WEBVTT 00:00:00.760 --> 00:00:01.320 Welcome. 00:00:04.419 --> 00:00:09.460 So I'll try and be punctual, so let me open this up in a word of prayer. 00:00:09.740 --> 00:00:13.120 Thank you for coming to this intro to biblical theology. 00:00:13.980 --> 00:00:14.700 So let's pray. 00:00:17.019 --> 00:00:25.460 Our Father in heaven, great are your works, O Lord, studied by all who delight in you. 00:00:25.460 --> 00:00:33.000 We pray, Lord, as we study your works, your word, that we would increasingly delight in you. 00:00:34.160 --> 00:00:37.899 We know that we can do nothing apart from you, nothing of spiritual value. 00:00:38.320 --> 00:00:41.659 So we pray the Spirit would open up our eyes. 00:00:42.920 --> 00:00:48.280 Lord, open our minds to understand your word as Jesus did for his disciples. 00:00:49.219 --> 00:00:51.640 We pray this in Jesus' name. Amen. 00:00:53.040 --> 00:00:53.820 Well, good morning. 00:00:55.460 --> 00:00:58.420 Everyone loves a story. 00:00:59.380 --> 00:01:09.500 A great story has suspense, high-stakes drama, danger, and unexpected, shocking plot twists. 00:01:10.840 --> 00:01:18.960 Storytellers from J.K. Rowling to Tolkien, from William Shakespeare to George Lucas, have captured our imaginations. 00:01:19.659 --> 00:01:23.939 And these great stories contain memorable characters, don't they? 00:01:23.939 --> 00:01:30.480 Characters like Gandalf, Atticus Finch, Forrest Gump, to Rocky Balboa. 00:01:31.480 --> 00:01:34.179 Great stories carry us into different worlds. 00:01:35.480 --> 00:01:39.780 And stories can help us to see our own world with new eyes. 00:01:39.780 --> 00:01:50.379 Charles Dickens once noted that the greatest short story ever written was the short story, The Prodigal Son. 00:01:51.560 --> 00:01:54.359 Our Lord Jesus was a master storyteller, wasn't he? 00:01:55.060 --> 00:01:57.020 We're familiar with that story of The Prodigal Son. 00:01:57.019 --> 00:02:07.699 The lost, wayward, younger brother who runs off, recklessly spending everything he has until he finds himself fighting with the pigs to eat the slop in the pig pen. 00:02:07.700 --> 00:02:14.039 And the elder brother, outwardly moral, but inwardly distant from the father. 00:02:15.039 --> 00:02:17.439 And who can forget the father in that story? 00:02:18.120 --> 00:02:19.960 Who runs. 00:02:20.340 --> 00:02:23.699 He runs when his younger son comes home. 00:02:23.699 --> 00:02:31.679 He threw his arms around him and joyfully embraced him, even when his son was still filthy from eating with the pigs. 00:02:33.379 --> 00:02:40.560 And we remember the coldness of the elder brother in that story when he sees his father show grace to the younger brother. 00:02:40.560 --> 00:02:48.659 And that's a window of a spiritual reality where we learn that God is extravagantly generous. 00:02:48.979 --> 00:02:49.640 He's gracious. 00:02:50.360 --> 00:02:53.580 And he joyfully embraces the repentant sinner that comes home. 00:02:54.640 --> 00:02:57.759 I wonder if you've ever seen yourself in that story of The Prodigal Son. 00:02:58.580 --> 00:03:03.879 A good story, a well-told story, can help us to see our own world with new eyes. 00:03:05.120 --> 00:03:06.800 A story can capture our imaginations. 00:03:06.800 --> 00:03:10.960 And, you know, it isn't surprising that the Lord Jesus was a master storyteller. 00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:20.020 Because God, from the beginning, has been weaving an incredible, glorious story in history recorded for us in the books of the Bible. 00:03:20.560 --> 00:03:24.840 The Bible tells us the best non-fiction story ever written. 00:03:25.300 --> 00:03:28.880 It's telling us one majestic story. 00:03:29.560 --> 00:03:33.180 So this brings us to the topic of this Sunday School series in Biblical Theology. 00:03:34.660 --> 00:03:36.000 So let's begin with the question, 00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:40.419 What exactly is biblical theology? 00:03:41.479 --> 00:03:44.199 Is it all theology that's biblical? 00:03:45.280 --> 00:03:46.419 Not quite. 00:03:46.620 --> 00:03:49.520 Although I hope that will be true of our theology. 00:03:50.840 --> 00:03:54.219 Biblical theology is actually a technical term. 00:03:54.219 --> 00:04:06.800 It's the discipline of understanding how the wonderfully diverse parts of the Bible, 66 books in total, fit together into one grand story centered on Christ. 00:04:07.500 --> 00:04:08.120 So I'll say that again. 00:04:08.120 --> 00:04:19.019 It's the discipline of understanding how the wonderfully diverse parts of the Bible, 66 books in total, fit together into one grand story centered on Christ. 00:04:19.019 --> 00:04:27.079 So perhaps the best way to explain biblical theology is to contrast it with systematic theology. 00:04:27.079 --> 00:04:32.859 So when we hear the word theology, we're typically thinking about systematic theology. 00:04:32.860 --> 00:04:42.000 You know, the Bible isn't neatly organized into question and answer format, right? 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:53.079 One of the great challenges for any student of the scripture is that when we quickly realize that the scriptures don't explain their coherent set of beliefs one topic at a time. 00:04:53.079 --> 00:05:05.779 Instead, the Bible is a collection of 66 books written in many different genres over the span of 1500 years by some 40 authors addressing multiple topics in various ways in different circumstances. 00:05:06.620 --> 00:05:09.599 So getting your arms around even one topic is incredibly difficult. 00:05:10.939 --> 00:05:12.479 Enter systematic theology. 00:05:12.480 --> 00:05:18.140 Systematic theology is a topical approach to understanding the Bible. 00:05:19.040 --> 00:05:21.580 So a systematician typically will take one topic. 00:05:22.340 --> 00:05:33.620 He'll gather all the verses, find every reference in the Bible on that one topic, synthesize those verses, and he'll typically come up with a succinct answer to that topical question. 00:05:34.640 --> 00:05:36.980 So for some examples of systematic theology. 00:05:37.340 --> 00:05:39.660 The first question in the Westminster Catechism. 00:05:40.420 --> 00:05:41.620 What is the chief end of man? 00:05:42.480 --> 00:05:42.780 Answer. 00:05:43.199 --> 00:05:46.840 Man's chief end is to glorify God and enjoy him forever. 00:05:48.100 --> 00:05:50.980 Or the first question in the Heidelberg Catechism. 00:05:51.600 --> 00:05:53.819 What is your only comfort in life and death? 00:05:54.540 --> 00:05:56.439 I'm going to read the whole thing because it's just so wonderful. 00:05:57.379 --> 00:05:57.860 Answer. 00:05:57.860 --> 00:06:06.660 That I am not my own, but belong body and soul in life and in death to my faithful Savior, Jesus Christ. 00:06:06.660 --> 00:06:14.020 He has fully paid for all my sins with his precious blood and has set me free from all the power of the devil. 00:06:14.820 --> 00:06:21.640 He also preserves me in such a way that without the will of my heavenly Father, not a hair can fall from my head. 00:06:21.639 --> 00:06:24.819 Indeed, all things must work together for my salvation. 00:06:26.019 --> 00:06:32.939 Therefore, by his Holy Spirit, he also assures me of eternal life and makes me heartily willing and ready from now on to live for him. 00:06:34.019 --> 00:06:35.740 Or what does the Bible say about angels? 00:06:36.279 --> 00:06:37.740 What does the Bible say about capital punishment? 00:06:37.740 --> 00:06:40.120 So that's systematic theology. 00:06:40.740 --> 00:06:42.360 That's not what this class is about. 00:06:43.040 --> 00:06:48.660 Although systematic theology is an important discipline for any Christian to study and understand. 00:06:49.259 --> 00:06:53.340 So I tend to think that this discipline provides necessary guardrails for us. 00:06:53.339 --> 00:07:01.339 It's helpful to know what all the scriptures say about a given topic when we're in the weeds of trying to understand a specific verse. 00:07:02.419 --> 00:07:08.439 So if you're walking through the streets of New York City, it's helpful to have a map or a Google Earth view on your phone. 00:07:08.839 --> 00:07:11.120 So you don't get lost in the city. 00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:14.479 You take a wrong turn and end somewhere that you don't want to end up. 00:07:15.459 --> 00:07:20.759 And likewise, systematic theology guards our doctrine when reading the Bible. 00:07:20.759 --> 00:07:25.839 So I want to say systematic theology complements biblical theology and vice versa. 00:07:26.899 --> 00:07:30.219 So in contrast, we have here the discipline of biblical theology. 00:07:30.599 --> 00:07:32.480 It's a way of reading the Bible. 00:07:33.420 --> 00:07:34.180 A hermeneutic. 00:07:34.759 --> 00:07:39.719 It's tracing that grand story with all its twists and its turns centered on Christ. 00:07:40.680 --> 00:07:43.579 So the Bible presents a drama of God's love for us. 00:07:44.300 --> 00:07:48.599 And it's learning to trace that narrative that has a glorious beginning in creation. 00:07:48.600 --> 00:07:49.960 A crisis. 00:07:50.640 --> 00:07:52.120 Namely, the presence of sin. 00:07:52.640 --> 00:07:53.980 And the holiness of God. 00:07:54.660 --> 00:07:57.780 And God's original intention for the world. 00:07:58.740 --> 00:08:02.520 And a resolution of that crisis through our Lord Jesus Christ. 00:08:02.800 --> 00:08:04.260 The hero of the story. 00:08:04.840 --> 00:08:07.660 And a restoration back to glory better than the way it was before. 00:08:07.800 --> 00:08:09.820 With some unexpected plot twists along the way. 00:08:09.819 --> 00:08:14.420 So biblical theology ultimately will help us get us out of our false stories. 00:08:14.920 --> 00:08:16.599 And into the real story of the world. 00:08:17.300 --> 00:08:22.180 We learn to live our lives within the story of the scripture. 00:08:22.519 --> 00:08:24.219 By learning biblical theology. 00:08:25.480 --> 00:08:27.480 So in addition to tracing the story. 00:08:28.079 --> 00:08:32.480 Biblical theology is concerned with getting into the biblical author's mind. 00:08:32.480 --> 00:08:38.039 Seeing the events through the author's eyes. 00:08:38.259 --> 00:08:42.200 As he describes the world and the events that are unfolding. 00:08:44.180 --> 00:08:46.580 Let's talk about some examples of biblical theology. 00:08:46.960 --> 00:08:50.779 I should mention there are many different subsets within biblical theology. 00:08:50.940 --> 00:08:51.620 But in every case. 00:08:52.300 --> 00:08:56.000 You are careful to pay attention to the nuances within the Bible. 00:08:56.120 --> 00:08:59.480 And putting in the larger context of the biblical storyline. 00:08:59.480 --> 00:09:01.060 So for example. 00:09:01.240 --> 00:09:03.500 A biblical theologian may ask the question. 00:09:04.300 --> 00:09:08.580 What are the particular set of theological emphases within the book of Exodus? 00:09:09.399 --> 00:09:13.820 Or how does Isaiah contribute to our understanding of God as a savior in the Bible? 00:09:14.519 --> 00:09:16.980 Or what does the book of Hebrews contribute to the canon? 00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:20.159 Or look at Paul's writings. 00:09:20.300 --> 00:09:22.500 And how does he differ from the apostle John. 00:09:22.879 --> 00:09:24.500 And how he describes the kingdom of God. 00:09:25.519 --> 00:09:28.080 So you are careful to look at words and arguments. 00:09:28.080 --> 00:09:30.100 In their literary historical context. 00:09:31.320 --> 00:09:32.580 Yet another discipline. 00:09:33.100 --> 00:09:37.100 Is asking how a certain theme works itself out through the scriptures. 00:09:37.940 --> 00:09:40.840 So let's do a small exercise in biblical theology. 00:09:41.580 --> 00:09:42.580 For example. 00:09:42.720 --> 00:09:44.180 What does the Bible say about the temple? 00:09:45.540 --> 00:09:46.379 In the Bible. 00:09:46.480 --> 00:09:48.720 The temple is described as a place. 00:09:49.120 --> 00:09:50.720 Where God would dwell with his people. 00:09:51.759 --> 00:09:52.580 God's presence. 00:09:53.000 --> 00:09:53.879 The Shekinah glory. 00:09:54.020 --> 00:09:54.980 That cloud of glory. 00:09:55.379 --> 00:09:57.340 Initially came to reside in a tabernacle. 00:09:57.340 --> 00:09:59.360 Remember that mobile tent in Exodus. 00:09:59.620 --> 00:10:02.440 And later in the temple at Jerusalem. 00:10:03.100 --> 00:10:05.540 But the temple wasn't a physical structure only. 00:10:06.500 --> 00:10:10.440 God carefully instructed Israel on how to build the temple. 00:10:11.160 --> 00:10:12.680 And through that design. 00:10:13.080 --> 00:10:16.980 We learn that the temple retold a story. 00:10:17.360 --> 00:10:20.080 Of how God originally dwelt with his people. 