 00:38:06.699
 he wrote it

00:38:06.699 --> 00:38:08.360
 in World War II.

00:38:09.559 --> 00:38:09.840
 And,

00:38:09.900 --> 00:38:10.480
 he says,

00:38:10.559 --> 00:38:11.699
 does anyone suppose,

00:38:12.099 --> 00:38:13.400
 so he's referring to

00:38:13.400 --> 00:38:14.740
 Matthew 538

00:38:14.740 --> 00:38:15.880
 where our Lord says,

00:38:15.980 --> 00:38:16.519
 do not resist

00:38:16.519 --> 00:38:17.139
 an evil person.

00:38:17.460 --> 00:38:17.860
 He says,

00:38:17.900 --> 00:38:18.740
 does anyone suppose

00:38:18.740 --> 00:38:19.800
 that our Lord's hearers

00:38:19.800 --> 00:38:20.460
 understood

00:38:20.460 --> 00:38:22.220
 good his words

00:38:22.220 --> 00:38:22.720
 to mean

00:38:22.720 --> 00:38:23.159
 that if a

00:38:23.159 --> 00:38:24.260
 homicidal maniac

00:38:24.260 --> 00:38:25.360
 attempting to murder

00:38:25.360 --> 00:38:26.240
 a third party

00:38:26.240 --> 00:38:27.599
 tried to knock me

00:38:27.599 --> 00:38:28.220
 out of the way

00:38:28.220 --> 00:38:29.420
 that I should stand

00:38:29.420 --> 00:38:30.360
 aside and let him

00:38:30.360 --> 00:38:31.159
 get at his victim?

00:38:33.059 --> 00:38:33.420
 And,

00:38:33.420 --> 00:38:35.860
 C.S. Lewis,

00:38:36.139 --> 00:38:37.980
 it's a complicated essay

00:38:37.980 --> 00:38:38.659
 but he makes

00:38:38.659 --> 00:38:39.300
 some good points.

00:38:40.440 --> 00:38:40.920
 But,

00:38:41.019 --> 00:38:42.400
 he highlights

00:38:42.400 --> 00:38:43.180
 that issue

00:38:43.180 --> 00:38:43.659
 of,

00:38:43.880 --> 00:38:44.539
 is Jesus here

00:38:44.539 --> 00:38:45.340
 talking about

00:38:45.340 --> 00:38:46.119
 personal,

00:38:46.119 --> 00:38:47.480
 personal vendettas

00:38:47.480 --> 00:38:48.340
 and vengeance here

00:38:48.340 --> 00:38:49.720
 or is he talking

00:38:49.720 --> 00:38:51.220
 universally about

00:38:51.220 --> 00:38:52.280
 the use of violence

00:38:52.280 --> 00:38:52.840
 to protect

00:38:52.840 --> 00:38:53.360
 the innocent?

00:38:54.420 --> 00:38:54.940
 And,

00:38:55.019 --> 00:38:55.420
 C.S. Lewis

00:38:55.420 --> 00:38:55.820
 would say,

00:38:55.920 --> 00:38:57.019
 he's talking about

00:38:57.019 --> 00:38:58.079
 personal,

00:38:58.079 --> 00:38:59.300
 personal

00:38:59.300 --> 00:39:00.680
 vendettas

00:39:00.680 --> 00:39:01.280
 and vengeance

00:39:01.280 --> 00:39:02.280
 and things like that.

00:39:02.280 --> 00:39:03.360
 He is not saying,

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:04.180
 hey,

00:39:04.280 --> 00:39:04.860
 if you happen

00:39:04.860 --> 00:39:05.960
 to be a police officer

00:39:05.960 --> 00:39:07.160
 and you see

00:39:07.160 --> 00:39:08.380
 some wrong happening,

00:39:08.580 --> 00:39:09.340
 don't do anything.

00:39:09.820 --> 00:39:10.340
 That's not

00:39:10.340 --> 00:39:10.920
 what he's saying.

00:39:11.680 --> 00:39:11.940
 Yes,

00:39:11.980 --> 00:39:12.140
 Iver?

00:39:13.680 --> 00:39:14.700
 C.S. Lewis

00:39:14.700 --> 00:39:15.880
 lived through the blitz.

00:39:16.420 --> 00:39:16.580
 Yeah,

00:39:16.640 --> 00:39:17.540
 he was World War I

00:39:17.540 --> 00:39:17.980
 in the trenches.

00:39:18.460 --> 00:39:18.780
 Yeah,

00:39:18.920 --> 00:39:19.900
 and World War I

00:39:19.900 --> 00:39:20.180
 in the trenches.

00:39:20.200 --> 00:39:21.240
 And the blitz as well,

00:39:21.380 --> 00:39:21.620
 yes.

00:39:21.720 --> 00:39:21.940
 Yeah,

00:39:22.240 --> 00:39:22.540
 so,

00:39:23.440 --> 00:39:23.920
 the blitz,

00:39:24.860 --> 00:39:25.700
 six months,

00:39:26.420 --> 00:39:27.160
 bombs were dropped

00:39:27.160 --> 00:39:27.900
 from the sky

00:39:27.900 --> 00:39:28.500
 every night.

00:39:28.940 --> 00:39:29.120
 Yeah,

00:39:29.180 --> 00:39:29.519
 he knew

00:39:29.519 --> 00:39:30.480
 what he was talking about.

00:39:30.519 --> 00:39:31.440
 He lived through the blitz.

00:39:31.640 --> 00:39:31.880
 Yeah.

00:39:32.280 --> 00:39:33.420
 And I think

00:39:33.420 --> 00:39:35.040
 that colors

00:39:35.040 --> 00:39:36.260
 what he believes.

00:39:36.580 --> 00:39:36.780
 Yes,

00:39:36.840 --> 00:39:37.400
 I agree.

00:39:37.620 --> 00:39:38.060
 I agree.

00:39:39.720 --> 00:39:40.240
 So,

00:39:40.380 --> 00:39:40.860
 all of a sudden,

00:39:41.200 --> 00:39:41.600
 when does

00:39:41.600 --> 00:39:42.260
 just war theory

00:39:42.260 --> 00:39:43.120
 first get articulated?

00:39:43.340 --> 00:39:43.500
 Well,

00:39:43.580 --> 00:39:44.380
 it starts becoming

00:39:44.380 --> 00:39:44.800
 articulated

00:39:44.800 --> 00:39:45.580
 when Christians

00:39:45.580 --> 00:39:46.600
 finally get into power

00:39:46.600 --> 00:39:47.700
 and they realize

00:39:47.700 --> 00:39:48.440
 that,

00:39:48.960 --> 00:39:49.019
 hey,

00:39:49.080 --> 00:39:49.800
 we can't just

00:39:49.800 --> 00:39:50.600
 like let

00:39:50.600 --> 00:39:52.420
 wrongs happen

00:39:52.420 --> 00:39:53.120
 here.

00:39:53.760 --> 00:39:54.220
 So,

00:39:54.460 --> 00:39:55.820
 the major proponent

00:39:55.820 --> 00:39:56.820
 of just war theory,

00:39:57.120 --> 00:39:57.700
 the first one

00:39:57.700 --> 00:39:58.540
 is Augustine

00:39:58.539 --> 00:40:00.880
 and his words

00:40:00.880 --> 00:40:01.420
 are then

00:40:01.420 --> 00:40:02.259
 the next major,

00:40:02.400 --> 00:40:03.059
 or there's many

00:40:03.059 --> 00:40:03.840
 major proponents

00:40:03.840 --> 00:40:04.099
 of it,

00:40:04.159 --> 00:40:05.360
 but there's Augustine

00:40:05.360 --> 00:40:05.880
 and then there's

00:40:05.880 --> 00:40:06.679
 Thomas Aquinas.

00:40:07.460 --> 00:40:08.579
 Augustine says,

00:40:09.019 --> 00:40:09.759
 or he suggests

00:40:09.759 --> 00:40:11.000
 that loving

00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:11.639
 our neighbor

00:40:11.639 --> 00:40:12.820
 can mean

00:40:12.820 --> 00:40:14.059
 self-defense

00:40:14.059 --> 00:40:14.920
 of the state.

00:40:16.099 --> 00:40:16.539
 He said,

00:40:16.840 --> 00:40:17.699
 Augustine suggests

00:40:17.699 --> 00:40:18.159
 that loving

00:40:18.159 --> 00:40:19.300
 our foreign neighbors

00:40:19.300 --> 00:40:20.500
 may mean using force

00:40:20.500 --> 00:40:21.800
 to punish evildoers

00:40:21.800 --> 00:40:23.400
 or to right a wrong.

00:40:23.400 --> 00:40:24.840
 Thomas Aquinas

00:40:24.840 --> 00:40:25.539
 writes,

00:40:25.980 --> 00:40:26.539
 he says,

00:40:26.940 --> 00:40:27.900
 true religion

00:40:27.900 --> 00:40:30.579
 looks upon

00:40:30.579 --> 00:40:31.840
 as peaceful,

00:40:32.119 --> 00:40:33.340
 so he says,

00:40:33.440 --> 00:40:34.139
 true religion

00:40:34.139 --> 00:40:35.420
 looks upon

00:40:35.420 --> 00:40:36.139
 as peaceful

00:40:36.139 --> 00:40:37.440
 those wars

00:40:37.440 --> 00:40:38.660
 that are waged

00:40:38.660 --> 00:40:39.559
 with the object

00:40:39.559 --> 00:40:40.440
 of securing

00:40:40.440 --> 00:40:41.300
 peace.