00:10:20.360 --> 00:10:21.220 In the Garden of Eden. 00:10:21.220 --> 00:10:23.700 So the temple wasn't just a building. 00:10:24.600 --> 00:10:25.540 But it was a symbol. 00:10:26.120 --> 00:10:30.220 And that symbol pointed to God's desire to once again dwell with his people. 00:10:31.480 --> 00:10:32.840 As the Bible progresses. 00:10:33.080 --> 00:10:34.500 As the story unfolds. 00:10:34.779 --> 00:10:36.460 God's presence departs from the temple. 00:10:37.100 --> 00:10:37.399 Right? 00:10:37.460 --> 00:10:38.600 And the temple was destroyed. 00:10:39.160 --> 00:10:40.960 Because of the people's rebellion. 00:10:41.660 --> 00:10:44.120 And the holy God cannot dwell with a sinful people. 00:10:44.120 --> 00:10:48.340 And even when the people rebuilt the temple in Ezra and Nehemiah. 00:10:49.179 --> 00:10:50.600 God did not dwell there. 00:10:51.740 --> 00:10:53.440 And the Bible is asking the question. 00:10:54.279 --> 00:10:57.860 Would God once again dwell with his people? 00:10:59.100 --> 00:11:03.360 We learn the temple is a shadow of a reality that will come later in the Bible. 00:11:03.360 --> 00:11:05.399 In the opening book of John. 00:11:06.039 --> 00:11:07.139 We read this about Jesus. 00:11:08.300 --> 00:11:09.840 And the word became flesh. 00:11:10.460 --> 00:11:12.399 And dwelt among us. 00:11:12.820 --> 00:11:13.919 And we have seen his glory. 00:11:14.379 --> 00:11:16.240 Glory as of the only son from the father. 00:11:16.700 --> 00:11:17.840 Full of grace and truth. 00:11:18.820 --> 00:11:20.639 So Jesus dwelt among us. 00:11:21.240 --> 00:11:23.680 Literally means Jesus tabernacled among us. 00:11:24.180 --> 00:11:26.340 So Jesus is described as the tabernacle. 00:11:26.620 --> 00:11:28.240 Where God became human. 00:11:29.360 --> 00:11:32.659 Jesus is the ultimate reality to which the temple always pointed to. 00:11:33.360 --> 00:11:34.699 And Jesus claimed throughout the gospels. 00:11:35.019 --> 00:11:36.219 That he was the new temple. 00:11:36.500 --> 00:11:36.600 Right? 00:11:37.179 --> 00:11:38.559 Jesus said tear down this temple. 00:11:39.199 --> 00:11:40.980 And in three days I will build it again. 00:11:41.199 --> 00:11:41.860 Referring to himself. 00:11:42.779 --> 00:11:43.719 And after the resurrection. 00:11:44.559 --> 00:11:46.360 The apostles say Christians are many temples. 00:11:47.039 --> 00:11:48.500 Since we are indwelled by the spirit. 00:11:49.159 --> 00:11:50.799 Paul in 1 Corinthians 3 would say. 00:11:51.100 --> 00:11:52.759 Do you not know that you are God's temple? 00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:54.339 And that God's spirit dwells in you? 00:11:55.139 --> 00:11:56.659 In the last verses of the Bible. 00:11:57.339 --> 00:12:00.740 John writes about his vision of the new heavens and the new earth. 00:12:00.740 --> 00:12:03.500 After Jesus returns in Revelation 21 and 22. 00:12:04.159 --> 00:12:07.659 And John sees a majestic depiction of Jerusalem. 00:12:08.039 --> 00:12:09.279 But something is missing there. 00:12:09.899 --> 00:12:10.799 There's no temple. 00:12:11.820 --> 00:12:12.620 And why would there be? 00:12:13.120 --> 00:12:15.080 Jesus is right there with his people. 00:12:16.039 --> 00:12:16.180 Right? 00:12:16.320 --> 00:12:18.440 What was lost in the beginning was now restored. 00:12:18.799 --> 00:12:20.600 God is dwelling with his people once again. 00:12:20.960 --> 00:12:22.200 Just like in the Garden of Eden. 00:12:22.779 --> 00:12:25.919 So this is a brief biblical theology of the temple. 00:12:25.919 --> 00:12:29.319 It traces the story of the temple through the scriptures. 00:12:29.459 --> 00:12:32.740 And you can see how it might be helpful to understand how a theme plays itself out. 00:12:33.719 --> 00:12:37.319 A profitable exercise that D.A. Carson gives his incoming students. 00:12:38.039 --> 00:12:40.000 In his intro to biblical theology class. 00:12:40.259 --> 00:12:41.819 At a Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. 00:12:42.759 --> 00:12:45.819 Is going through the last two chapters of the Bible. 00:12:45.979 --> 00:12:47.199 Revelation 21 and 22. 00:12:47.740 --> 00:12:49.279 And listing all the themes and images. 00:12:49.779 --> 00:12:52.319 That John is taking from the first two chapters of the Bible. 00:12:52.419 --> 00:12:53.120 Genesis 1 and 2. 00:12:53.120 --> 00:12:55.700 And there are dozens and dozens of themes. 00:12:56.159 --> 00:12:57.399 That find their climax. 00:12:57.879 --> 00:13:00.019 In those last two chapters of the Bible. 00:13:01.000 --> 00:13:02.179 So in this class. 00:13:02.700 --> 00:13:04.220 We'll spend five weeks. 00:13:04.799 --> 00:13:05.279 Five weeks. 00:13:05.580 --> 00:13:08.580 And we'll walk through some of the big stories in the Bible together. 00:13:09.379 --> 00:13:12.460 So today we'll discuss how to do biblical theology. 00:13:13.019 --> 00:13:15.220 So it's different from what we'll do in the remaining four weeks. 00:13:15.779 --> 00:13:18.240 So today may feel a little more abstract. 00:13:18.680 --> 00:13:19.259 Or theoretical. 00:13:20.060 --> 00:13:22.539 As we walk through the principles of biblical theology. 00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:24.860 But I want us to get on the same page. 00:13:24.860 --> 00:13:29.000 As we start tracing some of the big storylines through the scripture. 00:13:29.860 --> 00:13:31.019 Next week, Lord willing. 00:13:31.379 --> 00:13:34.399 We'll discuss the storyline of God's kingdom through the covenants. 00:13:35.779 --> 00:13:38.219 Then creation and new creation. 00:13:39.219 --> 00:13:43.599 And then Nick Pizzensi will walk us through the storyline of God's people or the church. 00:13:44.120 --> 00:13:45.740 And then the theme of sacrifice. 00:13:46.639 --> 00:13:46.899 Okay. 00:13:47.120 --> 00:13:48.399 So let's start with the question. 00:13:48.399 --> 00:13:52.319 Why should we read the Bible this way as a story centered on Christ? 00:13:52.799 --> 00:13:53.620 Why should we do it? 00:13:54.220 --> 00:13:55.779 So if you turn to Luke 24. 00:13:56.559 --> 00:13:57.559 Luke 24. 00:13:58.559 --> 00:13:59.500 Verse 26. 00:13:59.500 --> 00:14:03.960 You may recall one of the first things Jesus did after the resurrection. 00:14:04.779 --> 00:14:08.399 Was give his disciples a course on biblical theology. 00:14:08.860 --> 00:14:09.980 On the road to Emmaus. 00:14:10.620 --> 00:14:11.320 Now a disclaimer. 00:14:11.500 --> 00:14:12.360 I guarantee you. 00:14:13.019 --> 00:14:16.639 That this class will not be as good as Jesus' class was on the road to Emmaus. 00:14:16.960 --> 00:14:18.379 So we'll have to ask them. 00:14:18.539 --> 00:14:20.000 The disciples what that was like in heaven. 00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:22.539 But if you look at verse 26. 00:14:22.659 --> 00:14:23.940 In chapter 24. 00:14:24.820 --> 00:14:25.840 Jesus said this. 00:14:27.519 --> 00:14:32.299 Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory? 00:14:33.340 --> 00:14:35.500 And beginning with Moses and all the prophets. 00:14:35.940 --> 00:14:37.860 He interpreted to them in all the scriptures. 00:14:38.179 --> 00:14:39.840 The things concerning himself. 00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:45.240 Jesus here is teaching his disciples on how to interpret the scriptures properly. 00:14:45.779 --> 00:14:48.279 How to trace the story that is centered on Christ. 00:14:48.279 --> 00:14:50.959 And look down at verse 44 in that same chapter. 00:14:51.639 --> 00:14:52.419 Jesus said to them. 00:14:53.179 --> 00:14:54.439 These are my words. 00:14:54.759 --> 00:14:55.659 That I spoke to you. 00:14:56.059 --> 00:14:57.120 While I was still with you. 00:14:57.679 --> 00:14:59.899 That everything written about me in the law of Moses. 00:15:00.120 --> 00:15:01.500 And the prophets and the Psalms. 00:15:01.899 --> 00:15:02.600 Must be fulfilled. 00:15:03.559 --> 00:15:06.620 Then he opened their minds to understand the scriptures. 00:15:07.319 --> 00:15:08.039 And said to them. 00:15:08.539 --> 00:15:09.480 Thus it is written. 00:15:09.980 --> 00:15:11.039 That the Christ should suffer. 00:15:11.579 --> 00:15:13.939 And on the third day rise from the dead. 00:15:14.439 --> 00:15:15.059 And that repentance. 00:15:15.759 --> 00:15:17.039 For the forgiveness of sins. 00:15:17.039 --> 00:15:19.579 Should be proclaimed in his name to all nations. 00:15:20.079 --> 00:15:21.159 Beginning from Jerusalem. 00:15:22.559 --> 00:15:26.579 So what books of the Bible is he referring to in verse 44 that must be fulfilled? 00:15:27.559 --> 00:15:29.339 That's the entire Old Testament. 00:15:29.719 --> 00:15:31.599 The law of Moses, prophets, and Psalms. 00:15:31.659 --> 00:15:33.139 That's the entire Old Testament must be fulfilled. 00:15:34.079 --> 00:15:36.099 And verse 45 is striking, isn't it? 00:15:36.559 --> 00:15:39.519 It says Jesus opened their minds. 00:15:39.860 --> 00:15:42.500 To understand what the Old Testament actually teaches. 00:15:42.500 --> 00:15:47.820 So friends, without faith, you can read the Old Testament and not see Jesus anywhere. 00:15:49.200 --> 00:15:52.480 The disciples are learning to read the Bible supernaturally. 00:15:52.919 --> 00:15:54.519 Jesus is opening their minds. 00:15:54.840 --> 00:15:56.039 To understand the scriptures. 00:15:56.919 --> 00:15:59.779 So the entirety of the Old Testament can be summed up in verse 46. 00:15:59.779 --> 00:16:02.319 The Christ should suffer. 00:16:02.319 --> 00:16:05.279 And on the third day rise from the dead. 00:16:05.439 --> 00:16:10.519 And the repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations beginning from Jerusalem. 00:16:11.379 --> 00:16:14.019 So here's one illustration of how to think about this. 00:16:14.980 --> 00:16:19.059 What's that stunning piece of news we learn at the end of the second Star Wars movie? 00:16:20.399 --> 00:16:20.879 Stunning. 00:16:20.879 --> 00:16:24.080 My apologies if you haven't seen the movie. 00:16:24.259 --> 00:16:25.259 And I'm going to spoil it for you. 00:16:25.500 --> 00:16:30.700 But that stunning piece of news is that Darth Vader is Luke Skywalker's father. 00:16:31.059 --> 00:16:31.639 It's shocking. 00:16:32.299 --> 00:16:37.960 And there's some great YouTube videos of parents videoing their children learning that for the first time. 00:16:38.019 --> 00:16:38.580 They're just shocked. 00:16:39.179 --> 00:16:44.580 So the news that Darth Vader is Luke's father shapes how you watch the rest of the movies, doesn't it? 00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:48.620 How did Anakin become Darth Vader? 00:16:48.620 --> 00:16:51.919 What's going to happen between him and Luke and their conflict? 00:16:53.039 --> 00:16:54.519 That shapes how you watch the movies. 00:16:54.700 --> 00:16:59.820 And likewise, the coming of Jesus, the cross and resurrection shapes how you read the Bible. 00:17:01.100 --> 00:17:07.799 Elsewhere, think about how Jesus chides the Jews in John 5 for not recognizing that the scriptures are all about him. 00:17:08.440 --> 00:17:10.000 In John 5, Jesus told the Pharisees, 00:17:10.359 --> 00:17:13.559 You search the scriptures because you think that in them you have eternal life. 00:17:14.079 --> 00:17:15.920 It is they that bear witness about me. 00:17:15.920 --> 00:17:24.080 Our authority in saying that the Old Testament bears witness about Jesus comes from the fact that Jesus himself understood this to be true. 00:17:25.039 --> 00:17:28.820 Christ's attitude toward the Old Testament should shape our attitude as his disciples. 00:17:29.880 --> 00:17:33.800 And as you read the New Testament, you quickly realize the apostles saw this very same thing. 00:17:34.500 --> 00:17:38.320 The Old Testament bore witness about Jesus in light of the cross and resurrection. 00:17:38.319 --> 00:17:50.720 Graham Goldsworthy, a biblical scholar from Australia, estimated that the New Testament has at least 1,600 direct quotations from the Old Testament and several thousand more allusions. 00:17:51.599 --> 00:17:56.919 Or put another way, there are only 12 chapters in the entire New Testament that don't directly reference the Old Testament. 00:17:56.920 --> 00:18:03.019 So the more we study the New Testament, the more we realize the apostles share the conviction that Jesus had. 00:18:03.600 --> 00:18:10.580 When the apostles are expounding a topic, all of them are building off the foundation of the Old Testament, what it started. 00:18:11.680 --> 00:18:18.180 So if you look at what Paul says in 1 Corinthians 15, Paul will use the word word and gospel interchangeably. 