00:40:42.480 --> 00:40:42.780
 So,

00:40:42.840 --> 00:40:43.400
 Thomas Aquinas

00:40:43.400 --> 00:40:43.800
 says,

00:40:43.920 --> 00:40:44.760
 it is peaceful

00:40:44.760 --> 00:40:45.820
 to wage wars

00:40:45.820 --> 00:40:46.860
 in order to secure

00:40:46.860 --> 00:40:47.639
 peace,

00:40:47.820 --> 00:40:48.539
 but he says

00:40:48.539 --> 00:40:49.400
 they should not be

00:40:49.400 --> 00:40:51.000
 waged for motives

00:40:51.000 --> 00:40:51.740
 of greed

00:40:51.740 --> 00:40:52.500
 or cruelty,

00:40:52.500 --> 00:40:53.719
 but instead

00:40:53.719 --> 00:40:54.860
 for punishing evil,

00:40:55.699 --> 00:40:56.539
 securing peace,

00:40:56.900 --> 00:40:57.960
 and uplifting the good.

00:40:59.300 --> 00:41:00.260
 Thomas Aquinas

00:41:00.260 --> 00:41:01.280
 argued,

00:41:01.860 --> 00:41:02.880
 and you will see

00:41:02.880 --> 00:41:03.739
 his words

00:41:03.739 --> 00:41:04.400
 being used

00:41:04.400 --> 00:41:07.619
 by many theologians

00:41:07.619 --> 00:41:08.659
 since,

00:41:09.280 --> 00:41:10.099
 but Thomas Aquinas

00:41:10.099 --> 00:41:10.900
 argued that

00:41:10.900 --> 00:41:11.760
 for a war

00:41:11.760 --> 00:41:12.559
 to be just,

00:41:12.659 --> 00:41:14.559
 he had three categories,

00:41:15.320 --> 00:41:15.739
 he said,

00:41:15.880 --> 00:41:16.199
 for a war

00:41:16.199 --> 00:41:16.960
 to be just,

00:41:17.500 --> 00:41:18.480
 it has to be

00:41:18.480 --> 00:41:19.179
 carried out

00:41:19.179 --> 00:41:19.860
 by someone

00:41:19.860 --> 00:41:21.139
 in the proper authority.

00:41:21.300 --> 00:41:21.619
 He says,

00:41:21.699 --> 00:41:22.280
 it's not for

00:41:22.280 --> 00:41:23.500
 individuals

00:41:23.500 --> 00:41:24.480
 to declare war

00:41:24.480 --> 00:41:25.519
 on people.

00:41:25.519 --> 00:41:26.740
 It has to be done

00:41:26.740 --> 00:41:27.940
 through the proper

00:41:27.940 --> 00:41:28.580
 authorities,

00:41:28.580 --> 00:41:29.680
 that's number one.

00:41:30.780 --> 00:41:31.740
 Number two,

00:41:32.220 --> 00:41:32.920
 he said,

00:41:33.260 --> 00:41:33.980
 that it needs

00:41:33.980 --> 00:41:35.440
 a just cause.

00:41:37.240 --> 00:41:38.420
 Your cause

00:41:38.420 --> 00:41:39.780
 needs to be

00:41:39.780 --> 00:41:40.780
 just.

00:41:41.480 --> 00:41:42.140
 He says,

00:41:42.220 --> 00:41:42.920
 a just cause

00:41:42.920 --> 00:41:43.519
 is required,

00:41:43.660 --> 00:41:43.960
 namely,

00:41:44.380 --> 00:41:44.880
 those who are

00:41:44.880 --> 00:41:45.380
 attacked

00:41:45.380 --> 00:41:46.180
 should be attacked

00:41:46.180 --> 00:41:46.680
 because they

00:41:46.680 --> 00:41:47.480
 deserve it

00:41:47.480 --> 00:41:48.220
 on account

00:41:48.220 --> 00:41:49.620
 of some fault,

00:41:49.619 --> 00:41:50.380
 to right

00:41:50.380 --> 00:41:51.420
 a terrible wrong,

00:41:51.420 --> 00:41:52.079
 to protect

00:41:52.079 --> 00:41:52.639
 people who

00:41:52.639 --> 00:41:52.960
 are being

00:41:52.960 --> 00:41:53.599
 slaughtered.

00:41:53.859 --> 00:41:54.339
 Those are

00:41:54.339 --> 00:41:55.259
 why you

00:41:55.259 --> 00:41:57.219
 should carry

00:41:57.219 --> 00:41:57.859
 out a just

00:41:57.859 --> 00:41:58.239
 war.

00:41:59.619 --> 00:42:00.339
 In fact,

00:42:00.839 --> 00:42:01.480
 Aquinas

00:42:01.480 --> 00:42:02.099
 quotes

00:42:02.099 --> 00:42:03.099
 Augustine,

00:42:03.480 --> 00:42:04.359
 where Augustine

00:42:04.359 --> 00:42:04.880
 says that

00:42:04.880 --> 00:42:05.900
 a just war

00:42:05.900 --> 00:42:06.559
 should be

00:42:06.559 --> 00:42:07.219
 described as

00:42:07.219 --> 00:42:07.559
 one that

00:42:07.559 --> 00:42:08.000
 avenges

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:08.759
 wrongs

00:42:08.760 --> 00:42:10.700
 when a

00:42:10.700 --> 00:42:11.300
 nation or

00:42:11.300 --> 00:42:12.380
 state must

00:42:12.380 --> 00:42:12.960
 be punished

00:42:12.960 --> 00:42:13.680
 for refusing

00:42:13.680 --> 00:42:14.140
 to make

00:42:14.140 --> 00:42:14.660
 amends for

00:42:14.660 --> 00:42:15.120
 the wrongs

00:42:15.120 --> 00:42:15.960
 inflicted on

00:42:15.960 --> 00:42:16.580
 its subjects

00:42:16.580 --> 00:42:17.400
 or to

00:42:17.400 --> 00:42:18.260
 restore what

00:42:18.260 --> 00:42:18.760
 that state

00:42:18.760 --> 00:42:19.320
 has seized

00:42:19.320 --> 00:42:20.020
 unjustly.

00:42:20.100 --> 00:42:20.360
 So you're

00:42:20.360 --> 00:42:21.100
 trying to

00:42:21.100 --> 00:42:21.800
 prevent this

00:42:21.800 --> 00:42:22.880
 state from

00:42:22.880 --> 00:42:23.960
 inflicting

00:42:23.960 --> 00:42:24.620
 wrongs,

00:42:24.620 --> 00:42:24.980
 you're trying

00:42:24.980 --> 00:42:25.800
 to prevent

00:42:25.800 --> 00:42:26.220
 them from

00:42:26.220 --> 00:42:26.700
 doing so

00:42:26.700 --> 00:42:26.940
 in the

00:42:26.940 --> 00:42:27.220
 future,

00:42:27.340 --> 00:42:27.640
 you're trying

00:42:27.640 --> 00:42:28.200
 to recover

00:42:28.200 --> 00:42:28.640
 what was

00:42:28.640 --> 00:42:29.060
 lost,

00:42:29.140 --> 00:42:29.460
 you're trying

00:42:29.460 --> 00:42:29.740
 to do

00:42:29.740 --> 00:42:29.980
 something

00:42:29.980 --> 00:42:30.440
 like this.

00:42:31.560 --> 00:42:31.920
 And then

00:42:31.920 --> 00:42:32.520
 third,

00:42:32.860 --> 00:42:33.540
 he says

00:42:33.540 --> 00:42:34.340
 that you

00:42:34.340 --> 00:42:35.260
 also need

00:42:35.260 --> 00:42:36.220
 to have

00:42:36.219 --> 00:42:37.559
 what he

00:42:37.559 --> 00:42:37.879
 says,

00:42:38.279 --> 00:42:38.879
 just

00:42:38.879 --> 00:42:39.799
 intent.

00:42:40.639 --> 00:42:41.079
 And this

00:42:41.079 --> 00:42:41.399
 is very

00:42:41.399 --> 00:42:41.980
 perceptive

00:42:41.980 --> 00:42:42.339
 of him

00:42:42.339 --> 00:42:43.399
 because he

00:42:43.399 --> 00:42:43.819
 says it's

00:42:43.819 --> 00:42:44.339
 not enough

00:42:44.339 --> 00:42:44.639
 to have

00:42:44.639 --> 00:42:45.179
 just cause

00:42:45.179 --> 00:42:45.639
 because you

00:42:45.639 --> 00:42:46.019
 can come

00:42:46.019 --> 00:42:46.399
 up with a

00:42:46.399 --> 00:42:47.179
 just cause

00:42:47.179 --> 00:42:48.119
 why you

00:42:48.119 --> 00:42:48.619
 need to

00:42:48.619 --> 00:42:48.980
 invade a

00:42:48.980 --> 00:42:49.259
 country,

00:42:49.259 --> 00:42:49.599
 but if

00:42:49.599 --> 00:42:49.959
 you're really

00:42:49.959 --> 00:42:50.719
 just wanting

00:42:50.719 --> 00:42:51.139
 to get

00:42:51.139 --> 00:42:51.959
 rich off

00:42:51.959 --> 00:42:53.299
 their stuff,

00:42:53.439 --> 00:42:54.219
 that doesn't

00:42:54.219 --> 00:42:54.519
 count.

00:42:55.119 --> 00:42:55.819
 You have

00:42:55.819 --> 00:42:56.299
 to have

00:42:56.299 --> 00:42:57.219
 the just

00:42:57.219 --> 00:42:57.859
 intent.

00:42:58.980 --> 00:42:59.179
 Now,

00:42:59.539 --> 00:43:00.199
 in our

00:43:00.199 --> 00:43:01.159
 society today,

00:43:01.159 --> 00:43:01.619
 we could

00:43:01.619 --> 00:43:03.079
 perhaps add

00:43:03.079 --> 00:43:03.779
 to this

00:43:03.779 --> 00:43:05.539
 and maybe

00:43:05.539 --> 00:43:06.739
 show how

00:43:06.739 --> 00:43:07.099
 things are

00:43:07.099 --> 00:43:07.619
 complicated.