00:18:18.180 --> 00:18:19.560 He says, 00:18:19.560 --> 00:18:30.200 Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received and which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you, unless you believed in vain. 00:18:30.519 --> 00:18:39.360 For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures. 00:18:39.880 --> 00:18:41.660 So Paul had the same conviction that Jesus had. 00:18:42.420 --> 00:18:46.220 The gospel, the good news of what Christ has done, is what the scriptures testify about. 00:18:46.220 --> 00:18:50.299 And if you're not familiar with the story of this good news, I'm glad to share with you, friends. 00:18:50.759 --> 00:18:54.779 It's a joyous proclamation that there is only one God. 00:18:55.380 --> 00:18:58.120 And this God is holy, and he made us in his image. 00:18:58.819 --> 00:19:02.660 And as image bearers, he created us to love him and to love each other. 00:19:03.880 --> 00:19:06.100 But we've sinned against this good God, haven't we? 00:19:06.460 --> 00:19:08.759 Our own conscience bears witness that this is true. 00:19:10.019 --> 00:19:13.700 Because of this sin, we all rightly deserve God's wrath and condemnation. 00:19:13.700 --> 00:19:20.860 And God's wrath isn't just personal, terrible, certain, horrifying. 00:19:21.240 --> 00:19:22.920 It's also completely right. 00:19:23.740 --> 00:19:29.660 God is not some crooked judge that can be bribed or who can just sweep our sin under the rug. 00:19:30.319 --> 00:19:36.340 No, Psalm 7 verse 11 tells us that God is a righteous judge who feels indignation every day. 00:19:36.339 --> 00:19:41.139 Because God is consistently opposed to evil with every fiber in his being. 00:19:42.579 --> 00:19:46.779 And there's nowhere for us to hide from this God who knows and sees all. 00:19:48.019 --> 00:19:49.799 But the joyous news is this. 00:19:50.559 --> 00:19:55.480 That while we were dead in our sin, in his great love, the Father sent his son Jesus, 00:19:56.059 --> 00:19:59.179 fully God and fully man, to rescue his people. 00:19:59.180 --> 00:20:03.340 Jesus lived a perfect life, never sinning. 00:20:03.759 --> 00:20:08.039 And willingly went to a cross to take on the wrath of God as a substitute in our place. 00:20:08.880 --> 00:20:11.500 And God poured out his wrath on Jesus that we deserved. 00:20:12.500 --> 00:20:14.720 And on the third day, Jesus rose from the dead, 00:20:14.779 --> 00:20:18.759 showing that his sacrifice was acceptable to the Father. 00:20:19.120 --> 00:20:22.180 And that every last drop of God's wrath had been exhausted. 00:20:23.120 --> 00:20:27.799 And God now commands everyone everywhere to turn from their sins and trust in Christ alone. 00:20:27.799 --> 00:20:30.220 And we are born again to a new life. 00:20:30.980 --> 00:20:33.440 We become new creations. 00:20:34.639 --> 00:20:35.099 Isn't that glorious? 00:20:35.460 --> 00:20:39.700 We are brought into the church as a new people of God, adopted as sons and daughters. 00:20:40.680 --> 00:20:43.879 And one day, his redeemed people will joyously dwell with Christ forever. 00:20:44.859 --> 00:20:46.659 And that's the glorious good news of the gospel. 00:20:47.200 --> 00:20:50.619 And this is the story that every book from Genesis to Revelation testifies to. 00:20:51.460 --> 00:20:55.659 As Jesus said, the Christ should suffer in a third day rise from the dead. 00:20:55.660 --> 00:20:59.940 And repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations. 00:21:01.620 --> 00:21:07.240 Now, some people would have a major objection to reading the Bible this way. 00:21:08.019 --> 00:21:13.920 Some will focus on the text as individual documents and divorce them from the rest of the storyline of Scripture. 00:21:13.920 --> 00:21:19.160 So, if you've ever read some of the historical critical method scholars, they will do just this. 00:21:19.680 --> 00:21:24.500 If you've taken a Bible class in a university, maybe in your undergrad years, you may have done this. 00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:27.480 Some of these critical scholars don't care what's in the canon. 00:21:27.940 --> 00:21:32.440 They pull a text apart and claim it was written by multiple sources, written at different times for different purposes, 00:21:33.100 --> 00:21:35.640 with no coherent story unifying them all. 00:21:36.279 --> 00:21:38.840 Now, I'm not saying there's no place for the historical critical method. 00:21:39.039 --> 00:21:39.900 I'm not saying that at all. 00:21:39.900 --> 00:21:45.560 I mean, certain books in the Bible were certainly written by multiple people at different times, such as Proverbs and Psalms. 00:21:46.420 --> 00:21:50.700 Nonetheless, there are some in this field who would deny the Bible as telling one single coherent story. 00:21:51.580 --> 00:21:57.340 So, in doing biblical theology, reading the Bible the way the apostles read the Bible, 00:21:57.420 --> 00:21:59.560 we must make certain assumptions about the Bible. 00:22:00.340 --> 00:22:02.200 So, I'm going to put our cards on the table here. 00:22:02.440 --> 00:22:06.360 And there are at least four assumptions you have to have about the Bible to do biblical theology. 00:22:06.359 --> 00:22:09.219 And the first assumption is this. 00:22:09.759 --> 00:22:11.079 There is one author. 00:22:11.679 --> 00:22:12.859 There is one author. 00:22:13.319 --> 00:22:17.959 There are 66 books of the Bible, but ultimately, there is only one author. 00:22:18.679 --> 00:22:23.399 There is one primary author, that is God himself, who speaks through his spirit, 00:22:23.839 --> 00:22:26.000 working and speaking to people from beginning to end. 00:22:26.879 --> 00:22:32.619 But, biblical theology recognizes there are unique circumstances and unique personalities 00:22:32.619 --> 00:22:36.159 of these authors coming together to form part of this organic unity. 00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:40.879 So, it is both true that there are multiple authors and one author at the same time. 00:22:41.679 --> 00:22:44.079 The Bible really is the manifold wisdom of God. 00:22:45.799 --> 00:22:48.719 Second, it is progressive revelation. 00:22:49.019 --> 00:22:50.979 It is progressive revelation. 00:22:51.579 --> 00:22:52.579 What does this mean? 00:22:52.579 --> 00:22:57.419 The Bible is special revelation about himself and his plans to his people. 00:22:57.679 --> 00:22:59.579 But God has not done this all at once. 00:23:00.139 --> 00:23:00.259 Right? 00:23:00.339 --> 00:23:03.179 He has done this progressively or in different stages. 00:23:03.960 --> 00:23:05.899 So, imagine a light dimmer in a room. 00:23:06.639 --> 00:23:10.539 It begins dimly, but then the light gets brighter as you keep turning the knob. 00:23:11.059 --> 00:23:12.720 And this is similar to how the Bible works. 00:23:13.279 --> 00:23:16.500 We know more about God now than the days of the Old Testament. 00:23:17.019 --> 00:23:19.439 And the opening lines of Hebrews makes this very point. 00:23:19.440 --> 00:23:20.500 It says, 00:23:20.500 --> 00:23:20.519 It says, 00:23:20.600 --> 00:23:45.680 So, Jesus tells us more about the nature of God than the entire Old Testament combined. 00:23:46.500 --> 00:23:48.960 Jesus is the exact image of God's nature. 00:23:49.440 --> 00:23:50.080 Jesus said, 00:23:50.200 --> 00:23:52.039 If you've seen me, you've seen the Father. 00:23:52.740 --> 00:23:54.120 Now, Jesus isn't the Father himself. 00:23:54.740 --> 00:23:56.360 But he has the exact imprint of his nature. 00:23:57.360 --> 00:23:57.559 Right? 00:23:57.580 --> 00:24:00.059 We can better see God now than the saints in the Old Testament did. 00:24:00.759 --> 00:24:01.960 That's progressive revelation. 00:24:02.680 --> 00:24:08.500 Or another example of progressive revelation is look at Job's statement in Job chapter 9, verse 33, a well-known verse. 00:24:09.200 --> 00:24:09.900 Job said this, 00:24:10.279 --> 00:24:15.460 For God is not a man as I am that I might answer him, that we should come to trial together. 00:24:15.460 --> 00:24:19.180 There is no mediator between us who might lay his hands on us both. 00:24:19.180 --> 00:24:26.980 If you think about it, it seems like Job is denying there's a mediator between us and God, who can bring us before God to plead our cause. 00:24:27.700 --> 00:24:36.200 We want to tell him, actually, Job, there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus, as 1 Timothy 2.15 says. 00:24:36.200 --> 00:24:48.640 Jesus is our one mediator, mediating for us at the cross by taking on God's wrath for us, but also laying a sympathetic hand on us in our suffering, because Jesus himself suffered. 00:24:49.120 --> 00:24:51.720 That's what Job really wanted, but he didn't know that. 00:24:52.519 --> 00:24:56.319 There are hints about this in the Old Testament, but it doesn't become clear until Jesus comes. 00:24:57.080 --> 00:24:59.920 So we need to keep progressive revelation in mind as we read the Bible. 00:24:59.920 --> 00:25:13.140 Third assumption, although there is a unity of a single story, so recognizing the diversity of biblical text, we realize the Bible, the books of the Bible were written for different reasons, with different authors, using different terminology. 00:25:14.259 --> 00:25:18.259 So some examples of some of that in the Bible. 00:25:18.600 --> 00:25:25.560 The Gospel of John, that we just preached through here at Trinity, was written to help us to know and believe in Jesus as the Christ. 00:25:25.860 --> 00:25:26.680 John tells us that. 00:25:26.680 --> 00:25:34.200 While the book of Hebrews is emphasizing not falling away by looking over our shoulders and going back into our former manner of life. 00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.100 It seems like the audience of Hebrews were dealing with a lot of guilt. 00:25:40.200 --> 00:25:47.980 If you recall, the author keeps exhorting them to draw near in confidence, with full assurance since Christ cleanses us from a guilty conscience. 00:25:49.740 --> 00:25:54.900 In contrast, the book of Exodus proclaims a God that saves his people. 00:25:54.900 --> 00:26:04.540 Exodus describes a God who is utterly holy, powerful to save, perfectly faithful, unrelenting in justice, and abounding in compassion. 00:26:05.380 --> 00:26:08.880 God tells the people in Exodus, you cannot see my face and live. 00:26:09.759 --> 00:26:14.660 And even in that statement, Exodus wants to bring us face to face with this God in the text. 00:26:15.180 --> 00:26:19.540 An unrivaled, majestic God who saves his people and shatters his enemies. 00:26:19.539 --> 00:26:28.200 And the book of Leviticus, let's talk about the book of Leviticus, is teaching us that we are sinful and God is holy. 00:26:28.859 --> 00:26:31.740 And how are we to relate to God in light of that reality? 00:26:32.819 --> 00:26:36.440 The book of Leviticus is located at the center of the Pentateuch. 00:26:36.879 --> 00:26:38.839 The very center of the first five books of the Bible. 00:26:39.819 --> 00:26:45.299 And if you look at Leviticus in its literary context, it's written in a very specific pattern called a chiasm. 00:26:45.299 --> 00:26:53.480 Like opening a Russian egg, a chiasm means to point the reader to the very center where both sides meet. 00:26:54.839 --> 00:26:58.940 And at the very center of Leviticus, which is the center of the entire Pentateuch, 00:26:59.619 --> 00:27:02.319 God institutes the Day of Atonement. 00:27:03.319 --> 00:27:04.519 Yom Kippur for Israel. 00:27:04.519 --> 00:27:14.740 So this is the day where the appointed high priest would enter into the Holy of Holies once a year to sprinkle blood over the mercy seat. 00:27:15.859 --> 00:27:22.359 And as Hebrews tells us, the fact that this had to be repeated every single year signals to us that it wasn't a final solution to sin. 00:27:22.960 --> 00:27:25.079 A greater sacrifice would need to come. 00:27:25.839 --> 00:27:33.220 So at the center of the Pentateuch, God is teaching his people that a greater sacrifice would need to be made to solve the problem of sin. 00:27:33.220 --> 00:27:35.559 Two more. 00:27:35.759 --> 00:27:42.920 Colossians tells us that Christ is not just prominent, he is preeminent in the church, in our walk as Christians, in our growth. 00:27:43.860 --> 00:27:46.759 And Jude was written to combat false teaching in the church. 00:27:47.480 --> 00:27:50.059 So we could list more examples, but you get the point, right? 00:27:50.640 --> 00:27:54.839 There's a diversity and a unity at the same time within the books of the Bible. 00:27:54.839 --> 00:28:04.119 Another thing about this idea of diversity, the diversity of biblical texts also means the authors use different terminology. 00:28:05.319 --> 00:28:08.419 So, in other words, they may use the same words, but in different ways. 00:28:09.819 --> 00:28:13.119 In biblical theology, we'll let each part of Scripture speak with their own voice. 