00:43:07.940 --> 00:43:08.420
 Proper

00:43:08.420 --> 00:43:09.000
 authority,

00:43:09.119 --> 00:43:09.219
 well,

00:43:09.259 --> 00:43:09.500
 that's

00:43:09.500 --> 00:43:09.900
 difficult

00:43:09.900 --> 00:43:10.199
 in a

00:43:10.199 --> 00:43:10.719
 democracy.

00:43:11.980 --> 00:43:12.460
 It's

00:43:12.460 --> 00:43:12.860
 also

00:43:12.860 --> 00:43:13.779
 difficult

00:43:13.779 --> 00:43:14.420
 if

00:43:14.420 --> 00:43:16.679
 you find

00:43:16.679 --> 00:43:17.000
 yourself

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:17.239
 in a

00:43:17.239 --> 00:43:17.440
 terrible

00:43:17.440 --> 00:43:17.960
 situation

00:43:17.960 --> 00:43:18.179
 where

00:43:18.179 --> 00:43:18.340
 you're

00:43:18.340 --> 00:43:18.599
 witnessing

00:43:18.599 --> 00:43:18.820
 a

00:43:18.820 --> 00:43:19.059
 violent

00:43:19.059 --> 00:43:19.679
 crime.

00:43:20.420 --> 00:43:20.719
 Maybe

00:43:20.719 --> 00:43:21.199
 we don't

00:43:21.199 --> 00:43:21.559
 call it

00:43:21.559 --> 00:43:21.960
 warfare,

00:43:22.239 --> 00:43:22.519
 but you

00:43:22.519 --> 00:43:22.860
 might have

00:43:22.860 --> 00:43:23.259
 to do

00:43:23.259 --> 00:43:23.639
 something

00:43:23.639 --> 00:43:24.000
 that could

00:43:24.000 --> 00:43:24.259
 risk

00:43:24.259 --> 00:43:24.639
 harming

00:43:24.639 --> 00:43:25.179
 others.

00:43:26.519 --> 00:43:27.420
 So this

00:43:27.420 --> 00:43:28.159
 is a little

00:43:28.159 --> 00:43:28.539
 bit more

00:43:28.539 --> 00:43:29.099
 complicated.

00:43:29.300 --> 00:43:29.579
 Another

00:43:29.579 --> 00:43:30.500
 issue is

00:43:30.500 --> 00:43:31.059
 the issue

00:43:31.059 --> 00:43:31.340
 of,

00:43:31.420 --> 00:43:31.779
 we heard

00:43:31.779 --> 00:43:33.360
 this in

00:43:33.360 --> 00:43:33.719
 the wars

00:43:33.719 --> 00:43:34.059
 today,

00:43:34.159 --> 00:43:34.340
 in the

00:43:34.340 --> 00:43:34.639
 war in

00:43:34.639 --> 00:43:34.920
 Gaza,

00:43:34.920 --> 00:43:36.139
 proportionality.

00:43:37.059 --> 00:43:37.500
 So some

00:43:37.500 --> 00:43:38.380
 people think

00:43:38.380 --> 00:43:39.119
 that just

00:43:39.119 --> 00:43:40.360
 wars should

00:43:40.360 --> 00:43:41.280
 be proportional,

00:43:41.880 --> 00:43:42.840
 but people

00:43:42.840 --> 00:43:43.420
 will define

00:43:43.420 --> 00:43:43.720
 what they

00:43:43.720 --> 00:43:44.099
 mean by

00:43:44.099 --> 00:43:44.659
 that differently.

00:43:44.820 --> 00:43:45.159
 Some people

00:43:45.159 --> 00:43:45.500
 will say

00:43:45.500 --> 00:43:46.079
 that a

00:43:46.079 --> 00:43:46.519
 just war

00:43:46.519 --> 00:43:46.880
 should be

00:43:46.880 --> 00:43:47.539
 proportional.

00:43:48.700 --> 00:43:49.039
 They should

00:43:49.039 --> 00:43:49.599
 only carry

00:43:49.599 --> 00:43:50.200
 out violence

00:43:50.200 --> 00:43:50.500
 to the

00:43:50.500 --> 00:43:51.039
 extent that

00:43:51.039 --> 00:43:51.360
 violence

00:43:51.360 --> 00:43:51.639
 had been

00:43:51.639 --> 00:43:52.099
 carried out

00:43:52.099 --> 00:43:52.519
 by the

00:43:52.519 --> 00:43:53.240
 evildoer.

00:43:53.920 --> 00:43:54.599
 Other people

00:43:54.599 --> 00:43:54.780
 say,

00:43:54.840 --> 00:43:54.920
 no,

00:43:54.980 --> 00:43:55.300
 that's not

00:43:55.300 --> 00:43:56.000
 what proportionality

00:43:56.000 --> 00:43:56.260
 means.

00:43:56.360 --> 00:43:56.840
 Proportionality

00:43:56.840 --> 00:43:57.380
 means that

00:43:57.380 --> 00:43:58.280
 the violence

00:43:58.280 --> 00:43:58.659
 that you

00:43:58.659 --> 00:43:59.240
 use should

00:43:59.240 --> 00:44:00.039
 be proportional

00:44:00.039 --> 00:44:02.320
 in order

00:44:02.320 --> 00:44:03.119
 to stop

00:44:03.119 --> 00:44:03.759
 the future

00:44:03.759 --> 00:44:04.960
 evil from

00:44:04.960 --> 00:44:05.380
 happening.

00:44:05.759 --> 00:44:06.239
 So that

00:44:06.239 --> 00:44:06.639
 might mean

00:44:06.639 --> 00:44:07.039
 you do

00:44:07.039 --> 00:44:07.480
 have to

00:44:07.480 --> 00:44:08.320
 escalate the

00:44:08.320 --> 00:44:08.659
 violence,

00:44:08.779 --> 00:44:09.139
 but only

00:44:09.139 --> 00:44:10.059
 because that's

00:44:10.059 --> 00:44:10.980
 proportionally

00:44:10.980 --> 00:44:11.960
 required to

00:44:11.960 --> 00:44:12.519
 prevent the

00:44:12.519 --> 00:44:13.039
 evil from

00:44:13.039 --> 00:44:13.679
 continuing to

00:44:13.679 --> 00:44:14.000
 occur.

00:44:14.559 --> 00:44:14.900
 Do you see

00:44:14.900 --> 00:44:15.159
 the two

00:44:15.159 --> 00:44:15.500
 differences

00:44:15.500 --> 00:44:15.800
 there?

00:44:16.300 --> 00:44:16.719
 So one

00:44:16.719 --> 00:44:17.099
 difference,

00:44:17.679 --> 00:44:18.699
 if some

00:44:18.699 --> 00:44:19.380
 tribe goes

00:44:19.380 --> 00:44:19.960
 and kidnaps

00:44:19.960 --> 00:44:20.639
 10 people

00:44:20.639 --> 00:44:21.779
 or kills

00:44:21.779 --> 00:44:22.219
 10 people

00:44:22.219 --> 00:44:22.619
 from another

00:44:22.619 --> 00:44:23.099
 tribe,

00:44:23.900 --> 00:44:25.019
 the victim

00:44:25.019 --> 00:44:25.599
 tribe would

00:44:25.599 --> 00:44:26.239
 only be allowed

00:44:26.239 --> 00:44:26.559
 to kill

00:44:26.559 --> 00:44:27.059
 10 other

00:44:27.059 --> 00:44:28.259
 people in

00:44:28.259 --> 00:44:28.679
 one

00:44:28.679 --> 00:44:29.440
 interpretation

00:44:29.440 --> 00:44:29.599
 of

00:44:29.599 --> 00:44:30.360
 proportionality,

00:44:30.840 --> 00:44:31.579
 in another

00:44:31.579 --> 00:44:32.199
 interpretation,

00:44:32.659 --> 00:44:33.059
 the victim

00:44:33.059 --> 00:44:33.639
 tribe would

00:44:33.639 --> 00:44:34.239
 be able

00:44:34.239 --> 00:44:34.779
 to do

00:44:34.779 --> 00:44:35.940
 as much

00:44:35.940 --> 00:44:36.400
 violence

00:44:36.400 --> 00:44:37.039
 as necessary

00:44:37.039 --> 00:44:37.820
 to prevent

00:44:37.820 --> 00:44:38.460
 the killing

00:44:38.460 --> 00:44:39.259
 from continuing.

00:44:40.179 --> 00:44:40.519
 Does that

00:44:40.519 --> 00:44:40.900
 make sense?

00:44:40.980 --> 00:44:41.199
 Those are

00:44:41.199 --> 00:44:41.779
 two very

00:44:41.779 --> 00:44:42.039
 different

00:44:42.039 --> 00:44:42.519
 positions.

00:44:43.960 --> 00:44:44.820
 And then

00:44:44.820 --> 00:44:46.059
 another

00:44:46.059 --> 00:44:46.719
 issue

00:44:46.719 --> 00:44:47.699
 is

00:44:47.699 --> 00:44:49.940
 the fog

00:44:49.940 --> 00:44:50.400
 of war.

00:44:52.019 --> 00:44:52.860
 This is a

00:44:52.860 --> 00:44:53.239
 really big

00:44:53.239 --> 00:44:53.539
 issue,

00:44:53.960 --> 00:44:54.799
 knowing what

00:44:54.799 --> 00:44:55.500
 is actually

00:44:55.500 --> 00:44:56.019
 happening.

00:44:57.059 --> 00:44:58.119
 And I'll

00:44:58.119 --> 00:44:58.400
 use an

00:44:58.400 --> 00:44:59.000
 example here.