00:28:13.480 --> 00:28:17.819 And we'll work to see how those voices fit into the overall choir of the message of Scripture. 00:28:17.819 --> 00:28:23.779 For example, Paul will use the term called differently than Jesus did. 00:28:24.779 --> 00:28:28.419 When Paul uses the term called, that means you are saved. 00:28:29.119 --> 00:28:31.259 What theologians will call the effectual call. 00:28:32.599 --> 00:28:35.279 So Paul in 1 Corinthians 1 says this, 00:28:35.279 --> 00:28:51.980 So if you are called, the message of Christ crucified, the gospel, is the power of God. 00:28:52.440 --> 00:28:56.180 If you are not called, then the gospel is foolishness and a stumbling block. 00:28:56.720 --> 00:28:58.920 Or think about Romans 8.28. Paul says this, 00:28:58.920 --> 00:29:09.680 Compare that to Jesus' use of the term called. 00:29:10.259 --> 00:29:11.800 For many are called, but few are chosen. 00:29:12.600 --> 00:29:13.440 Matthew 22. 00:29:14.320 --> 00:29:16.860 So theologians will call that the general call. 00:29:17.560 --> 00:29:20.060 So Paul is using a word with a very technical meaning, 00:29:20.460 --> 00:29:22.320 differently than the general call in the book of Matthew. 00:29:23.060 --> 00:29:26.240 So biblical theology lets different parts of Scripture speak with their own voice. 00:29:26.240 --> 00:29:29.819 And lastly, there are different genres of Scripture. 00:29:30.759 --> 00:29:33.539 And like I said, God did not give us a systematic theology. 00:29:34.240 --> 00:29:36.259 Instead, the Scriptures contain historical narratives, 00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:41.299 apocalyptic literature, prophecy, poetry, wisdom literature, epistles, parables. 00:29:42.019 --> 00:29:46.319 So you don't read a poem or a comic strip the same way you read a biography of George Washington. 00:29:46.900 --> 00:29:51.059 Likewise, you don't read the Song of Solomon the same way you read Paul's letter to the Romans. 00:29:52.019 --> 00:29:52.380 Right? 00:29:52.700 --> 00:29:53.900 We understand that. 00:29:53.900 --> 00:29:56.720 And each genre really deserves its own Sunday school class. 00:29:57.220 --> 00:30:02.040 But our takeaway here is that the Bible is incredibly diverse and must be read on its own terms. 00:30:02.580 --> 00:30:06.340 But each part testifies to one primary glorious end, Christ and Him crucified. 00:30:07.540 --> 00:30:10.600 So these are some things we must make when doing biblical theology. 00:30:10.759 --> 00:30:13.720 There is one author, progressive revelation, 00:30:14.860 --> 00:30:16.700 a unity and diversity of biblical texts, 00:30:17.160 --> 00:30:17.980 and centered on Christ. 00:30:17.980 --> 00:30:22.700 So let's talk about how to do biblical theology. 00:30:23.299 --> 00:30:24.839 How to do biblical theology. 00:30:25.120 --> 00:30:26.799 What tools do we need to do this? 00:30:27.059 --> 00:30:29.200 Well, the first tool, 00:30:29.480 --> 00:30:32.360 the first tool is exegesis or exposition. 00:30:32.839 --> 00:30:35.440 You may have heard of that word, exegesis or exposition. 00:30:36.519 --> 00:30:40.200 Biblical theology prizes literary and historical context. 00:30:40.200 --> 00:30:50.580 That means the reader must be careful interpreting each text by analyzing what the human and what the divine author intended to communicate. 00:30:50.960 --> 00:30:57.039 So in some ways, the emphasis in exposition is what the human author intended to communicate to its audience. 00:30:57.580 --> 00:30:59.720 So this is called the grammatical historical method. 00:30:59.720 --> 00:31:07.779 And so reading a text without the grammatical historical method is like listening to a baseball game without understanding the rules of baseball. 00:31:08.640 --> 00:31:12.620 You know, it makes little sense to how the game is unfolding if you don't understand the rules of baseball. 00:31:13.700 --> 00:31:18.240 And likewise, we need the grammatical historical method to understand how the Bible is speaking to its audience. 00:31:19.339 --> 00:31:23.380 One classic example of how not to read the Bible is that you should not do this. 00:31:24.039 --> 00:31:28.420 Imagine a person who never read the Bible before flipped to Matthew 27, verse 5. 00:31:28.420 --> 00:31:32.340 Matthew said of Judas, the man who had betrayed Jesus for money, 00:31:33.060 --> 00:31:38.480 that he, that is Judas, threw down the pieces of silver in the temple and departed and went and hanged himself. 00:31:39.779 --> 00:31:43.480 Then imagine this person turned to Luke 10 where Jesus said, go and do likewise. 00:31:44.660 --> 00:31:45.580 So, Judas. 00:31:46.440 --> 00:31:48.220 We would never read the Bible like that, right? 00:31:48.860 --> 00:31:51.940 Are we to conclude that Jesus wants us to throw down our money and hang ourselves? 00:31:52.120 --> 00:31:53.240 Of course not. That's ridiculous. 00:31:54.460 --> 00:31:57.840 We understand when interpreting the Bible, context is key. 00:31:58.419 --> 00:32:03.539 As D.A. Carson once said, a text without a context is a pretext to a proof text. 00:32:03.939 --> 00:32:09.000 So we don't want to be pulling out verses out of context to try and prove something in the Bible. 00:32:09.699 --> 00:32:12.240 We want to read each verse in its proper context. 00:32:12.939 --> 00:32:14.439 So to do this, we ask ourselves questions. 00:32:14.839 --> 00:32:16.480 Like, how are these sentences connected? 00:32:16.480 --> 00:32:18.200 What does this paragraph mean? 00:32:18.700 --> 00:32:21.120 What's the general flow of the argument to this point? 00:32:21.579 --> 00:32:25.420 Is the author using a specific word with a technical meaning that I should be aware of? 00:32:26.220 --> 00:32:30.539 And behind the text are a number of additional questions about the historical context. 00:32:30.539 --> 00:32:33.819 Is there a cultural context that we should be aware of? 00:32:34.399 --> 00:32:37.940 So the beliefs of the Pharisees or Sadducees within the Second Temple Judaism. 00:32:38.639 --> 00:32:42.039 Are there issues of history or geography that shed light on the meaning? 00:32:42.619 --> 00:32:46.480 The dealings between the Jews and Samaritans in the parable of the Good Samaritan. 00:32:47.079 --> 00:32:49.039 What literary genre is this? 00:32:49.039 --> 00:32:53.559 So the first and most important step in biblical theology is exposition. 00:32:54.639 --> 00:33:00.599 The second tool is examining a text within the storyline of the scripture. 00:33:01.539 --> 00:33:04.759 And this examines a text in view of the entire plot of the Bible. 00:33:05.599 --> 00:33:07.299 So our God is the Lord of history, right? 00:33:07.599 --> 00:33:12.079 And God sent forth his Son at a specific defined point in history. 00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:14.720 And 1 Peter 1.10 says this. 00:33:14.720 --> 00:33:15.539 It says, 00:33:15.539 --> 00:33:35.740 So this means the Spirit was moving the prophets to proclaim messages of future grace 00:33:35.740 --> 00:33:39.899 through the suffering of this Messiah, this Christ who would come. 00:33:40.220 --> 00:33:43.619 And the prophets and even the angels, as 1 Peter says, 00:33:43.619 --> 00:33:45.479 long to see what we see. 00:33:45.939 --> 00:33:49.839 The prophets long to see how God would fulfill these promises of future grace 00:33:49.839 --> 00:33:52.239 through the sufferings and glories of this Messiah. 00:33:53.059 --> 00:33:56.579 So we can view a text in light of the overall plot 00:33:56.579 --> 00:33:59.099 that finds its climax in Christ. 00:33:59.819 --> 00:34:02.159 So of course we can't expect to do this unless we understand 00:34:02.159 --> 00:34:05.739 the way the Old Testament functions as a part of the Bible. 00:34:06.059 --> 00:34:08.259 So we have to understand the sweep of Old Testament history. 00:34:08.260 --> 00:34:11.740 So the timeline in the handout in the back there, 00:34:11.900 --> 00:34:16.860 I found to be a helpful illustration of a Google Earth view of Old Testament history. 00:34:18.460 --> 00:34:21.880 So if you look at that, it talks about the narratives, the major events, 00:34:21.920 --> 00:34:27.660 and just like a little chart that kind of shows the history of Israel 00:34:27.660 --> 00:34:28.900 from like a macro perspective. 00:34:29.340 --> 00:34:30.260 I thought it was helpful. 00:34:30.260 --> 00:34:34.180 So that's the storyline tool when reading the Bible. 00:34:35.040 --> 00:34:40.460 The third tool after the plot is looking at promises or prophecies. 00:34:41.360 --> 00:34:45.340 So Mark Dever once said the entire Old Testament can be summed up in two words, 00:34:45.780 --> 00:34:46.820 promises made. 00:34:47.820 --> 00:34:50.140 And the New Testament can be summed up as promises kept. 00:34:50.900 --> 00:34:53.820 So God made that first gospel promise of a Savior 00:34:53.820 --> 00:34:57.720 that will crush the serpent in the opening chapters of Genesis. 00:34:57.719 --> 00:35:00.539 Or think about the promise God gave to Abraham 00:35:00.539 --> 00:35:03.399 to provide an offspring that would bless the entire world. 00:35:04.339 --> 00:35:07.019 So to orient ourselves in the storyline of the Scriptures, 00:35:07.480 --> 00:35:09.299 when we see a promise that's made, 00:35:09.419 --> 00:35:11.759 we want to ask ourselves, how does God keep that promise? 00:35:12.519 --> 00:35:15.319 And you know, some promises we are still waiting for God to keep. 00:35:16.139 --> 00:35:19.019 And believing in those promises requires faith from us as Christians. 00:35:19.639 --> 00:35:22.239 And faith comes by hearing and trusting in God's promises. 00:35:22.799 --> 00:35:25.399 So just like our spiritual ancestors in the Old Testament, 00:35:25.839 --> 00:35:27.039 we're living by faith. 00:35:27.039 --> 00:35:27.599 Right? 00:35:27.679 --> 00:35:29.119 Trusting that God keeps his promises. 00:35:30.259 --> 00:35:31.820 So that's the third tool, promises. 00:35:32.980 --> 00:35:37.599 Fourth, fourth is, no, that's the third. 00:35:37.679 --> 00:35:39.500 The third tool, the second tool is promises. 00:35:39.599 --> 00:35:41.320 The third tool is types. 00:35:41.940 --> 00:35:42.279 Types. 00:35:42.699 --> 00:35:47.179 So this might, this is probably where biblical theology 00:35:47.179 --> 00:35:48.420 may have seen this before. 00:35:49.179 --> 00:35:50.360 It's quite unique. 00:35:50.759 --> 00:35:52.759 So a third tool is types. 00:35:52.760 --> 00:35:57.520 The biblical term for this, for types, is shadows. 00:35:58.420 --> 00:36:02.520 So understanding typology is important because if we don't understand this, 00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:06.020 then we won't understand the New Testament's interpretation of the Old. 00:36:06.019 --> 00:36:08.639 So consider what the writer of Hebrews says. 00:36:10.639 --> 00:36:11.840 Hebrews 10, verse 1. 00:36:12.840 --> 00:36:16.619 For instance, the law has but a shadow of the good things to come 00:36:16.619 --> 00:36:19.159 instead of the true form of these realities. 00:36:20.239 --> 00:36:23.960 It can never, by the same sacrifices that are continually offered every year, 00:36:24.360 --> 00:36:26.139 make perfect those who draw near. 00:36:26.139 --> 00:36:31.039 So the author of Hebrews is saying the sacrifices in Leviticus 00:36:31.039 --> 00:36:33.339 was only a shadow or type. 00:36:33.879 --> 00:36:35.940 The real sacrifice is Christ. 00:36:36.699 --> 00:36:39.059 So in biblical theology, the type is often called the shadow. 00:36:39.599 --> 00:36:41.139 The anti-type is the fulfillment. 00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:45.519 So in other words, this shadow, this type, 00:36:45.940 --> 00:36:49.239 was just a symbolic pointing ahead to the reality, 00:36:49.699 --> 00:36:51.059 the real thing, the anti-type. 00:36:51.579 --> 00:36:52.900 So this is platonic language. 00:36:52.900 --> 00:36:55.800 If you're familiar with the Plato's cave story, 00:36:56.360 --> 00:36:59.360 the person sees a shadow on the cave wall, 00:36:59.460 --> 00:37:02.280 but when he leaves the cave, he then sees the reality. 00:37:02.920 --> 00:37:05.380 And the author of Hebrews is drawing upon this idea. 00:37:05.860 --> 00:37:07.660 The shadows are found in the Old Covenant. 00:37:08.240 --> 00:37:10.840 The real thing, the reality, is what we have in the New Covenant. 00:37:11.740 --> 00:37:13.900 That's really what the entire book of Hebrews is about. 00:37:14.460 --> 00:37:18.519 The angels, the law, the priests, the sacrifices, the temple, 00:37:18.860 --> 00:37:20.440 the covenant, the psalms, 00:37:20.440 --> 00:37:23.159 all point toward the reality of Christ. 