00:44:59.679 --> 00:45:00.340
 In our

00:45:00.340 --> 00:45:00.619
 day and

00:45:00.619 --> 00:45:00.840
 age,

00:45:01.219 --> 00:45:01.799
 is there a

00:45:01.799 --> 00:45:02.320
 famine in

00:45:02.320 --> 00:45:02.759
 Gaza or

00:45:02.759 --> 00:45:03.139
 not?

00:45:04.119 --> 00:45:04.880
 People debate

00:45:04.880 --> 00:45:05.519
 about whether

00:45:05.519 --> 00:45:05.799
 that's

00:45:05.799 --> 00:45:06.139
 happening.

00:45:06.779 --> 00:45:07.299
 And if it

00:45:07.299 --> 00:45:07.799
 is happening,

00:45:08.059 --> 00:45:08.400
 is it

00:45:08.400 --> 00:45:08.900
 caused by

00:45:08.900 --> 00:45:09.299
 Israel?

00:45:09.759 --> 00:45:10.199
 If so,

00:45:10.239 --> 00:45:10.480
 is it

00:45:10.480 --> 00:45:10.739
 caused

00:45:10.739 --> 00:45:11.320
 intentionally?

00:45:11.699 --> 00:45:12.179
 Or is it

00:45:12.179 --> 00:45:12.639
 caused by

00:45:12.639 --> 00:45:13.079
 Hamas?

00:45:13.119 --> 00:45:13.539
 Because they're

00:45:13.539 --> 00:45:14.000
 trying to

00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:14.500
 curry favor

00:45:14.500 --> 00:45:14.960
 with people.

00:45:15.699 --> 00:45:16.239
 This is the

00:45:16.239 --> 00:45:16.820
 fog of war.

00:45:17.139 --> 00:45:17.539
 How you

00:45:17.539 --> 00:45:18.159
 answer those

00:45:18.159 --> 00:45:19.259
 questions will

00:45:19.259 --> 00:45:20.059
 affect your

00:45:20.059 --> 00:45:21.159
 position on

00:45:21.159 --> 00:45:23.059
 whether the

00:45:23.059 --> 00:45:23.380
 war in

00:45:23.380 --> 00:45:23.779
 Gaza was

00:45:23.779 --> 00:45:24.360
 just or not.

00:45:24.699 --> 00:45:25.559
 Or if it's

00:45:25.559 --> 00:45:26.699
 continuing the

00:45:26.699 --> 00:45:27.039
 nature of

00:45:27.059 --> 00:45:28.139
 it continuing

00:45:28.139 --> 00:45:28.719
 after two

00:45:28.719 --> 00:45:29.099
 years is

00:45:29.099 --> 00:45:29.440
 just.

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:30.519
 And it's

00:45:30.519 --> 00:45:31.039
 the fog of

00:45:31.039 --> 00:45:31.259
 war.

00:45:31.420 --> 00:45:31.960
 We don't

00:45:31.960 --> 00:45:32.659
 always know

00:45:32.659 --> 00:45:32.960
 what's

00:45:32.960 --> 00:45:33.340
 happening.

00:45:34.460 --> 00:45:35.179
 I'll give

00:45:35.179 --> 00:45:35.779
 an example.

00:45:36.539 --> 00:45:37.500
 I read a

00:45:37.500 --> 00:45:38.039
 book to my

00:45:38.039 --> 00:45:38.480
 kids called

00:45:38.480 --> 00:45:38.779
 The Great

00:45:38.779 --> 00:45:39.079
 Escape.

00:45:39.739 --> 00:45:40.659
 Wonderful book,

00:45:40.779 --> 00:45:41.400
 really gripping

00:45:41.400 --> 00:45:41.759
 read.

00:45:41.880 --> 00:45:42.559
 It's about this

00:45:42.559 --> 00:45:43.119
 amazing World

00:45:43.119 --> 00:45:43.739
 War II escape

00:45:43.739 --> 00:45:44.420
 story from a

00:45:44.420 --> 00:45:45.340
 POW camp.

00:45:45.980 --> 00:45:46.719
 And it's

00:45:46.719 --> 00:45:47.320
 these British

00:45:47.320 --> 00:45:48.340
 officers who

00:45:48.340 --> 00:45:49.619
 are in a

00:45:49.619 --> 00:45:50.539
 Nazi prisoner

00:45:50.539 --> 00:45:51.079
 of war camp

00:45:51.079 --> 00:45:52.019
 in Germany.

00:45:52.440 --> 00:45:53.059
 And they're

00:45:53.059 --> 00:45:53.739
 trying to escape

00:45:53.739 --> 00:45:54.159
 and they hate

00:45:54.159 --> 00:45:54.940
 the Nazis and

00:45:54.940 --> 00:45:55.380
 a lot of the

00:45:55.380 --> 00:45:56.360
 soldiers, the

00:45:56.360 --> 00:45:56.920
 German guards

00:45:56.920 --> 00:45:57.519
 are jerks and

00:45:57.519 --> 00:45:57.780
 everything.

00:45:58.619 --> 00:45:59.539
 But it turns

00:45:59.539 --> 00:46:00.880
 out the Nazi

00:46:00.880 --> 00:46:01.820
 officer who was

00:46:01.820 --> 00:46:02.240
 in charge of

00:46:02.240 --> 00:46:03.300
 the camp was

00:46:03.300 --> 00:46:04.099
 actually like

00:46:04.099 --> 00:46:04.559
 you're reading

00:46:04.559 --> 00:46:06.039
 this and he

00:46:06.039 --> 00:46:06.579
 comes up every

00:46:06.579 --> 00:46:06.980
 now and then

00:46:06.980 --> 00:46:07.220
 and you're

00:46:07.220 --> 00:46:07.900
 like this guy

00:46:07.900 --> 00:46:08.619
 is a nice

00:46:08.619 --> 00:46:09.019
 guy.

00:46:09.280 --> 00:46:10.159
 He's watching

00:46:10.159 --> 00:46:10.720
 out for the

00:46:10.720 --> 00:46:11.260
 soldiers.

00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:12.760
 He's not

00:46:12.760 --> 00:46:14.659
 taking advantage

00:46:14.659 --> 00:46:15.059
 of them.

00:46:15.760 --> 00:46:17.200
 And I looked

00:46:17.200 --> 00:46:18.300
 him up and he

00:46:18.300 --> 00:46:18.659
 was a very

00:46:18.659 --> 00:46:19.260
 interesting guy.

00:46:19.599 --> 00:46:20.139
 He opposed

00:46:20.139 --> 00:46:21.220
 the Nazis when

00:46:21.220 --> 00:46:21.639
 they came to

00:46:21.639 --> 00:46:21.980
 power.

00:46:22.400 --> 00:46:23.599
 But then he

00:46:23.599 --> 00:46:24.139
 was a military

00:46:24.139 --> 00:46:24.579
 man.

00:46:24.739 --> 00:46:25.739
 But then when

00:46:25.739 --> 00:46:27.199
 the war started

00:46:27.199 --> 00:46:28.059
 he was

00:46:28.059 --> 00:46:28.799
 conscripted into

00:46:28.799 --> 00:46:29.339
 the service.

00:46:29.739 --> 00:46:30.659
 So he decided

00:46:30.659 --> 00:46:31.480
 to serve.

00:46:31.900 --> 00:46:32.539
 And they put

00:46:32.539 --> 00:46:32.980
 him in charge

00:46:32.980 --> 00:46:33.379
 of a POW

00:46:33.379 --> 00:46:34.019
 camp I'm

00:46:34.019 --> 00:46:34.440
 sure because

00:46:34.440 --> 00:46:34.779
 they didn't

00:46:34.779 --> 00:46:35.279
 trust him.

00:46:35.359 --> 00:46:35.799
 Probably because

00:46:35.799 --> 00:46:36.799
 they didn't want

00:46:36.799 --> 00:46:37.299
 him on the

00:46:37.299 --> 00:46:38.119
 front lines because

00:46:38.119 --> 00:46:38.539
 they didn't

00:46:38.539 --> 00:46:39.139
 trust his

00:46:39.139 --> 00:46:39.440
 loyalty.

00:46:39.619 --> 00:46:39.940
 So they made

00:46:39.940 --> 00:46:40.739
 him in charge

00:46:40.739 --> 00:46:41.219
 of this POW

00:46:41.219 --> 00:46:41.679
 camp.

00:46:42.279 --> 00:46:44.179
 And he

00:46:44.179 --> 00:46:47.839
 acted justly

00:46:47.839 --> 00:46:48.299
 towards the

00:46:48.299 --> 00:46:48.599
 prisoners.

00:46:48.739 --> 00:46:48.900
 He never

00:46:48.900 --> 00:46:49.420
 took advantage

00:46:49.420 --> 00:46:49.739
 of them,

00:46:49.739 --> 00:46:50.480
 never abused

00:46:50.480 --> 00:46:50.800
 them.

00:46:51.360 --> 00:46:52.240
 And there

00:46:52.240 --> 00:46:53.119
 was an

00:46:53.119 --> 00:46:54.079
 incident when

00:46:54.079 --> 00:46:54.480
 the Nazis

00:46:54.480 --> 00:46:55.079
 were losing

00:46:55.079 --> 00:46:56.440
 the war where

00:46:56.440 --> 00:46:57.400
 an order came

00:46:57.400 --> 00:46:58.159
 down warning

00:46:58.159 --> 00:46:59.159
 the head of

00:46:59.159 --> 00:46:59.880
 the camps that

00:46:59.880 --> 00:47:00.599
 hey we might

00:47:00.599 --> 00:47:01.099
 give an order

00:47:01.099 --> 00:47:01.679
 any day now

00:47:01.679 --> 00:47:01.980
 where we're

00:47:01.980 --> 00:47:02.320
 going to ask

00:47:02.320 --> 00:47:02.860
 you to execute

00:47:02.860 --> 00:47:04.240
 all the prisoners.

00:47:05.019 --> 00:47:05.780
 And the

00:47:05.780 --> 00:47:06.380
 German officer

00:47:06.380 --> 00:47:07.820
 got this

00:47:07.820 --> 00:47:09.420
 order and he

00:47:09.420 --> 00:47:10.039
 turned and said

00:47:10.039 --> 00:47:10.740
 to his fellow

00:47:10.740 --> 00:47:11.659
 officers well I

00:47:11.659 --> 00:47:12.679
 guess we will

00:47:12.679 --> 00:47:13.199
 just have to

00:47:13.199 --> 00:47:14.400
 die because he

00:47:14.400 --> 00:47:14.659
 was going to

00:47:14.659 --> 00:47:15.219
 refuse to do

00:47:15.219 --> 00:47:15.380
 it.

00:47:16.320 --> 00:47:17.400
 And after

00:47:17.400 --> 00:47:17.840
 the Nazis

00:47:17.840 --> 00:47:18.719
 lost and all

00:47:18.719 --> 00:47:19.240
 the Nazi

00:47:19.240 --> 00:47:19.840
 officers were

00:47:19.840 --> 00:47:20.260
 arrested,

00:47:20.480 --> 00:47:21.619
 they're soliciting

00:47:21.619 --> 00:47:22.159
 evidence for

00:47:22.159 --> 00:47:22.840
 their war crimes

00:47:22.840 --> 00:47:23.480
 and the

00:47:23.480 --> 00:47:24.159
 British POW

00:47:24.159 --> 00:47:25.639
 soldiers said

00:47:25.639 --> 00:47:26.199
 no that guy

00:47:26.199 --> 00:47:26.579
 didn't do

00:47:26.579 --> 00:47:26.900
 anything.

00:47:27.079 --> 00:47:27.740
 He was good

00:47:27.740 --> 00:47:29.059
 and he was

00:47:29.059 --> 00:47:29.480
 released.

00:47:30.780 --> 00:47:31.340
 And so here

00:47:31.340 --> 00:47:31.820
 we have this

00:47:31.820 --> 00:47:33.179
 example of

00:47:33.179 --> 00:47:33.860
 how difficult

00:47:33.860 --> 00:47:34.280
 it is.

00:47:34.579 --> 00:47:35.159
 The fog of war

00:47:35.159 --> 00:47:35.860
 question comes

00:47:35.860 --> 00:47:36.579
 up because

00:47:36.579 --> 00:47:38.440
 the question

00:47:38.440 --> 00:47:38.900
 is did he

00:47:38.900 --> 00:47:39.320
 know about

00:47:39.320 --> 00:47:40.019
 the concentration

00:47:40.019 --> 00:47:40.760
 camps the

00:47:40.760 --> 00:47:41.460
 Nazis were

00:47:41.460 --> 00:47:42.440
 doing?

00:47:42.679 --> 00:47:43.440
 I mean I'm

00:47:43.440 --> 00:47:43.780
 not a World

00:47:43.780 --> 00:47:44.380
 War II expert.

00:47:44.539 --> 00:47:45.059
 I do know

00:47:45.059 --> 00:47:45.760
 that many people

00:47:45.760 --> 00:47:46.139
 were unaware

00:47:46.139 --> 00:47:46.820
 of these things

00:47:46.820 --> 00:47:47.480
 or they heard

00:47:47.480 --> 00:47:47.920
 about them but

00:47:47.920 --> 00:47:48.380
 didn't believe

00:47:48.380 --> 00:47:48.500
 them.

00:47:48.559 --> 00:47:48.760
 They thought

00:47:48.760 --> 00:47:48.940
 there were

00:47:48.940 --> 00:47:49.500
 propaganda.

00:47:49.500 --> 00:47:51.059
 propaganda is

00:47:51.059 --> 00:47:51.519
 happening all

00:47:51.519 --> 00:47:52.000
 the time.

00:47:52.099 --> 00:47:52.400
 What do you

00:47:52.400 --> 00:47:52.719
 believe?

00:47:53.480 --> 00:47:54.179
 I don't know.

00:47:54.559 --> 00:47:55.380
 But we have

00:47:55.380 --> 00:47:56.019
 an instance of

00:47:56.019 --> 00:47:56.579
 a man in a

00:47:56.579 --> 00:47:57.440
 terrible situation.

00:47:57.619 --> 00:47:58.380
 He's conscripted

00:47:58.380 --> 00:47:58.980
 into the army.

00:47:59.179 --> 00:47:59.659
 If he doesn't

00:47:59.659 --> 00:48:00.300
 serve he might

00:48:00.300 --> 00:48:00.780
 die.

00:48:00.960 --> 00:48:02.119
 And it's just

00:48:02.119 --> 00:48:03.239
 a very hard

00:48:03.239 --> 00:48:04.380
 situation to

00:48:04.380 --> 00:48:04.780
 be in.

00:48:06.079 --> 00:48:06.860
 On the other

00:48:06.860 --> 00:48:08.320
 hand we have

00:48:08.320 --> 00:48:08.900
 another example

00:48:08.900 --> 00:48:09.400
 in World War

00:48:09.400 --> 00:48:09.699
 II.

00:48:09.940 --> 00:48:10.219
 Dietrich

00:48:10.219 --> 00:48:10.820
 Bonhoeffer.

00:48:11.179 --> 00:48:11.699
 One of our

00:48:11.699 --> 00:48:12.880
 beloved theologians

00:48:12.880 --> 00:48:14.260
 who opposed the

00:48:14.260 --> 00:48:15.139
 Nazis as a

00:48:15.139 --> 00:48:15.940
 German pastor

00:48:15.940 --> 00:48:17.700
 and attempted

00:48:17.700 --> 00:48:18.539
 to assassinate

00:48:18.539 --> 00:48:18.860
 Hitler.

00:48:19.500 --> 00:48:20.139
 So he took

00:48:20.139 --> 00:48:20.760
 the exact

00:48:20.760 --> 00:48:22.260
 opposite tactic

00:48:22.260 --> 00:48:23.659
 in the same

00:48:23.659 --> 00:48:24.159
 war.

00:48:25.240 --> 00:48:27.360
 And this

00:48:27.360 --> 00:48:27.900
 just gets

00:48:27.900 --> 00:48:28.440
 at the

00:48:28.440 --> 00:48:29.019
 messiness

00:48:29.019 --> 00:48:30.220
 of warfare.

00:48:30.219 --> 00:48:30.299
 warfare.

00:48:32.819 --> 00:48:34.019
 We could go

00:48:34.019 --> 00:48:34.919
 on and on

00:48:34.919 --> 00:48:36.579
 for hours and

00:48:36.579 --> 00:48:36.980
 do many

00:48:36.980 --> 00:48:37.879
 passages about

00:48:37.879 --> 00:48:39.199
 this and

00:48:39.199 --> 00:48:39.679
 many lessons

00:48:39.679 --> 00:48:40.059
 to draw.

00:48:40.139 --> 00:48:40.480
 But I want

00:48:40.480 --> 00:48:41.539
 to close with

00:48:41.539 --> 00:48:43.179
 several lessons

00:48:43.179 --> 00:48:44.199
 to draw from

00:48:44.199 --> 00:48:45.939
 the scriptural

00:48:45.939 --> 00:48:46.579
 passages on

00:48:46.579 --> 00:48:47.500
 pacifism and

00:48:47.500 --> 00:48:48.139
 those on

00:48:48.139 --> 00:48:49.559
 just war and

00:48:49.559 --> 00:48:50.099
 theories of

00:48:50.099 --> 00:48:50.839
 just war and

00:48:50.839 --> 00:48:51.319
 theories of

00:48:51.319 --> 00:48:51.899
 pacifism.

00:48:51.900 --> 00:48:54.800
 one is that

00:48:54.800 --> 00:48:55.480
 I think we

00:48:55.480 --> 00:48:57.180
 can fairly

00:48:57.180 --> 00:48:58.420
 conclude that

00:48:58.420 --> 00:48:59.340
 God can

00:48:59.340 --> 00:49:00.059
 call a

00:49:00.059 --> 00:49:00.460
 faithful

00:49:00.460 --> 00:49:01.380
 Christian to

00:49:01.380 --> 00:49:02.139
 use a just

00:49:02.139 --> 00:49:02.860
 form of

00:49:02.860 --> 00:49:03.619
 violence in

00:49:03.619 --> 00:49:03.880
 certain

00:49:03.880 --> 00:49:04.500
 circumstances.

00:49:05.360 --> 00:49:05.840
 However,

00:49:06.320 --> 00:49:07.619
 I believe

00:49:07.619 --> 00:49:08.059
 God can

00:49:08.059 --> 00:49:08.880
 also use a

00:49:08.880 --> 00:49:09.260
 Christian,

00:49:10.019 --> 00:49:11.480
 God can

00:49:11.480 --> 00:49:12.360
 also call a

00:49:12.360 --> 00:49:12.900
 Christian to

00:49:12.900 --> 00:49:13.900
 pacifism in

00:49:13.900 --> 00:49:14.160
 certain

00:49:14.160 --> 00:49:14.780
 circumstances.

00:49:15.900 --> 00:49:16.920
 It depends

00:49:16.920 --> 00:49:17.240
 on your

00:49:17.240 --> 00:49:17.599
 calling.

00:49:17.880 --> 00:49:18.160
 It also

00:49:18.160 --> 00:49:18.800
 depends on

00:49:18.800 --> 00:49:19.500
 the circumstances.