00:37:23.820 --> 00:37:27.059 So Hebrews is arguing to Jews who are tempted to go back into Judaism, 00:37:27.599 --> 00:37:28.780 when you have the reality, 00:37:29.639 --> 00:37:31.260 why would you go back to the shadow in the cave? 00:37:32.099 --> 00:37:35.300 Like, don't go back into the cave when you have the reality here in Christ. 00:37:35.860 --> 00:37:38.159 So the authors of the New Testament are presenting Jesus 00:37:38.159 --> 00:37:42.139 as the fulfillment of the types or shadows in the Old Testament. 00:37:42.139 --> 00:37:47.779 So how do we recognize typology or shadows when reading the Old Testament? 00:37:48.400 --> 00:37:50.679 There are two basic principles for typology. 00:37:51.480 --> 00:37:53.519 First is historical correspondence. 00:37:54.400 --> 00:37:58.599 That is repetition of words, phrases, themes, and images. 00:37:59.339 --> 00:38:00.500 So historical correspondence. 00:38:01.039 --> 00:38:02.559 Second is escalation. 00:38:03.119 --> 00:38:03.719 Escalation. 00:38:04.079 --> 00:38:07.019 Where these images are intensifying as the Bible progresses. 00:38:07.019 --> 00:38:13.019 So in thinking about these principles of historical correspondence and escalation, 00:38:13.800 --> 00:38:16.679 if God's revelation is centered on the person of Jesus Christ, 00:38:17.239 --> 00:38:18.900 and our God is the Lord of history, 00:38:19.539 --> 00:38:25.139 then we would expect signposts within the Old Testament 00:38:25.139 --> 00:38:28.280 that point us to Jesus and the cross. 00:38:28.739 --> 00:38:29.719 They point us ahead. 00:38:29.719 --> 00:38:32.659 And we should expect these signposts, 00:38:32.899 --> 00:38:33.759 these repetitions, 00:38:33.899 --> 00:38:35.500 to continue and intensify 00:38:35.500 --> 00:38:39.199 as redemptive history drew near to the time of Jesus' coming, 00:38:39.299 --> 00:38:39.859 the escalation. 00:38:40.599 --> 00:38:41.599 So in the purpose of God, 00:38:41.699 --> 00:38:43.519 he provides us preparatory shadows, 00:38:43.719 --> 00:38:46.279 the real saving events in the Old Testament. 00:38:47.639 --> 00:38:48.919 So having said that, 00:38:49.359 --> 00:38:50.899 typology is dangerous ground. 00:38:51.419 --> 00:38:52.179 It is dangerous ground. 00:38:52.500 --> 00:38:53.839 You can begin to see things everywhere. 00:38:54.279 --> 00:38:55.959 We don't want to be playing a game of Twister 00:38:55.959 --> 00:38:56.939 while reading the Bible. 00:38:57.459 --> 00:38:59.439 I don't know if you guys ever played Twister when you were younger. 00:38:59.840 --> 00:39:01.740 So we don't want to do that when we're reading the Bible. 00:39:02.300 --> 00:39:03.039 So for instance, 00:39:03.559 --> 00:39:06.900 imagine someone is reading the account of David's defeat of Goliath. 00:39:07.800 --> 00:39:12.639 David took five smooth stones to fight Goliath. 00:39:13.119 --> 00:39:15.000 The interpreter of these five stones says, 00:39:15.099 --> 00:39:16.480 in order to defeat your Goliath, Christian, 00:39:17.280 --> 00:39:19.800 you need the five smooth stones of faith, 00:39:20.539 --> 00:39:22.920 hope, love, strength, 00:39:23.360 --> 00:39:25.340 and maybe an emergency fund in case things go wrong. 00:39:26.079 --> 00:39:27.420 No, says the Calvinist, 00:39:27.420 --> 00:39:30.200 the five smooth stones are the five points of Calvinism, 00:39:30.340 --> 00:39:30.740 obviously. 00:39:31.400 --> 00:39:32.119 Someone else says, 00:39:32.180 --> 00:39:32.639 no, no, no, no. 00:39:33.039 --> 00:39:35.180 The five stones are the five sides of the Pentagon, 00:39:35.720 --> 00:39:37.260 and we need a strong national defense 00:39:37.260 --> 00:39:39.039 to defeat America's Goliath. 00:39:39.639 --> 00:39:40.180 It's like, 00:39:40.179 --> 00:39:43.919 you see the problem there, right? 00:39:44.919 --> 00:39:46.839 It seems pretty arbitrary, doesn't it? 00:39:46.919 --> 00:39:49.579 The person who's interpreting the five smooth stones 00:39:49.579 --> 00:39:51.699 is just inventing meaning out of thin air, 00:39:51.980 --> 00:39:53.799 like making it say whatever he wants it to say. 00:39:54.579 --> 00:39:55.639 So in modern lingo, 00:39:56.279 --> 00:39:59.379 some will say this person is sliding into allegory, 00:40:00.719 --> 00:40:02.399 which is longer discussion coming up ahead, 00:40:02.480 --> 00:40:04.759 which is shorthand to say there's no textual warrant 00:40:04.759 --> 00:40:05.579 for that interpretation. 00:40:05.579 --> 00:40:06.840 So as you might know, 00:40:07.079 --> 00:40:08.840 allegories are just stories 00:40:08.840 --> 00:40:11.360 that have a deeper spiritual meaning behind them. 00:40:11.639 --> 00:40:13.619 So think of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress 00:40:13.619 --> 00:40:15.639 or Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia. 00:40:16.380 --> 00:40:17.179 Those are allegories. 00:40:17.759 --> 00:40:19.340 Should we read the Bible like that? 00:40:20.340 --> 00:40:22.779 Is there a spiritual meaning behind the text? 00:40:23.699 --> 00:40:26.460 And so this conversation of allegories 00:40:26.460 --> 00:40:27.900 is a hard topic to talk about, 00:40:28.079 --> 00:40:29.819 and there is a few reasons for this. 00:40:30.360 --> 00:40:31.639 Typology versus allegory. 00:40:31.639 --> 00:40:35.900 First, there's a stigma attached to allegories nowadays. 00:40:36.599 --> 00:40:38.900 So even saying the word draws suspicion from people. 00:40:39.859 --> 00:40:41.739 People mean different things when they say allegory. 00:40:42.339 --> 00:40:44.440 Some may be referencing typology or parables. 00:40:44.980 --> 00:40:46.920 Others might be referencing something else entirely. 00:40:47.480 --> 00:40:49.920 So you can have two people kind of talking past each other 00:40:49.920 --> 00:40:51.739 when they talk about the appropriateness 00:40:51.739 --> 00:40:52.739 of allegories in the Bible. 00:40:55.420 --> 00:40:57.779 Second, this is a debate about the use of allegory 00:40:57.779 --> 00:40:59.139 that goes back thousands of years. 00:40:59.139 --> 00:41:02.179 So men like Origen, Augustine, Athanasius 00:41:02.179 --> 00:41:03.940 employed lots of allegory in their writing, 00:41:04.500 --> 00:41:06.000 the type that people today would criticize. 00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:08.019 So two examples. 00:41:08.619 --> 00:41:11.739 First, Algorisks interpreted the scarlet cord 00:41:11.739 --> 00:41:13.679 that Rahab was told to hold, 00:41:13.839 --> 00:41:15.819 to hang from her window in Joshua 00:41:15.819 --> 00:41:19.739 as the blood of Christ flowing down Calvary. 00:41:20.299 --> 00:41:22.440 Or another is Augustine interpreting 00:41:22.440 --> 00:41:23.639 the parable of the Good Samaritan. 00:41:24.059 --> 00:41:25.319 In this way, allegorically, 00:41:25.599 --> 00:41:27.619 the man going down and attacked was Adam. 00:41:27.619 --> 00:41:29.719 The Good Samaritan is Jesus. 00:41:30.359 --> 00:41:32.980 The priest that passes by and refuses to help is the law. 00:41:34.179 --> 00:41:37.299 The inn is a church where two denarii are paid, 00:41:37.500 --> 00:41:39.199 the promise of this life and the life to come. 00:41:39.299 --> 00:41:40.460 And the innkeeper is Paul. 00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:44.279 And so many theologians would say 00:41:44.279 --> 00:41:47.000 that these men are not interpreting 00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:48.559 the natural meaning of the passages. 00:41:49.359 --> 00:41:50.739 Did the authors intend that meaning? 00:41:51.539 --> 00:41:53.259 I would say this is probably the majority view 00:41:53.260 --> 00:41:56.640 and conservative biblical scholars would say this. 00:41:56.940 --> 00:41:59.520 However, however, I want to defend these men. 00:42:00.140 --> 00:42:02.580 I think it would be unfair to say the early church 00:42:02.580 --> 00:42:04.380 just invented meaning out of nowhere 00:42:04.380 --> 00:42:06.100 without rhyme or reason. 00:42:06.840 --> 00:42:08.940 So I think these men would argue 00:42:08.940 --> 00:42:11.200 they weren't departing from the author's intent, 00:42:11.680 --> 00:42:13.280 but were being loyal to the principle 00:42:13.280 --> 00:42:16.180 that Christ was to be found in every passage. 00:42:16.179 --> 00:42:19.139 So if we could ask Augustine, if we was here, 00:42:19.279 --> 00:42:20.639 like, brother, do you actually think 00:42:20.639 --> 00:42:22.179 Jesus meant for us to understand 00:42:22.179 --> 00:42:23.699 that Paul is the innkeeper 00:42:23.699 --> 00:42:25.000 in the parable of the Good Samaritan? 00:42:26.099 --> 00:42:27.379 Did he mean that? 00:42:27.839 --> 00:42:29.440 I think he would probably say no. 00:42:30.019 --> 00:42:30.359 No. 00:42:30.659 --> 00:42:31.839 But it's a good illustration 00:42:31.839 --> 00:42:33.239 to help people understand 00:42:33.239 --> 00:42:34.579 certain spiritual realities. 00:42:35.619 --> 00:42:37.539 So, namely, the supremacy of Christ 00:42:37.539 --> 00:42:39.159 and salvation as the Good Samaritan, 00:42:39.239 --> 00:42:40.419 but also the importance of the church 00:42:40.420 --> 00:42:44.760 as the man was brought to be cared for there. 00:42:46.400 --> 00:42:50.039 And, in fact, when you read someone like John Calvin, 00:42:50.579 --> 00:42:53.519 who frequently derides the use of allegories, 00:42:54.079 --> 00:42:56.519 while frequently actually allegorizing himself 00:42:56.519 --> 00:42:57.420 to illustrate something, 00:42:58.019 --> 00:42:59.420 and Spurgeon does the very same thing. 00:43:00.280 --> 00:43:02.500 So I want to say that there, 00:43:03.320 --> 00:43:05.539 I think both sides agree 00:43:05.539 --> 00:43:07.720 that there is abuse of allegory, 00:43:08.420 --> 00:43:10.280 like the Five Stones example. 00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:12.820 Where there doesn't seem to be 00:43:12.820 --> 00:43:14.659 any spiritual value or reason 00:43:14.659 --> 00:43:16.900 to how they're interpreting the text. 00:43:17.460 --> 00:43:19.180 And I think allegories can be very useful 00:43:19.180 --> 00:43:20.680 in interpreting things for people. 00:43:22.079 --> 00:43:23.260 So, having said that, 00:43:23.760 --> 00:43:25.619 2 Timothy reminds us that Christians 00:43:25.619 --> 00:43:27.760 need to rightly handle the word of truth. 00:43:28.320 --> 00:43:29.579 So we need to proceed with caution. 00:43:29.680 --> 00:43:31.260 Be very careful if you're tempted 00:43:31.260 --> 00:43:33.200 to allegorize something in the Bible. 00:43:33.320 --> 00:43:34.680 Maybe consult some commentaries. 00:43:34.679 --> 00:43:36.279 See if there's... 00:43:37.279 --> 00:43:38.279 That's been... 00:43:38.279 --> 00:43:40.980 That's been said before. 00:43:41.759 --> 00:43:44.699 So how do we accurately point out that shadow, 00:43:44.819 --> 00:43:45.919 that type of the Old Testament, 00:43:46.259 --> 00:43:47.559 without twisting the meaning? 00:43:47.559 --> 00:43:51.320 The safest ground to establishing a type 00:43:51.320 --> 00:43:54.119 is rooted in the biblical text itself. 00:43:54.920 --> 00:43:55.679 So in the New Testament, 00:43:55.900 --> 00:43:57.860 Jesus is referred to as the second Adam, 00:43:58.619 --> 00:43:59.480 Abraham's seed, 00:43:59.980 --> 00:44:00.759 the new Israel, 00:44:01.199 --> 00:44:02.360 David's greater son, 00:44:03.079 --> 00:44:03.539 the Exodus, 00:44:04.199 --> 00:44:04.719 the Lamb, 00:44:05.059 --> 00:44:05.880 the Lord of the Sabbath, 00:44:06.199 --> 00:44:06.799 the Good Shepherd, 00:44:07.219 --> 00:44:08.239 the rock struck by Moses, 00:44:08.340 --> 00:44:08.960 and so on. 00:44:09.279 --> 00:44:10.559 So if we're reading the Old Testament, 00:44:10.559 --> 00:44:12.360 we are in safe ground 00:44:12.360 --> 00:44:13.239 by seeing that Christ 00:44:13.239 --> 00:44:14.619 is the fulfillment of these texts 00:44:14.619 --> 00:44:15.259 in the Old Testament. 00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:17.360 However, I would argue 00:44:17.360 --> 00:44:18.980 more typologies exist 00:44:18.980 --> 00:44:20.179 than what's explicitly quoted 00:44:20.179 --> 00:44:21.259 in the New Testament 00:44:21.259 --> 00:44:22.980 because the New Testament 00:44:22.980 --> 00:44:24.039 doesn't quote every single 00:44:24.039 --> 00:44:25.000 Old Testament passage. 00:44:25.840 --> 00:44:26.579 So in these cases, 00:44:26.759 --> 00:44:27.880 typology must be based 00:44:27.880 --> 00:44:29.500 on actual historical correspondence 00:44:29.500 --> 00:44:32.279 by recognizing repetitions of words, 00:44:32.440 --> 00:44:33.480 phrases, themes, and images, 00:44:33.799 --> 00:44:35.440 and to establish a typology, 00:44:35.599 --> 00:44:37.159 you search for the inner biblical connections 00:44:37.159 --> 00:44:37.759 that are there. 