00:49:20.320 --> 00:49:21.320
 One thing

00:49:21.320 --> 00:49:21.700
 though,

00:49:21.900 --> 00:49:22.380
 that is

00:49:22.380 --> 00:49:23.960
 universal for

00:49:23.960 --> 00:49:24.680
 all Christians

00:49:24.680 --> 00:49:25.860
 is we are

00:49:25.860 --> 00:49:26.519
 called to

00:49:26.519 --> 00:49:27.079
 lay our

00:49:27.079 --> 00:49:27.740
 life down

00:49:27.740 --> 00:49:28.200
 for our

00:49:28.200 --> 00:49:29.519
 neighbors and

00:49:29.519 --> 00:49:30.820
 even for

00:49:30.820 --> 00:49:31.880
 our enemies.

00:49:32.539 --> 00:49:32.940
 We are

00:49:32.940 --> 00:49:33.300
 called to

00:49:33.300 --> 00:49:33.780
 love our

00:49:33.780 --> 00:49:34.139
 enemies.

00:49:34.460 --> 00:49:34.700
 We are

00:49:34.700 --> 00:49:35.039
 called to

00:49:35.039 --> 00:49:35.860
 deny ourselves

00:49:35.860 --> 00:49:36.400
 and follow

00:49:36.400 --> 00:49:36.740
 him.

00:49:38.480 --> 00:49:39.400
 We may not

00:49:39.400 --> 00:49:39.960
 all be called

00:49:39.960 --> 00:49:40.440
 to the same

00:49:40.440 --> 00:49:40.900
 thing with

00:49:40.900 --> 00:49:41.559
 respect to a

00:49:41.559 --> 00:49:42.220
 given war.

00:49:43.160 --> 00:49:44.000
 God called

00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:44.420
 David to

00:49:44.420 --> 00:49:44.720
 warfare.

00:49:44.840 --> 00:49:45.200
 God called

00:49:45.200 --> 00:49:45.660
 Solomon to

00:49:45.660 --> 00:49:45.900
 peace.

00:49:48.599 --> 00:49:49.460
 I think

00:49:49.460 --> 00:49:50.260
 that perhaps

00:49:50.260 --> 00:49:51.660
 we should

00:49:51.659 --> 00:49:52.019
 have in

00:49:52.019 --> 00:49:52.679
 our mind

00:49:52.679 --> 00:49:53.359
 and in

00:49:53.359 --> 00:49:54.059
 our hearts

00:49:54.059 --> 00:49:54.819
 what the

00:49:54.819 --> 00:49:55.739
 apostle Paul

00:49:55.739 --> 00:49:56.480
 recommended

00:49:56.480 --> 00:49:57.559
 regarding those

00:49:57.559 --> 00:49:59.039
 who differ

00:49:59.039 --> 00:49:59.599
 on certain

00:49:59.599 --> 00:50:00.179
 matters or

00:50:00.179 --> 00:50:00.559
 I think

00:50:00.559 --> 00:50:00.899
 who are

00:50:00.899 --> 00:50:02.219
 called to

00:50:02.219 --> 00:50:03.819
 do different

00:50:03.819 --> 00:50:04.480
 things.

00:50:04.879 --> 00:50:05.299
 This is in

00:50:05.299 --> 00:50:05.819
 Romans chapter

00:50:05.819 --> 00:50:06.539
 14 where

00:50:06.539 --> 00:50:07.000
 Paul says,

00:50:07.000 --> 00:50:07.360
 who are you

00:50:07.360 --> 00:50:07.679
 to pass

00:50:07.679 --> 00:50:08.199
 judgment on

00:50:08.199 --> 00:50:08.559
 the servant

00:50:08.559 --> 00:50:09.019
 of another?

00:50:09.400 --> 00:50:09.760
 It is

00:50:09.760 --> 00:50:10.260
 before his

00:50:10.260 --> 00:50:10.820
 own master

00:50:10.820 --> 00:50:11.159
 that he

00:50:11.159 --> 00:50:11.659
 stands or

00:50:11.659 --> 00:50:12.079
 falls.

00:50:12.400 --> 00:50:12.840
 He will

00:50:12.840 --> 00:50:13.440
 be upheld

00:50:13.440 --> 00:50:13.780
 for the

00:50:13.780 --> 00:50:14.800
 Lord is

00:50:14.800 --> 00:50:15.280
 able to

00:50:15.280 --> 00:50:15.639
 make him

00:50:15.639 --> 00:50:16.159
 stand.

00:50:16.960 --> 00:50:17.420
 Now Paul

00:50:17.420 --> 00:50:17.840
 goes on to

00:50:17.840 --> 00:50:18.039
 give an

00:50:18.039 --> 00:50:18.619
 example about

00:50:18.619 --> 00:50:19.119
 celebrating

00:50:19.119 --> 00:50:19.820
 different days

00:50:19.820 --> 00:50:20.199
 and marking

00:50:20.199 --> 00:50:22.079
 different holidays

00:50:22.079 --> 00:50:23.739
 as sacred.

00:50:24.280 --> 00:50:24.599
 He says,

00:50:24.599 --> 00:50:25.119
 one person

00:50:25.119 --> 00:50:25.739
 esteems one

00:50:25.739 --> 00:50:26.239
 day as better

00:50:26.239 --> 00:50:26.699
 than another

00:50:26.699 --> 00:50:27.179
 while another

00:50:27.179 --> 00:50:27.800
 esteems all

00:50:27.800 --> 00:50:28.340
 days alike.

00:50:28.719 --> 00:50:29.059
 Each one

00:50:29.059 --> 00:50:29.380
 should be

00:50:29.380 --> 00:50:30.000
 fully convinced

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:30.460
 in his own

00:50:30.460 --> 00:50:30.880
 mind.

00:50:31.320 --> 00:50:31.659
 The one who

00:50:31.659 --> 00:50:32.280
 observes the

00:50:32.280 --> 00:50:33.079
 day observes it

00:50:33.079 --> 00:50:33.639
 to honor the

00:50:33.639 --> 00:50:33.840
 Lord.

00:50:33.840 --> 00:50:34.120
 The one

00:50:34.120 --> 00:50:34.579
 who eats

00:50:34.579 --> 00:50:35.039
 eats in

00:50:35.039 --> 00:50:35.480
 honor of

00:50:35.480 --> 00:50:35.880
 the Lord

00:50:35.880 --> 00:50:36.600
 since he

00:50:36.600 --> 00:50:37.100
 gives thanks

00:50:37.100 --> 00:50:37.800
 to God.

00:50:39.780 --> 00:50:40.260
 While the

00:50:40.260 --> 00:50:40.539
 one who

00:50:40.539 --> 00:50:40.980
 abstains

00:50:40.980 --> 00:50:41.620
 abstains in

00:50:41.620 --> 00:50:42.019
 honor of

00:50:42.019 --> 00:50:42.320
 the Lord

00:50:42.320 --> 00:50:42.660
 and gives

00:50:42.660 --> 00:50:43.120
 thanks to

00:50:43.120 --> 00:50:43.440
 God.

00:50:43.860 --> 00:50:44.400
 I think

00:50:44.400 --> 00:50:44.840
 we could

00:50:44.840 --> 00:50:45.360
 say much

00:50:45.360 --> 00:50:45.900
 the same

00:50:45.900 --> 00:50:46.480
 about many

00:50:46.480 --> 00:50:47.420
 instances of

00:50:47.420 --> 00:50:48.200
 people differing

00:50:48.200 --> 00:50:49.380
 in a matter

00:50:49.380 --> 00:50:50.000
 of whether a

00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:50.620
 war is just

00:50:50.620 --> 00:50:51.100
 or what we

00:50:51.100 --> 00:50:51.539
 are called

00:50:51.539 --> 00:50:52.220
 to do in a

00:50:52.220 --> 00:50:53.180
 specific terrible

00:50:53.180 --> 00:50:53.760
 situation.

00:50:53.900 --> 00:50:54.500
 Like if

00:50:54.500 --> 00:50:55.140
 Connecticut was

00:50:55.140 --> 00:50:55.800
 invaded all

00:50:55.800 --> 00:50:56.240
 of a sudden.

00:50:56.720 --> 00:50:57.600
 I'm sure we

00:50:57.600 --> 00:50:58.160
 would be called

00:50:58.160 --> 00:50:58.860
 to do different

00:50:58.860 --> 00:51:00.059
 things at

00:51:00.059 --> 00:51:00.980
 different times.

00:51:02.019 --> 00:51:03.039
 And both

00:51:03.039 --> 00:51:03.579
 of these

00:51:03.579 --> 00:51:04.779
 could involve

00:51:04.779 --> 00:51:05.900
 laying down

00:51:05.900 --> 00:51:06.779
 our lives

00:51:06.779 --> 00:51:08.039
 and sacrificing

00:51:08.039 --> 00:51:08.820
 ourselves.

00:51:08.820 --> 00:51:09.679
 Whether it's

00:51:09.679 --> 00:51:10.800
 serving as a

00:51:10.800 --> 00:51:11.800
 soldier or

00:51:11.800 --> 00:51:13.159
 whether laying

00:51:13.159 --> 00:51:13.579
 down our

00:51:13.579 --> 00:51:14.320
 lives to love

00:51:14.320 --> 00:51:14.779
 your neighbors

00:51:14.779 --> 00:51:15.679
 or to

00:51:15.679 --> 00:51:16.380
 minister to

00:51:16.380 --> 00:51:16.759
 the wounded

00:51:16.759 --> 00:51:17.440
 or whatever

00:51:17.440 --> 00:51:18.000
 your call

00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:18.539
 may be.

00:51:20.019 --> 00:51:20.840
 Kunle gave

00:51:20.840 --> 00:51:21.400
 me this great

00:51:21.400 --> 00:51:22.659
 example of

00:51:22.659 --> 00:51:23.480
 the body of

00:51:23.480 --> 00:51:23.940
 Christ.