00:44:38.279 --> 00:44:39.059 So you're kind of seeing 00:44:39.059 --> 00:44:40.420 how they're paralleling each other. 00:44:41.219 --> 00:44:42.559 So we have to avoid 00:44:42.559 --> 00:44:44.000 arbitrary connections 00:44:44.000 --> 00:44:45.059 in order to read the Scripture 00:44:45.059 --> 00:44:46.480 on its own terms. 00:44:46.980 --> 00:44:49.099 So this leads us to the last tool. 00:44:49.340 --> 00:44:50.420 The last tool is 00:44:50.420 --> 00:44:53.099 continuity and discontinuity. 00:44:53.299 --> 00:44:54.219 It's exciting stuff. 00:44:54.779 --> 00:44:56.219 Continuity and discontinuity. 00:44:56.759 --> 00:44:57.739 The last tool, 00:44:59.059 --> 00:45:00.139 continuity and discontinuity, 00:45:00.259 --> 00:45:01.940 this refers to how the Old 00:45:01.940 --> 00:45:03.159 and New Testament relate 00:45:03.159 --> 00:45:03.920 to one another. 00:45:04.719 --> 00:45:06.860 So if you see a lot of discontinuity 00:45:06.860 --> 00:45:08.099 between the Old and New Testament, 00:45:08.619 --> 00:45:10.380 then you tend toward 00:45:10.380 --> 00:45:11.640 dispensationalism 00:45:11.640 --> 00:45:13.099 in your interpretation 00:45:13.099 --> 00:45:13.640 of the Bible. 00:45:15.160 --> 00:45:15.599 Dispensationalism 00:45:15.599 --> 00:45:17.059 sees different plans 00:45:17.059 --> 00:45:18.519 based on the time period 00:45:18.519 --> 00:45:19.760 by which God related 00:45:19.760 --> 00:45:20.320 to his people. 00:45:21.119 --> 00:45:22.059 On the other hand, 00:45:22.160 --> 00:45:23.480 if you see a lot of continuity, 00:45:23.900 --> 00:45:25.380 this is called covenant theology. 00:45:25.940 --> 00:45:27.440 So the Westminster Catechism 00:45:27.440 --> 00:45:29.000 is a classic example 00:45:29.000 --> 00:45:30.260 of covenant theology. 00:45:31.039 --> 00:45:31.880 If you Google 00:45:31.880 --> 00:45:33.400 Dallas Theological Seminary 00:45:33.400 --> 00:45:34.300 doctrinal statement, 00:45:34.460 --> 00:45:35.380 that's the classic restatement 00:45:35.380 --> 00:45:37.180 restatement of dispensationalist 00:45:37.180 --> 00:45:37.579 theology. 00:45:38.500 --> 00:45:39.519 So where people often 00:45:39.519 --> 00:45:40.300 find themselves 00:45:40.300 --> 00:45:41.180 on this spectrum 00:45:41.180 --> 00:45:42.519 comes up in discussions 00:45:42.519 --> 00:45:43.840 of how Israel 00:45:43.840 --> 00:45:44.559 in the Old Covenant 00:45:44.559 --> 00:45:45.940 relates to the Church 00:45:45.940 --> 00:45:46.619 in the New Covenant. 00:45:48.680 --> 00:45:49.160 Dispensationalists, 00:45:49.260 --> 00:45:49.740 in essence, 00:45:50.019 --> 00:45:51.220 believe that God's program 00:45:51.220 --> 00:45:51.800 for Israel 00:45:51.800 --> 00:45:52.539 and the Church 00:45:52.539 --> 00:45:53.780 are entirely different. 00:45:54.440 --> 00:45:56.079 There's complete discontinuity 00:45:56.079 --> 00:45:57.140 between the age 00:45:57.140 --> 00:45:58.099 of the Church 00:45:58.099 --> 00:45:59.039 and the nation of Israel. 00:45:59.619 --> 00:46:00.500 So biblical history 00:46:00.500 --> 00:46:01.260 is thus divided 00:46:01.260 --> 00:46:02.200 into different periods, 00:46:02.240 --> 00:46:02.740 or in other words, 00:46:02.739 --> 00:46:04.039 there are different dispensations. 00:46:04.779 --> 00:46:06.379 So you see a lot of discontinuity 00:46:06.379 --> 00:46:06.959 within that view. 00:46:07.779 --> 00:46:08.279 In contrast, 00:46:08.739 --> 00:46:10.179 classic covenant theology 00:46:10.179 --> 00:46:11.959 sees a tremendous amount 00:46:11.959 --> 00:46:12.559 of continuity 00:46:12.559 --> 00:46:13.839 between the Old and New Testament. 00:46:14.479 --> 00:46:15.679 So covenant theologians 00:46:15.679 --> 00:46:16.739 see the fulfillment 00:46:16.739 --> 00:46:17.959 of the promises to Israel 00:46:17.959 --> 00:46:18.599 and the person 00:46:18.599 --> 00:46:19.539 and work of Christ. 00:46:20.039 --> 00:46:20.839 And the Church 00:46:20.839 --> 00:46:22.379 is the organic unfolding 00:46:22.379 --> 00:46:24.059 of God's purpose 00:46:24.059 --> 00:46:24.639 for Israel. 00:46:25.219 --> 00:46:25.959 The Church 00:46:25.959 --> 00:46:27.099 doesn't replace Israel, 00:46:27.739 --> 00:46:28.919 but it's the fulfillment 00:46:28.919 --> 00:46:29.939 of God's original purpose 00:46:29.939 --> 00:46:30.599 for Israel. 00:46:31.439 --> 00:46:32.419 So covenant theology 00:46:32.420 --> 00:46:33.159 is associated 00:46:33.159 --> 00:46:34.480 with Reformed theology. 00:46:35.119 --> 00:46:36.380 So you see a lot of continuity 00:46:36.380 --> 00:46:37.180 within that view. 00:46:38.139 --> 00:46:39.119 These are frameworks 00:46:39.119 --> 00:46:40.059 to interpret the Bible. 00:46:40.559 --> 00:46:42.000 So it's not a black and white category, 00:46:42.099 --> 00:46:43.119 it's a spectrum of views. 00:46:43.960 --> 00:46:45.220 So Presbyterians 00:46:45.220 --> 00:46:47.579 are classic covenant theologians. 00:46:48.059 --> 00:46:49.659 And they would see continuity 00:46:49.659 --> 00:46:51.099 between the Old Testament 00:46:51.099 --> 00:46:52.320 ordinance of circumcision 00:46:52.320 --> 00:46:53.860 given to Abraham 00:46:53.860 --> 00:46:56.039 and the New Testament 00:46:56.039 --> 00:46:57.079 practice of baptism. 00:46:58.380 --> 00:46:59.860 Presbyterians baptize infants. 00:46:59.860 --> 00:47:01.180 And they see it 00:47:01.180 --> 00:47:02.039 as a similar practice 00:47:02.039 --> 00:47:03.200 of circumcising infants 00:47:03.200 --> 00:47:03.900 in the Old Testament. 00:47:04.599 --> 00:47:05.760 They're using the biblical tool 00:47:05.760 --> 00:47:06.420 of continuity 00:47:06.420 --> 00:47:08.059 in that discussion. 00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:09.360 Baptists, 00:47:09.440 --> 00:47:09.860 on the other hand, 00:47:09.880 --> 00:47:10.780 are somewhere in the middle. 00:47:11.900 --> 00:47:12.660 Baptists wanted to say, 00:47:12.880 --> 00:47:13.480 yes, continuity, 00:47:13.640 --> 00:47:14.760 but also discontinuity. 00:47:15.400 --> 00:47:15.880 After all, 00:47:15.920 --> 00:47:16.340 the New Covenant 00:47:16.340 --> 00:47:17.860 is better than the Old One. 00:47:18.559 --> 00:47:19.539 Jeremiah says this 00:47:19.539 --> 00:47:20.160 of the New Covenant. 00:47:20.159 --> 00:47:21.359 Behold, 00:47:21.440 --> 00:47:22.319 the days are coming, 00:47:22.539 --> 00:47:23.219 declares the Lord, 00:47:23.519 --> 00:47:24.279 when I will make 00:47:24.279 --> 00:47:25.519 a new covenant 00:47:25.519 --> 00:47:26.379 with the house of Israel 00:47:26.379 --> 00:47:27.159 and the house of Judah, 00:47:27.659 --> 00:47:28.699 not like the covenant 00:47:28.699 --> 00:47:29.739 that I made with their fathers. 00:47:30.119 --> 00:47:30.299 See, 00:47:30.339 --> 00:47:31.099 there's the discontinuity, 00:47:31.259 --> 00:47:32.079 not like the covenant. 00:47:32.679 --> 00:47:33.440 So no longer 00:47:33.440 --> 00:47:34.420 shall I teach one another 00:47:34.420 --> 00:47:35.339 or say to each other, 00:47:35.420 --> 00:47:36.000 know the Lord, 00:47:36.359 --> 00:47:37.619 because they will all know me, 00:47:37.839 --> 00:47:38.799 from the least of them 00:47:38.799 --> 00:47:39.339 to the greatest. 00:47:39.920 --> 00:47:40.739 So in the Old Testament, 00:47:40.920 --> 00:47:41.839 unregenerate people 00:47:41.839 --> 00:47:43.239 could be circumcised, 00:47:43.339 --> 00:47:44.039 where in the New Testament, 00:47:44.639 --> 00:47:45.599 Baptists would say 00:47:45.599 --> 00:47:46.920 only regenerate people 00:47:46.920 --> 00:47:47.799 are called to be baptized. 00:47:47.800 --> 00:47:50.760 So when discussing baptism, 00:47:51.039 --> 00:47:52.600 we're all bringing to the table 00:47:52.600 --> 00:47:54.140 continuity and discontinuity 00:47:54.140 --> 00:47:55.100 and how we understand 00:47:55.100 --> 00:47:56.000 the New Testament 00:47:56.000 --> 00:47:56.539 and Old Testament 00:47:56.539 --> 00:47:57.340 relating to each other. 00:47:58.620 --> 00:47:59.820 So those are the tools 00:47:59.820 --> 00:48:00.620 that we're going to need 00:48:00.620 --> 00:48:01.680 as we walk through 00:48:01.680 --> 00:48:02.780 the storylines of Scripture. 00:48:03.180 --> 00:48:03.740 So this is, 00:48:03.900 --> 00:48:06.660 that ends our intro class. 00:48:06.820 --> 00:48:07.960 It's more theoretical today, 00:48:08.039 --> 00:48:09.400 but for the rest of the classes, 00:48:09.400 --> 00:48:10.240 we're just going to dive 00:48:10.240 --> 00:48:11.420 right into the biblical storylines 00:48:11.420 --> 00:48:12.440 from Genesis to Revelation. 00:48:14.380 --> 00:48:17.180 So let me end in a word of prayer 00:48:17.179 --> 00:48:18.599 and then we can just, 00:48:18.859 --> 00:48:20.079 any time for questions. 00:48:21.599 --> 00:48:22.339 Father in heaven, 00:48:22.599 --> 00:48:24.239 I thank you for time 00:48:24.239 --> 00:48:25.659 to be able to discuss your word. 00:48:26.519 --> 00:48:27.899 Lord, I pray that we would come 00:48:27.899 --> 00:48:28.940 to a deeper insight 00:48:28.940 --> 00:48:29.839 into your Scriptures, 00:48:30.659 --> 00:48:33.119 that we might exalt Jesus more, 00:48:33.199 --> 00:48:35.339 that we might find Christ exalted 00:48:35.339 --> 00:48:36.779 in the Old Testament 00:48:36.779 --> 00:48:39.039 as Jesus taught his disciples. 00:48:39.579 --> 00:48:41.339 And thank you for this time together. 00:48:41.339 --> 00:48:42.799 In Jesus' name, amen. 00:48:42.800 --> 00:48:45.800 So any questions? 00:48:46.539 --> 00:48:48.340 It's 9.50, plenty of time 00:48:48.340 --> 00:48:50.220 if anybody has some questions. 00:48:57.220 --> 00:48:58.440 I have a question. 00:48:58.700 --> 00:49:01.220 Thank you for that presentation. 00:49:01.219 --> 00:49:03.639 And I have a question about, 00:49:04.359 --> 00:49:05.000 probably yes, 00:49:05.079 --> 00:49:05.799 about allegory. 00:49:06.259 --> 00:49:06.439 Yeah. 00:49:06.500 --> 00:49:08.839 Your view on it. 00:49:08.939 --> 00:49:11.579 So you mentioned that 00:49:11.579 --> 00:49:15.079 the biblical narrative is kind of, 00:49:15.119 --> 00:49:15.939 you need to take it 00:49:15.939 --> 00:49:17.879 from the perspective of God. 00:49:18.000 --> 00:49:18.939 Like there's a single author. 00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:19.859 Even though there's multiple 00:49:19.859 --> 00:49:20.539 human authors, 00:49:20.759 --> 00:49:21.739 there's a single author. 00:49:22.099 --> 00:49:22.299 Yeah. 00:49:22.300 --> 00:49:23.700 And then you also mentioned 00:49:23.700 --> 00:49:26.120 the historical grammatical method 00:49:26.120 --> 00:49:30.140 of evaluating a writing 00:49:30.140 --> 00:49:32.420 based on its historical context. 00:49:34.060 --> 00:49:36.140 So how do you, 00:49:36.420 --> 00:49:38.300 that does seem like a tension 00:49:38.300 --> 00:49:39.260 in the sense that 00:49:39.260 --> 00:49:40.900 I can imagine situations 00:49:40.900 --> 00:49:43.580 where the original author, 00:49:44.120 --> 00:49:45.320 the original human author, 00:49:46.180 --> 00:49:48.300 didn't perhaps fully understand 00:49:49.060 --> 00:49:50.519 the art of the narrative 00:49:50.519 --> 00:49:51.720 that God is reading. 00:49:51.719 --> 00:49:54.859 Are there examples of that? 00:49:55.259 --> 00:49:55.699 Yeah. 00:49:56.219 --> 00:49:56.619 Yeah. 00:49:56.739 --> 00:49:57.619 No, that's a good question. 00:49:57.739 --> 00:49:58.739 I tend to think that 00:49:58.739 --> 00:50:00.599 of those as canonical reading, 00:50:00.719 --> 00:50:01.959 like that term canonical reading. 00:50:02.480 --> 00:50:04.099 So in Genesis 1, 00:50:04.759 --> 00:50:06.759 we see that God created 00:50:06.759 --> 00:50:07.559 the heavens and the earth 00:50:07.559 --> 00:50:08.779 and the spirits hovering 00:50:08.779 --> 00:50:09.619 over the waters. 00:50:10.500 --> 00:50:11.719 And God says, 00:50:11.819 --> 00:50:13.139 let us make man in our image. 00:50:13.980 --> 00:50:15.319 Now, did Moses understand 00:50:15.319 --> 00:50:18.179 that the Trinity was at work 00:50:18.179 --> 00:50:18.919 in creation? 00:50:19.419 --> 00:50:20.079 I doubt it. 00:50:20.079 --> 00:50:21.799 But when John 1, 00:50:22.019 --> 00:50:22.440 he says, 00:50:22.840 --> 00:50:23.940 in the beginning was the Word, 00:50:24.519 --> 00:50:25.759 and the Word was with God, 00:50:25.799 --> 00:50:26.599 and the Word was God. 00:50:27.099 --> 00:50:28.239 I think John is clearly 00:50:28.239 --> 00:50:30.860 meditating on Genesis 1. 00:50:31.679 --> 00:50:32.840 And I would say 00:50:32.840 --> 00:50:33.819 that it's more like 00:50:33.819 --> 00:50:34.619 a progressive revelation. 00:50:34.799 --> 00:50:36.299 Even the authors 00:50:36.299 --> 00:50:37.039 or writers 00:50:37.039 --> 00:50:38.139 didn't understand fully 00:50:38.139 --> 00:50:38.920 what they were writing. 00:50:39.319 --> 00:50:41.039 But as the revelation 00:50:41.039 --> 00:50:42.340 becomes clearer, 00:50:42.420 --> 00:50:43.559 as the light becomes brighter, 00:50:44.019 --> 00:50:45.360 then we see, 00:50:45.480 --> 00:50:45.920 oh yeah, 00:50:46.099 --> 00:50:47.079 what he wrote there, 00:50:47.079 --> 00:50:48.980 there's a deeper meaning there. 00:50:50.380 --> 00:50:50.980 So I think 00:50:50.980 --> 00:50:52.019 if we read the Old, 00:50:52.460 --> 00:50:53.440 it's learning how to read 00:50:53.440 --> 00:50:54.480 the Old Testament, 00:50:55.539 --> 00:50:57.559 especially in light of 00:50:57.559 --> 00:50:58.920 God's full revelation. 00:51:00.619 --> 00:51:02.420 So I would not say, 00:51:02.480 --> 00:51:02.880 I don't think 00:51:02.880 --> 00:51:04.519 the Old Testament authors 00:51:04.519 --> 00:51:06.279 knew all the implications 00:51:06.279 --> 00:51:07.259 of what they were writing. 00:51:07.900 --> 00:51:08.480 Same with David. 00:51:08.639 --> 00:51:08.840 I mean, 00:51:08.860 --> 00:51:09.840 he's talking about 00:51:09.840 --> 00:51:11.460 the Messiah that's coming. 00:51:12.019 --> 00:51:12.599 I don't think he knew 00:51:12.599 --> 00:51:13.139 that was Jesus, 00:51:13.460 --> 00:51:14.259 and that Jesus was 00:51:14.260 --> 00:51:15.720 the God-man that would come 00:51:15.720 --> 00:51:17.960 and die for sinners. 00:51:19.700 --> 00:51:20.300 But yeah, 00:51:20.440 --> 00:51:21.800 there is a tension there, 00:51:21.860 --> 00:51:22.000 though. 00:51:22.100 --> 00:51:22.300 I mean, 00:51:22.420 --> 00:51:23.360 the use of allegory, 00:51:23.500 --> 00:51:24.120 if we're going to, 00:51:24.460 --> 00:51:25.720 depending on how we define it, 00:51:26.800 --> 00:51:27.640 there are going to be 00:51:27.640 --> 00:51:28.820 situations where 00:51:28.820 --> 00:51:30.480 it could be a good illustration 00:51:30.480 --> 00:51:31.260 that the author 00:51:31.260 --> 00:51:32.000 didn't intend 00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:34.980 to present to the audience. 00:51:36.620 --> 00:51:37.860 And so Spurgeon 00:51:37.860 --> 00:51:39.540 does something similar 00:51:39.540 --> 00:51:40.860 where he says 00:51:40.860 --> 00:51:42.600 that in the arc, 00:51:42.599 --> 00:51:43.759 there's one window 00:51:43.759 --> 00:51:44.400 in the arc 00:51:44.400 --> 00:51:45.440 where Noah looked out 00:51:45.440 --> 00:51:46.179 into the seas, 00:51:46.880 --> 00:51:47.799 and Spurgeon says, 00:51:47.900 --> 00:51:47.980 well, 00:51:48.039 --> 00:51:49.900 this is like a window 00:51:49.900 --> 00:51:50.839 because there's only 00:51:50.839 --> 00:51:51.759 one faith 00:51:51.759 --> 00:51:53.159 in which we can see 00:51:53.159 --> 00:51:53.819 our Lord Jesus, 00:51:54.319 --> 00:51:55.699 and we have to look out 00:51:55.699 --> 00:51:56.519 through the one window 00:51:56.519 --> 00:51:57.239 of the one Savior. 00:51:58.139 --> 00:51:58.980 And I'm like, 00:51:59.000 --> 00:51:59.719 that's a good example 00:51:59.719 --> 00:52:00.739 of the nature of faith. 00:52:02.239 --> 00:52:03.400 Did Noah, 00:52:03.779 --> 00:52:04.940 did the authors mean that 00:52:04.940 --> 00:52:05.599 when they wrote that? 00:52:05.839 --> 00:52:06.460 I don't know, 00:52:06.500 --> 00:52:06.980 but I think he was 00:52:06.980 --> 00:52:08.039 illustrating something 00:52:08.039 --> 00:52:09.420 for his ears. 00:52:10.239 --> 00:52:10.900 So, yeah, 00:52:10.940 --> 00:52:12.239 Spurgeon is much more, 00:52:12.239 --> 00:52:15.339 competent at exposition 00:52:15.339 --> 00:52:15.899 than I am. 00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:17.079 So I know 00:52:17.079 --> 00:52:18.019 there are faithful men 00:52:18.019 --> 00:52:19.779 that have used allegory 00:52:19.779 --> 00:52:21.139 to their hearer's benefit. 00:52:22.139 --> 00:52:22.899 A dumb person 00:52:22.899 --> 00:52:24.699 would often caution us 00:52:24.699 --> 00:52:25.619 about reading 00:52:25.619 --> 00:52:26.159 the New Testament 00:52:26.159 --> 00:52:27.519 back into the earth. 00:52:27.919 --> 00:52:28.259 Like, 00:52:28.479 --> 00:52:29.279 you don't just take 00:52:29.279 --> 00:52:30.199 Genesis 1's we 00:52:30.199 --> 00:52:30.579 and go, 00:52:30.679 --> 00:52:31.179 there's the Trinity! 00:52:31.539 --> 00:52:32.159 You go, 00:52:32.239 --> 00:52:34.419 there's the Genesis 1's we, 00:52:34.579 --> 00:52:36.659 and then it's drawn out 00:52:36.659 --> 00:52:37.679 and you start reading 00:52:37.679 --> 00:52:39.019 the theme of the plurality 00:52:39.019 --> 00:52:39.599 of God. 00:52:40.199 --> 00:52:40.939 There's the counsel 00:52:40.939 --> 00:52:41.859 of God and Job, 00:52:42.239 --> 00:52:44.559 until you see, 00:52:45.119 --> 00:52:45.579 finally, 00:52:45.819 --> 00:52:48.139 so one of the emcees 00:52:48.139 --> 00:52:48.839 of biblical mythology 00:52:48.839 --> 00:52:50.459 is we don't just 00:52:50.459 --> 00:52:51.439 take the we 00:52:51.439 --> 00:52:52.199 and go, 00:52:52.319 --> 00:52:52.500 oh, 00:52:52.799 --> 00:52:53.399 there's the Trinity! 00:52:53.619 --> 00:52:54.019 Stick that, 00:52:54.099 --> 00:52:55.099 plug that into my 00:52:55.099 --> 00:52:56.079 Trinity module 00:52:56.079 --> 00:52:57.239 of my systematic theology! 00:52:57.500 --> 00:52:57.739 We go, 00:52:58.419 --> 00:52:58.719 okay, 00:52:58.859 --> 00:52:59.879 God has a certain 00:52:59.879 --> 00:53:00.759 kind of plurality 00:53:00.759 --> 00:53:01.139 about it. 00:53:01.199 --> 00:53:02.599 And we trace the thread 00:53:02.599 --> 00:53:03.919 and see how it develops. 00:53:04.019 --> 00:53:04.739 What's this theme 00:53:04.739 --> 00:53:05.459 look like? 00:53:05.460 --> 00:53:07.480 in the end, 00:53:07.619 --> 00:53:08.300 we start to see, 00:53:08.460 --> 00:53:08.860 ah, 00:53:09.199 --> 00:53:10.360 here's what has been 00:53:10.360 --> 00:53:11.440 being gotten at. 00:53:11.780 --> 00:53:12.800 Here's where that 00:53:12.800 --> 00:53:13.679 shoots for 00:53:13.679 --> 00:53:14.980 in the end. 00:53:15.360 --> 00:53:15.519 Yeah. 00:53:16.800 --> 00:53:18.240 That's a great example. 00:53:18.679 --> 00:53:18.820 Yeah. 00:53:19.260 --> 00:53:20.280 And that's why I mentioned 00:53:20.280 --> 00:53:20.539 the, 00:53:20.800 --> 00:53:21.280 it's, 00:53:21.720 --> 00:53:22.539 biblical theologians, 00:53:22.619 --> 00:53:23.300 you have to 00:53:23.300 --> 00:53:24.220 take it in 00:53:24.220 --> 00:53:25.240 its historical context. 00:53:25.239 --> 00:53:27.000 We can read 00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:27.559 the New Testament 00:53:27.559 --> 00:53:28.439 back and the Old Testament 00:53:28.439 --> 00:53:30.739 all over the place, 00:53:30.879 --> 00:53:31.059 but 00:53:31.059 --> 00:53:33.559 it might not be 00:53:33.559 --> 00:53:34.959 something that, 00:53:35.639 --> 00:53:36.639 it could be a proof testing, 00:53:36.839 --> 00:53:37.639 proof texting, 00:53:38.000 --> 00:53:38.919 where the authors 00:53:38.919 --> 00:53:40.799 really didn't mean that, 00:53:40.919 --> 00:53:41.579 it's not really 00:53:41.579 --> 00:53:42.359 part of the text, 00:53:43.039 --> 00:53:44.139 so we have to be careful. 00:53:46.079 --> 00:53:46.919 But see how it would, 00:53:46.919 --> 00:53:47.599 it would complement 00:53:47.599 --> 00:53:48.500 systematic theology 00:53:48.500 --> 00:53:49.079 because when you're, 00:53:49.079 --> 00:53:50.019 when you're a systematician, 00:53:50.079 --> 00:53:50.799 you go back 00:53:50.799 --> 00:53:52.119 into Genesis 3 00:53:52.119 --> 00:53:53.779 or Genesis 2, 00:53:53.859 --> 00:53:54.500 let us make man 00:53:54.500 --> 00:53:55.579 in our own image. 00:53:55.599 --> 00:53:56.159 They're going to put that 00:53:56.159 --> 00:53:57.139 in their Trinity 00:53:57.139 --> 00:53:58.619 topical question, 00:53:58.820 --> 00:53:59.940 but they also need 00:53:59.940 --> 00:54:00.920 to be a biblical theologian 00:54:00.920 --> 00:54:01.619 and ask themselves, 00:54:01.739 --> 00:54:01.840 okay, 00:54:01.860 --> 00:54:02.480 what does this mean 00:54:02.480 --> 00:54:03.159 in the context? 00:54:04.300 --> 00:54:04.699 And... 00:54:04.699 --> 00:54:05.360 It doesn't kind of 00:54:05.360 --> 00:54:06.179 circulate between 00:54:06.179 --> 00:54:07.420 the systematic theology 00:54:07.420 --> 00:54:08.480 and biblical theology 00:54:08.480 --> 00:54:10.260 or your biblical theology. 00:54:10.519 --> 00:54:11.219 Those threads 00:54:11.219 --> 00:54:11.900 start to inform 00:54:11.900 --> 00:54:12.780 the systematic theology. 00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:13.719 You've got your doctrine 00:54:13.719 --> 00:54:14.639 and they start to inform 00:54:14.639 --> 00:54:15.679 the reading of 00:54:15.679 --> 00:54:16.840 the whole narrative. 00:54:17.280 --> 00:54:17.500 Yeah. 00:54:17.920 --> 00:54:18.139 Yeah. 00:54:22.300 --> 00:54:22.780 Okay, 00:54:22.900 --> 00:54:23.980 so then does it, 00:54:23.980 --> 00:54:25.880 lend greater clarity 00:54:25.880 --> 00:54:28.300 to some of those threads 00:54:28.300 --> 00:54:30.360 if you read the Bible 00:54:30.360 --> 00:54:31.800 the way it's written 00:54:31.800 --> 00:54:33.460 or if you read the Bible 00:54:33.460 --> 00:54:34.340 chronologically? 00:54:35.380 --> 00:54:35.740 Hmm. 00:54:37.119 --> 00:54:38.380 It's a good question. 00:54:40.860 --> 00:54:42.019 Or doesn't it matter? 00:54:45.699 --> 00:54:46.800 I'm thinking of 00:54:46.800 --> 00:54:47.980 where would be... 00:54:47.980 --> 00:54:51.980 I think chronologically... 00:54:52.619 --> 00:54:55.039 Here's what's coming to mind. 00:54:55.079 --> 00:54:55.420 I haven't thought 00:54:55.420 --> 00:54:56.159 about this before. 00:54:58.679 --> 00:55:00.619 The biblical theologian 00:55:00.619 --> 00:55:01.380 must be aware 00:55:01.380 --> 00:55:03.880 of the chronology 00:55:03.880 --> 00:55:05.679 and also 00:55:05.679 --> 00:55:07.980 the literary structure 00:55:08.519 --> 00:55:10.380 of the book. 00:55:10.760 --> 00:55:12.460 So it is very important, 00:55:12.579 --> 00:55:12.760 I think, 00:55:12.860 --> 00:55:14.199 chronology-wise 00:55:14.199 --> 00:55:16.099 when you're interpreting text. 00:55:16.099 --> 00:55:17.480 You know, 00:55:17.519 --> 00:55:17.980 for example, 00:55:18.139 --> 00:55:18.339 I mean, 00:55:18.639 --> 00:55:20.139 I wish we could get into this, 00:55:20.199 --> 00:55:21.460 but New Testament authors 00:55:21.460 --> 00:55:24.059 do take a lot of emphasis 00:55:24.059 --> 00:55:25.940 on what came first 00:55:25.940 --> 00:55:26.639 and what came second. 00:55:27.199 --> 00:55:28.159 So I'm thinking of, 00:55:28.159 --> 00:55:30.460 I think it's Galatians, 00:55:30.920 --> 00:55:31.779 where it says, 00:55:32.319 --> 00:55:32.480 like, 00:55:32.539 --> 00:55:33.339 Abraham was accounted 00:55:33.339 --> 00:55:33.900 as righteous 00:55:33.900 --> 00:55:34.739 because of his faith 00:55:34.739 --> 00:55:35.779 and then circumcision 00:55:35.779 --> 00:55:36.179 was given. 00:55:36.619 --> 00:55:37.639 So that chronology 00:55:37.639 --> 00:55:38.299 is very important 00:55:38.299 --> 00:55:39.460 because now we know 00:55:39.460 --> 00:55:40.779 he wasn't accounted 00:55:40.779 --> 00:55:41.799 righteous based on 00:55:41.799 --> 00:55:42.480 the law. 00:55:42.480 --> 00:55:44.240 and I think 00:55:44.240 --> 00:55:45.780 that is the apostles 00:55:45.780 --> 00:55:46.900 used in terms 00:55:46.900 --> 00:55:47.500 of chronology. 00:55:49.139 --> 00:55:50.079 I don't know, 00:55:50.340 --> 00:55:51.119 I don't know, 00:55:51.240 --> 00:55:51.920 depending on, 00:55:52.179 --> 00:55:52.460 like, 00:55:52.579 --> 00:55:53.360 Leviticus comes 00:55:53.360 --> 00:55:54.320 after Exodus, 00:55:54.579 --> 00:55:54.699 like, 00:55:54.760 --> 00:55:56.360 is there meaning there? 00:55:57.199 --> 00:55:58.000 I'm not sure. 00:55:58.400 --> 00:55:58.679 I'm not sure. 00:55:58.980 --> 00:55:59.840 One of the places 00:55:59.840 --> 00:56:00.740 you could say this also 00:56:00.740 --> 00:56:01.719 is in the Psalms 00:56:01.719 --> 00:56:02.659 where we have 00:56:02.659 --> 00:56:03.440 Psalms from many 00:56:03.440 --> 00:56:04.980 different time periods, 00:56:05.420 --> 00:56:06.159 but there's also 00:56:06.159 --> 00:56:06.880 a structure 00:56:06.880 --> 00:56:08.019 to the Psalms 00:56:08.019 --> 00:56:08.860 as a whole. 00:56:09.119 --> 00:56:09.300 Yeah. 00:56:09.300 --> 00:56:09.900 So if you were 00:56:09.900 --> 00:56:10.340 to try and, 00:56:10.340 --> 00:56:10.539 like, 00:56:10.600 --> 00:56:11.380 take each Psalms 00:56:11.380 --> 00:56:11.820 to get where 00:56:11.820 --> 00:56:12.760 it goes chronologically, 00:56:12.920 --> 00:56:13.420 I think that would 00:56:13.420 --> 00:56:14.180 mess up your reading 00:56:14.180 --> 00:56:14.880 with the Psalms. 