00:51:24.579 --> 00:51:25.340
 Paul talks

00:51:25.340 --> 00:51:25.840
 about how we

00:51:25.840 --> 00:51:26.340
 are all part

00:51:26.340 --> 00:51:27.779
 of one body

00:51:27.779 --> 00:51:28.559
 but we're not

00:51:28.559 --> 00:51:29.619
 the same parts.

00:51:30.119 --> 00:51:30.420
 And if you

00:51:30.420 --> 00:51:30.880
 push that

00:51:30.880 --> 00:51:31.940
 analogy, you

00:51:31.940 --> 00:51:32.500
 think that,

00:51:32.579 --> 00:51:32.800
 you know,

00:51:32.800 --> 00:51:33.160
 there are

00:51:33.160 --> 00:51:33.620
 things you

00:51:33.620 --> 00:51:33.900
 would do

00:51:33.900 --> 00:51:34.240
 with your

00:51:34.240 --> 00:51:34.640
 feet that

00:51:34.640 --> 00:51:34.900
 you would

00:51:34.900 --> 00:51:35.840
 never do

00:51:35.840 --> 00:51:36.760
 with your

00:51:36.760 --> 00:51:37.860
 tongue or

00:51:37.860 --> 00:51:38.440
 with your

00:51:38.440 --> 00:51:39.060
 nose.

00:51:39.840 --> 00:51:40.200
 There's

00:51:40.200 --> 00:51:40.560
 things that

00:51:40.560 --> 00:51:41.060
 would horribly

00:51:41.060 --> 00:51:41.980
 defile you

00:51:41.980 --> 00:51:42.860
 if you were

00:51:42.860 --> 00:51:43.380
 doing it with

00:51:43.380 --> 00:51:43.720
 your tongue

00:51:43.720 --> 00:51:43.960
 but you

00:51:43.960 --> 00:51:44.340
 could do it

00:51:44.340 --> 00:51:44.600
 with your

00:51:44.600 --> 00:51:44.800
 feet.

00:51:44.900 --> 00:51:45.060
 You could

00:51:45.060 --> 00:51:45.480
 walk all

00:51:45.480 --> 00:51:45.720
 over the

00:51:45.720 --> 00:51:45.880
 ground.

00:51:45.960 --> 00:51:46.120
 You're not

00:51:46.120 --> 00:51:46.300
 going to

00:51:46.300 --> 00:51:46.539
 lick the

00:51:46.539 --> 00:51:46.760
 ground.

00:51:47.820 --> 00:51:48.840
 And Kunle

00:51:48.840 --> 00:51:49.280
 was like,

00:51:50.440 --> 00:51:50.960
 that's the

00:51:50.960 --> 00:51:51.320
 way it is

00:51:51.320 --> 00:51:51.860
 with Christians.

00:51:52.060 --> 00:51:52.360
 That there's

00:51:52.360 --> 00:51:52.900
 some things

00:51:52.900 --> 00:51:53.320
 that some

00:51:53.320 --> 00:51:53.700
 Christians

00:51:53.700 --> 00:51:54.320
 just can't

00:51:54.320 --> 00:51:54.600
 do and

00:51:54.600 --> 00:51:55.160
 aren't called

00:51:55.160 --> 00:51:55.539
 to do.

00:51:55.640 --> 00:51:55.940
 It's not

00:51:55.940 --> 00:51:56.200
 out of

00:51:56.200 --> 00:51:56.519
 weakness.

00:51:56.760 --> 00:51:57.000
 It's that

00:51:57.000 --> 00:51:57.440
 they are not

00:51:57.440 --> 00:51:58.019
 called to do

00:51:58.019 --> 00:51:58.240
 it.

00:51:58.760 --> 00:51:59.140
 But then

00:51:59.139 --> 00:51:59.359
 there's

00:51:59.359 --> 00:51:59.539
 other

00:51:59.539 --> 00:52:00.039
 things that

00:52:00.039 --> 00:52:00.299
 some

00:52:00.299 --> 00:52:00.659
 are called

00:52:00.659 --> 00:52:01.000
 to do.

00:52:02.019 --> 00:52:02.440
 And I

00:52:02.440 --> 00:52:02.719
 think we

00:52:02.719 --> 00:52:03.099
 can use

00:52:03.099 --> 00:52:03.719
 David and

00:52:03.719 --> 00:52:04.219
 Solomon as

00:52:04.219 --> 00:52:04.679
 an example

00:52:04.679 --> 00:52:05.900
 of these

00:52:05.900 --> 00:52:06.219
 things.

00:52:07.099 --> 00:52:07.339
 Okay,

00:52:07.639 --> 00:52:08.199
 it is

00:52:08.199 --> 00:52:08.739
 9.55

00:52:08.739 --> 00:52:09.379
 so we

00:52:09.379 --> 00:52:10.079
 have time

00:52:10.079 --> 00:52:10.619
 for one

00:52:10.619 --> 00:52:10.839
 or two

00:52:10.839 --> 00:52:11.259
 questions

00:52:11.259 --> 00:52:11.839
 if any

00:52:11.839 --> 00:52:11.980
 of you

00:52:11.980 --> 00:52:12.299
 have it.

00:52:13.460 --> 00:52:13.859
 Yes?

00:52:14.539 --> 00:52:15.159
 How does

00:52:15.159 --> 00:52:15.980
 just war

00:52:15.980 --> 00:52:16.920
 in corn

00:52:16.920 --> 00:52:18.759
 support

00:52:18.759 --> 00:52:20.219
 technological

00:52:20.219 --> 00:52:20.980
 advances?

00:52:22.099 --> 00:52:22.480
 I know.

00:52:27.139 --> 00:52:27.779
 Yes,

00:52:27.940 --> 00:52:28.440
 I know.

00:52:29.139 --> 00:52:31.519
 our

00:52:31.519 --> 00:52:44.019
 tax dollars

00:52:44.019 --> 00:52:44.500
 go to

00:52:44.500 --> 00:52:44.799
 like we

00:52:44.799 --> 00:52:45.000
 have,

00:52:45.359 --> 00:52:45.819
 I think

00:52:45.819 --> 00:52:46.299
 our,

00:52:47.879 --> 00:52:48.679
 they say

00:52:48.679 --> 00:52:49.219
 that the

00:52:49.219 --> 00:52:50.000
 largest air

00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:50.379
 force in

00:52:50.379 --> 00:52:50.739
 the world

00:52:50.739 --> 00:52:51.159
 is the

00:52:51.159 --> 00:52:51.779
 United States

00:52:51.779 --> 00:52:52.339
 and the

00:52:52.339 --> 00:52:52.779
 second largest

00:52:52.779 --> 00:52:53.319
 air force

00:52:53.319 --> 00:52:53.759
 is the

00:52:53.759 --> 00:52:53.960
 U.S.

00:52:54.019 --> 00:52:54.199
 Navy

00:52:54.199 --> 00:52:56.079
 because our

00:52:56.079 --> 00:52:56.619
 military is

00:52:56.619 --> 00:52:57.119
 so huge.

00:52:57.119 --> 00:52:58.980
 how does

00:52:58.980 --> 00:52:59.460
 technological

00:52:59.460 --> 00:52:59.880
 advancement

00:52:59.880 --> 00:53:00.359
 affect this?

00:53:00.460 --> 00:53:00.920
 That is a

00:53:00.920 --> 00:53:01.559
 great question.

00:53:02.759 --> 00:53:03.219
 Remember,

00:53:03.839 --> 00:53:05.219
 guns are

00:53:05.219 --> 00:53:05.719
 a technological

00:53:05.719 --> 00:53:06.239
 advancement

00:53:06.239 --> 00:53:07.179
 and so

00:53:07.179 --> 00:53:08.699
 when Jesus

00:53:08.699 --> 00:53:09.139
 is talking

00:53:09.139 --> 00:53:09.819
 about swords,

00:53:10.019 --> 00:53:10.420
 he wasn't,

00:53:10.500 --> 00:53:10.659
 you know,

00:53:10.699 --> 00:53:11.339
 take a sword

00:53:11.339 --> 00:53:11.799
 with you.

00:53:12.819 --> 00:53:13.400
 There's a

00:53:13.400 --> 00:53:14.159
 genuine debate.

00:53:14.619 --> 00:53:15.519
 If he was in

00:53:15.519 --> 00:53:16.179
 the 20th century,

00:53:16.239 --> 00:53:16.679
 would he say

00:53:16.679 --> 00:53:17.279
 take a gun

00:53:17.279 --> 00:53:18.219
 or is gun

00:53:18.219 --> 00:53:19.099
 just way

00:53:19.099 --> 00:53:20.039
 too over

00:53:20.039 --> 00:53:20.519
 the top?

00:53:21.039 --> 00:53:21.259
 You know,

00:53:21.500 --> 00:53:22.039
 way too

00:53:22.039 --> 00:53:22.480
 over the top.

00:53:22.480 --> 00:53:22.940
 It's not

00:53:22.940 --> 00:53:23.139
 what he

00:53:23.139 --> 00:53:23.559
 was talking

00:53:23.559 --> 00:53:23.860
 about.

00:53:25.039 --> 00:53:25.400
 And then,

00:53:25.480 --> 00:53:25.699
 of course,

00:53:25.840 --> 00:53:26.019
 there's,

00:53:26.260 --> 00:53:26.599
 I mean,

00:53:26.960 --> 00:53:27.460
 there's no way

00:53:27.460 --> 00:53:27.800
 I can answer

00:53:27.800 --> 00:53:28.300
 this question

00:53:28.300 --> 00:53:28.820
 in just a few

00:53:28.820 --> 00:53:29.179
 seconds.

00:53:29.300 --> 00:53:29.740
 It's just,

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:30.800
 it affects

00:53:30.800 --> 00:53:31.619
 everything we

00:53:31.619 --> 00:53:31.820
 do.

00:53:31.940 --> 00:53:32.059
 I mean,

00:53:32.119 --> 00:53:32.579
 violence is

00:53:32.579 --> 00:53:33.099
 all around

00:53:33.099 --> 00:53:33.400
 us.

00:53:33.780 --> 00:53:34.139
 We have

00:53:34.139 --> 00:53:34.900
 the weapons

00:53:34.900 --> 00:53:35.260
 now to

00:53:35.260 --> 00:53:35.719
 kill millions

00:53:35.719 --> 00:53:36.240
 of people.

00:53:36.840 --> 00:53:37.139
 Someone

00:53:37.139 --> 00:53:37.420
 who's

00:53:37.420 --> 00:53:37.880
 completely

00:53:37.880 --> 00:53:38.599
 untrained

00:53:38.599 --> 00:53:39.500
 can do

00:53:39.500 --> 00:53:40.719
 unbelievable

00:53:40.719 --> 00:53:41.260
 amounts of

00:53:41.260 --> 00:53:41.599
 damage,

00:53:41.679 --> 00:53:42.119
 whereas in

00:53:42.119 --> 00:53:42.480
 the ancient

00:53:42.480 --> 00:53:42.820
 world,

00:53:42.940 --> 00:53:43.360
 that really

00:53:43.360 --> 00:53:43.800
 was not

00:53:43.800 --> 00:53:44.199
 possible.

00:53:44.760 --> 00:53:45.039
 If you

00:53:45.039 --> 00:53:45.300
 were,

00:53:45.780 --> 00:53:46.840
 most people,

00:53:47.179 --> 00:53:47.559
 it would be

00:53:47.559 --> 00:53:48.139
 very hard to

00:53:48.139 --> 00:53:48.460
 kill more

00:53:48.460 --> 00:53:48.860
 than one or

00:53:48.860 --> 00:53:49.320
 two people,

00:53:49.400 --> 00:53:49.719
 no matter

00:53:49.719 --> 00:53:50.199
 how hard you

00:53:50.199 --> 00:53:50.519
 tried,

00:53:50.519 --> 00:53:51.059
 because you'd

00:53:51.059 --> 00:53:51.519
 be stopped.

00:53:51.739 --> 00:53:52.259
 If you were

00:53:52.259 --> 00:53:53.000
 a very skilled,

00:53:53.219 --> 00:53:53.820
 strong person,

00:53:53.820 --> 00:53:54.239
 you could do

00:53:54.239 --> 00:53:54.719
 a little more,

00:53:54.780 --> 00:53:55.059
 but it's

00:53:55.059 --> 00:53:55.400
 going to be

00:53:55.400 --> 00:53:55.780
 hard.

00:53:56.119 --> 00:53:57.179
 And now

00:53:57.179 --> 00:53:57.519
 that is

00:53:57.519 --> 00:53:57.880
 just not

00:53:57.880 --> 00:53:58.300
 the case.

00:53:58.460 --> 00:53:58.960
 And it's

00:53:58.960 --> 00:53:59.320
 not just

00:53:59.320 --> 00:53:59.679
 weapons,

00:53:59.719 --> 00:54:00.139
 it's also

00:54:00.139 --> 00:54:00.619
 things like

00:54:00.619 --> 00:54:01.219
 cars and

00:54:01.219 --> 00:54:01.500
 trucks.

00:54:01.599 --> 00:54:01.699
 I mean,

00:54:01.699 --> 00:54:01.860
 you could

00:54:01.860 --> 00:54:02.119
 do all

00:54:02.119 --> 00:54:02.420
 sorts of

00:54:02.420 --> 00:54:02.639
 horrible

00:54:02.639 --> 00:54:03.880
 things with

00:54:03.880 --> 00:54:05.259
 these instruments

00:54:05.259 --> 00:54:06.179
 of technology.

00:54:08.460 --> 00:54:08.860
 Yeah,

00:54:09.440 --> 00:54:10.340
 it's tough.

00:54:12.500 --> 00:54:12.900
 Let's

00:54:12.900 --> 00:54:13.659
 conclude in

00:54:13.659 --> 00:54:13.880
 prayer,

00:54:14.059 --> 00:54:14.480
 and then I'll

00:54:14.480 --> 00:54:14.840
 be here for

00:54:14.840 --> 00:54:15.119
 a few more

00:54:15.119 --> 00:54:15.460
 minutes if

00:54:15.460 --> 00:54:15.659
 you want

00:54:15.659 --> 00:54:16.380
 to chat.

00:54:16.719 --> 00:54:17.039
 Father,

00:54:17.119 --> 00:54:17.460
 we thank

00:54:17.460 --> 00:54:18.719
 you for

00:54:18.719 --> 00:54:19.360
 your word.

00:54:19.360 --> 00:54:20.519
 Lord,

00:54:20.660 --> 00:54:21.260
 we live in

00:54:21.260 --> 00:54:21.579
 a violent

00:54:21.579 --> 00:54:22.099
 society,

00:54:22.160 --> 00:54:22.760
 in a society

00:54:22.760 --> 00:54:23.820
 where violence

00:54:23.820 --> 00:54:25.620
 is a push

00:54:25.620 --> 00:54:26.200
 of a button

00:54:26.200 --> 00:54:26.820
 away,

00:54:27.420 --> 00:54:28.900
 where instead

00:54:28.900 --> 00:54:29.579
 of going to

00:54:29.579 --> 00:54:30.059
 gladiatorial

00:54:30.059 --> 00:54:30.579
 contests,

00:54:30.620 --> 00:54:31.400
 we can view

00:54:31.400 --> 00:54:32.320
 people dying

00:54:32.320 --> 00:54:32.640
 on the

00:54:32.640 --> 00:54:32.940
 internet

00:54:32.940 --> 00:54:33.900
 in our

00:54:33.900 --> 00:54:34.280
 pockets.

00:54:34.820 --> 00:54:34.980
 Lord,

00:54:35.039 --> 00:54:35.500
 we pray

00:54:35.500 --> 00:54:36.640
 that you

00:54:36.640 --> 00:54:37.280
 would help

00:54:37.280 --> 00:54:37.940
 us to

00:54:37.940 --> 00:54:38.680
 guard our

00:54:38.680 --> 00:54:39.120
 hearts,

00:54:39.400 --> 00:54:40.180
 to dedicate

00:54:40.180 --> 00:54:40.880
 ourselves to

00:54:40.880 --> 00:54:41.140
 you.

00:54:41.380 --> 00:54:41.700
 We pray

00:54:41.700 --> 00:54:42.019
 that you

00:54:42.019 --> 00:54:42.940
 would help

00:54:42.940 --> 00:54:43.500
 us to lay

00:54:43.500 --> 00:54:43.880
 our lives

00:54:43.880 --> 00:54:44.280
 down for

00:54:44.280 --> 00:54:44.800
 our enemies,

00:54:44.900 --> 00:54:45.420
 to be

00:54:45.420 --> 00:54:46.120
 bearers of

00:54:46.120 --> 00:54:46.620
 the cross

00:54:46.620 --> 00:54:47.340
 of Christ,

00:54:47.340 --> 00:54:48.700
 to not

00:54:48.700 --> 00:54:50.160
 walk the

00:54:50.160 --> 00:54:50.460
 way of

00:54:50.460 --> 00:54:50.920
 the world.

00:54:51.160 --> 00:54:51.280
 Lord,

00:54:51.340 --> 00:54:51.860
 we pray

00:54:51.860 --> 00:54:52.620
 that if

00:54:52.620 --> 00:54:53.539
 warfare comes

00:54:53.539 --> 00:54:54.000
 or these

00:54:54.000 --> 00:54:54.760
 difficult choices

00:54:54.760 --> 00:54:55.160
 come,

00:54:55.280 --> 00:54:55.500
 that you

00:54:55.500 --> 00:54:55.840
 would help

00:54:55.840 --> 00:54:56.700
 us to

00:54:56.700 --> 00:54:57.519
 act not

00:54:57.519 --> 00:54:58.039
 as the

00:54:58.039 --> 00:54:58.559
 world,

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:01.480
 but to

00:55:01.480 --> 00:55:02.539
 live for

00:55:02.539 --> 00:55:02.980
 a future

00:55:02.980 --> 00:55:03.360
 kingdom,

00:55:03.559 --> 00:55:03.680
 Lord,

00:55:03.760 --> 00:55:04.220
 whatever your

00:55:04.220 --> 00:55:04.840
 calling may

00:55:04.840 --> 00:55:05.079
 be,

00:55:05.200 --> 00:55:05.539
 whether to

00:55:05.539 --> 00:55:05.860
 serve in

00:55:05.860 --> 00:55:06.280
 the military

00:55:06.280 --> 00:55:06.880
 or not,

00:55:06.920 --> 00:55:07.220
 that we

00:55:07.220 --> 00:55:08.000
 would serve

00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:08.780
 you ultimately

00:55:08.780 --> 00:55:09.440
 above all.

00:55:10.340 --> 00:55:10.920
 And we

00:55:10.920 --> 00:55:11.460
 pray this

00:55:11.460 --> 00:55:12.200
 in the name

00:55:12.200 --> 00:55:12.579
 of Jesus.

00:55:13.280 --> 00:55:13.460
 Amen.

00:55:14.860 --> 00:55:15.380
 Thanks,

00:55:15.480 --> 00:55:15.660
 folks.

00:55:16.099 --> 00:55:16.239
 Amen.

00:55:16.239 --> 00:55:16.239


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00:55:16.239 --> 00:55:16.239


00:55:16.239 --> 00:55:16.239


00:55:16.239 --> 00:55:46.219
 Thank you.