00:56:15.340 --> 00:56:16.120 But you also want 00:56:16.120 --> 00:56:16.519 to be aware 00:56:16.519 --> 00:56:17.560 of where it fits chronologically. 00:56:18.140 --> 00:56:19.500 So I'm going to go 00:56:19.500 --> 00:56:20.560 with my question, 00:56:20.780 --> 00:56:21.140 validity. 00:56:22.340 --> 00:56:22.500 Yeah. 00:56:22.840 --> 00:56:23.080 Yeah. 00:56:23.560 --> 00:56:24.880 So maybe just an awareness 00:56:24.880 --> 00:56:26.760 that there's a canonical order 00:56:26.760 --> 00:56:28.800 and there's a chronological order 00:56:28.800 --> 00:56:31.000 and both are there 00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:32.440 for important reasons 00:56:32.440 --> 00:56:33.440 that we should be aware of. 00:56:33.660 --> 00:56:34.019 Yes. 00:56:34.300 --> 00:56:34.500 Yeah. 00:56:35.519 --> 00:56:35.900 Yes. 00:56:35.900 --> 00:56:37.519 You know, 00:56:37.700 --> 00:56:38.700 the chronology 00:56:38.700 --> 00:56:39.960 and I think 00:56:39.960 --> 00:56:41.619 the canonical reading 00:56:41.619 --> 00:56:42.360 as well. 00:56:42.519 --> 00:56:42.680 Yeah, 00:56:42.720 --> 00:56:43.119 exactly. 00:56:43.300 --> 00:56:47.099 The chart I gave you 00:56:47.099 --> 00:56:48.220 of the timeline there, 00:56:48.740 --> 00:56:49.880 it's helpful to know 00:56:49.880 --> 00:56:52.180 exactly what's being, 00:56:52.760 --> 00:56:52.860 like, 00:56:52.960 --> 00:56:54.720 what culture 00:56:54.720 --> 00:56:55.639 and worldview 00:56:55.639 --> 00:56:56.500 is the prophet 00:56:56.500 --> 00:56:57.300 engaging in? 00:56:57.420 --> 00:56:57.920 Because if, 00:56:58.660 --> 00:56:59.780 because we'll get 00:56:59.780 --> 00:57:00.519 into this later, 00:57:00.680 --> 00:57:01.840 but Isaiah is going 00:57:01.840 --> 00:57:02.800 to draw on a lot 00:57:02.800 --> 00:57:03.300 of themes 00:57:03.300 --> 00:57:03.880 from the Exodus 00:57:03.880 --> 00:57:05.480 and the second Exodus. 00:57:05.900 --> 00:57:07.240 that's like a prophesying 00:57:07.240 --> 00:57:08.160 to the new creation. 00:57:09.019 --> 00:57:09.860 So they're, 00:57:09.860 --> 00:57:11.220 they're using images 00:57:11.220 --> 00:57:11.820 that the people 00:57:11.820 --> 00:57:12.480 would have understood 00:57:12.480 --> 00:57:13.920 what that meant. 00:57:14.519 --> 00:57:15.460 And I think 00:57:15.460 --> 00:57:16.000 that has to do 00:57:16.000 --> 00:57:17.099 with chronology 00:57:17.099 --> 00:57:18.920 and also canonical reading. 00:57:19.180 --> 00:57:19.660 The ordering 00:57:19.660 --> 00:57:20.539 is also shaped 00:57:20.539 --> 00:57:21.720 by our understanding 00:57:21.720 --> 00:57:22.579 of the theology. 00:57:23.360 --> 00:57:23.559 Yeah. 00:57:24.019 --> 00:57:24.240 Yeah. 00:57:25.820 --> 00:57:26.340 Yeah. 00:57:26.340 --> 00:57:26.460 Yeah. 00:57:30.059 --> 00:57:30.619 Yes. 00:57:30.619 --> 00:57:32.179 I'm still puzzling 00:57:32.179 --> 00:57:34.519 over the criticism 00:57:34.519 --> 00:57:35.900 of allegories 00:57:35.900 --> 00:57:38.460 in a sense 00:57:38.460 --> 00:57:38.839 where 00:57:38.839 --> 00:57:42.059 it seems like 00:57:42.059 --> 00:57:42.679 the criticism 00:57:42.679 --> 00:57:43.679 is that people 00:57:43.679 --> 00:57:44.239 are taking, 00:57:44.619 --> 00:57:46.019 extrapolating too far 00:57:46.019 --> 00:57:47.579 from the verses 00:57:47.579 --> 00:57:48.779 and not that it's 00:57:48.779 --> 00:57:51.299 in terms of allegory 00:57:51.299 --> 00:57:52.359 itself. 00:57:53.359 --> 00:57:53.739 That is, 00:57:53.779 --> 00:57:54.199 you can take 00:57:54.199 --> 00:57:54.839 other verses 00:57:54.840 --> 00:57:55.680 and 00:57:55.680 --> 00:57:58.500 extrapolating 00:57:58.500 --> 00:57:59.039 is it. 00:57:59.680 --> 00:58:00.280 That makes sense 00:58:00.280 --> 00:58:00.620 to me like, 00:58:00.760 --> 00:58:00.960 yeah, 00:58:01.039 --> 00:58:01.480 it depends on, 00:58:01.480 --> 00:58:02.120 more out of it 00:58:02.120 --> 00:58:02.920 than it's really there. 00:58:03.420 --> 00:58:03.940 But then it's nothing 00:58:03.940 --> 00:58:04.940 to do with the way 00:58:04.940 --> 00:58:05.460 that you're getting 00:58:05.460 --> 00:58:06.240 more out of it. 00:58:06.239 --> 00:58:09.259 And allegory 00:58:09.259 --> 00:58:09.679 is slippery 00:58:09.679 --> 00:58:10.159 because 00:58:10.159 --> 00:58:11.839 if we're just 00:58:11.839 --> 00:58:12.699 extrapolating, 00:58:13.059 --> 00:58:13.579 then that 00:58:13.579 --> 00:58:14.459 could just be 00:58:14.459 --> 00:58:15.479 like application. 00:58:16.119 --> 00:58:16.639 Some people 00:58:16.639 --> 00:58:17.279 mean different 00:58:17.279 --> 00:58:18.939 things by allegories. 00:58:19.359 --> 00:58:20.199 I think the 00:58:20.199 --> 00:58:21.579 suspicion for allegory 00:58:21.579 --> 00:58:22.519 is, 00:58:23.479 --> 00:58:24.479 comes from 00:58:24.479 --> 00:58:25.099 the Reformation 00:58:25.099 --> 00:58:26.779 because when 00:58:26.779 --> 00:58:27.959 the Reformers 00:58:27.959 --> 00:58:29.500 laid down 00:58:29.500 --> 00:58:30.299 the principle 00:58:30.299 --> 00:58:31.199 of solo scriptura 00:58:31.199 --> 00:58:32.379 or the perspicuity 00:58:32.379 --> 00:58:32.859 of Scripture, 00:58:33.379 --> 00:58:34.659 what they meant 00:58:34.659 --> 00:58:35.639 was Scripture 00:58:35.639 --> 00:58:36.259 is clear, 00:58:36.379 --> 00:58:36.759 but it's also 00:58:36.759 --> 00:58:37.659 self-interpreted. 00:58:38.460 --> 00:58:39.059 And what the 00:58:39.059 --> 00:58:39.659 Catholic Church 00:58:39.659 --> 00:58:40.679 did before 00:58:40.679 --> 00:58:42.500 then was 00:58:42.500 --> 00:58:43.059 they would 00:58:43.059 --> 00:58:44.259 allegorically 00:58:44.259 --> 00:58:45.139 interpret the Bible 00:58:45.139 --> 00:58:46.559 and they would say 00:58:46.559 --> 00:58:47.379 our interpretation 00:58:47.379 --> 00:58:48.019 is correct 00:58:48.019 --> 00:58:48.500 because of the 00:58:48.500 --> 00:58:49.259 infallible teaching 00:58:49.259 --> 00:58:49.940 of the Roman 00:58:49.940 --> 00:58:50.559 Catholic Church. 00:58:51.279 --> 00:58:52.359 And so Calvin 00:58:52.359 --> 00:58:52.859 wanted to say, 00:58:52.980 --> 00:58:53.400 no, no, 00:58:53.480 --> 00:58:53.619 I mean, 00:58:53.679 --> 00:58:53.879 we're, 00:58:54.559 --> 00:58:55.299 like the Scriptures 00:58:55.299 --> 00:58:56.199 interpret themselves. 00:58:56.440 --> 00:58:57.119 We don't need 00:58:57.119 --> 00:58:59.839 a class of priests 00:58:59.839 --> 00:59:00.460 that can interpret 00:59:00.460 --> 00:59:01.119 for us. 00:59:01.659 --> 00:59:02.579 And that was 00:59:02.579 --> 00:59:03.019 really where 00:59:03.019 --> 00:59:03.940 allegory became 00:59:03.940 --> 00:59:04.699 very suspicious, 00:59:04.859 --> 00:59:05.119 I think, 00:59:05.119 --> 00:59:05.960 to the Reformers. 00:59:06.980 --> 00:59:07.159 But, 00:59:08.000 --> 00:59:08.380 and that's 00:59:08.380 --> 00:59:08.920 kind of an abusive 00:59:08.920 --> 00:59:10.420 allegory. 00:59:11.599 --> 00:59:13.119 Like some of the 00:59:13.119 --> 00:59:13.779 interpretations 00:59:13.779 --> 00:59:14.400 were pretty 00:59:14.400 --> 00:59:15.440 far-fetched. 00:59:16.019 --> 00:59:17.759 They didn't have 00:59:17.759 --> 00:59:18.239 to do with 00:59:18.239 --> 00:59:19.019 like the Trinity 00:59:19.019 --> 00:59:20.420 or like salvation 00:59:20.420 --> 00:59:21.339 or like Christ 00:59:21.339 --> 00:59:21.940 or the cross. 00:59:22.099 --> 00:59:22.359 It was, 00:59:22.900 --> 00:59:23.119 you know, 00:59:23.139 --> 00:59:24.039 the nature of, 00:59:24.679 --> 00:59:25.019 you know, 00:59:25.119 --> 00:59:26.179 the Archbishop 00:59:26.179 --> 00:59:26.859 of Canterbury 00:59:26.859 --> 00:59:27.659 or something like that. 00:59:27.799 --> 00:59:27.920 You know, 00:59:28.000 --> 00:59:28.339 it was like 00:59:28.339 --> 00:59:29.659 that's the allegorical 00:59:29.659 --> 00:59:30.659 reading of the Old Testament 00:59:30.659 --> 00:59:32.279 based on like 00:59:32.279 --> 00:59:33.480 the Bishop of Rome 00:59:33.480 --> 00:59:34.199 or something like that. 00:59:34.199 --> 00:59:34.460 Well, 00:59:34.539 --> 00:59:35.219 I guess what you're 00:59:35.219 --> 00:59:36.059 saying is like 00:59:36.059 --> 00:59:36.659 there are many cases 00:59:36.659 --> 00:59:37.320 where allegories 00:59:37.320 --> 00:59:38.059 are intended. 00:59:39.000 --> 00:59:39.260 Like, 00:59:39.380 --> 00:59:39.900 maybe the number 00:59:39.900 --> 00:59:40.920 five is a bit 00:59:40.920 --> 00:59:41.340 of a stretch. 00:59:41.460 --> 00:59:42.280 The number of 12 00:59:42.280 --> 00:59:43.360 has some more faces. 00:59:44.119 --> 00:59:44.780 So you want to 00:59:44.780 --> 00:59:46.440 locate these things. 00:59:47.519 --> 00:59:48.599 It's the thread thing 00:59:48.599 --> 00:59:48.900 again. 00:59:49.320 --> 00:59:49.619 It's, 00:59:49.740 --> 00:59:50.360 is there actually 00:59:50.360 --> 00:59:50.840 a thread 00:59:50.840 --> 00:59:51.519 or are you just 00:59:51.519 --> 00:59:52.240 like plucking 00:59:52.240 --> 00:59:52.860 a point out 00:59:52.860 --> 00:59:53.139 and going 00:59:53.139 --> 00:59:54.079 boop? 00:59:54.280 --> 00:59:54.539 Yeah. 00:59:54.800 --> 00:59:55.179 Boop. 00:59:55.659 --> 00:59:55.920 Boop. 00:59:56.320 --> 00:59:56.579 Yeah. 00:59:56.579 --> 00:59:56.679 Yeah. 00:59:57.099 --> 00:59:57.299 Yeah. 00:59:57.360 --> 00:59:57.900 So number, 00:59:58.179 --> 00:59:59.779 numerology is, 00:59:59.779 --> 01:00:00.360 is important 01:00:00.360 --> 01:00:01.799 in biblical studies. 01:00:01.980 --> 01:00:03.299 So number seven 01:00:03.299 --> 01:00:04.219 is very important. 01:00:04.400 --> 01:00:05.819 So if we understand 01:00:05.819 --> 01:00:06.619 seven to be like 01:00:06.619 --> 01:00:07.840 the perfect completeness 01:00:07.840 --> 01:00:08.360 of something, 01:00:08.500 --> 01:00:09.659 then I think 01:00:09.659 --> 01:00:10.579 the authors intended 01:00:10.579 --> 01:00:11.659 to communicate that. 01:00:12.420 --> 01:00:12.880 Now, 01:00:12.940 --> 01:00:13.219 if we, 01:00:13.420 --> 01:00:15.759 if there's six 01:00:15.759 --> 01:00:16.719 and then we just say, 01:00:16.840 --> 01:00:16.880 well, 01:00:16.920 --> 01:00:17.539 there's six, 01:00:17.639 --> 01:00:18.639 I don't know. 01:00:18.699 --> 01:00:19.779 Six is the perfect number. 01:00:20.099 --> 01:00:21.039 God worked for six days. 01:00:21.039 --> 01:00:21.279 This is what we do, 01:00:21.380 --> 01:00:21.619 like, 01:00:21.719 --> 01:00:21.980 right? 01:00:22.539 --> 01:00:22.759 Yeah. 01:00:22.760 --> 01:00:25.100 Because you add up 01:00:25.100 --> 01:00:26.280 its divisors 01:00:26.280 --> 01:00:26.900 and you get this. 01:00:27.360 --> 01:00:27.560 Yeah. 01:00:27.840 --> 01:00:29.340 You multiply them 01:00:29.340 --> 01:00:30.180 and it's the same number. 01:00:30.360 --> 01:00:30.540 Yeah. 01:00:30.580 --> 01:00:31.240 So it's part of the number. 01:00:31.720 --> 01:00:32.480 But to your, 01:00:32.520 --> 01:00:33.180 to your point though, 01:00:33.200 --> 01:00:34.200 I think there is, 01:00:34.400 --> 01:00:36.040 and in the final analysis, 01:00:36.500 --> 01:00:37.640 there will be 01:00:37.640 --> 01:00:38.520 different, 01:00:38.680 --> 01:00:39.580 differing opinions 01:00:39.580 --> 01:00:40.320 based on what this 01:00:40.320 --> 01:00:40.760 would have meant 01:00:40.760 --> 01:00:41.280 to the reader 01:00:41.280 --> 01:00:42.800 at the time. 01:00:43.000 --> 01:00:43.840 So you can have 01:00:43.840 --> 01:00:44.400 scholars disagree 01:00:44.400 --> 01:00:44.760 and be like, 01:00:44.840 --> 01:00:45.740 this really meant that 01:00:45.740 --> 01:00:46.040 in that, 01:00:46.120 --> 01:00:46.760 in that culture. 01:00:46.840 --> 01:00:47.460 This meant that. 01:00:47.580 --> 01:00:47.700 I mean, 01:00:48.320 --> 01:00:49.740 so there are 01:00:49.740 --> 01:00:50.620 disagreements about 01:00:50.620 --> 01:00:51.500 what was originally 01:00:51.500 --> 01:00:52.320 intended to, 01:00:52.760 --> 01:00:53.600 be communicated. 01:00:54.720 --> 01:00:55.600 So it's not a, 01:00:56.300 --> 01:00:56.720 it's, 01:00:56.820 --> 01:00:57.840 it's not an easy, 01:00:58.620 --> 01:00:59.860 it's not an easy thing. 01:00:59.940 --> 01:01:00.060 I mean, 01:01:00.100 --> 01:01:00.320 there are, 01:01:00.320 --> 01:01:00.940 there are scholars 01:01:00.940 --> 01:01:01.500 for a reason. 01:01:01.700 --> 01:01:02.560 They're kind of talking 01:01:02.560 --> 01:01:02.980 about this, 01:01:03.060 --> 01:01:03.760 writing about it. 01:01:05.240 --> 01:01:05.460 So yeah. 01:01:05.880 --> 01:01:06.660 Did you think 01:01:06.660 --> 01:01:07.300 you were going to talk 01:01:07.300 --> 01:01:08.080 more about allegory 01:01:08.080 --> 01:01:08.840 in future classes 01:01:08.840 --> 01:01:09.660 or did, 01:01:09.860 --> 01:01:11.120 I couldn't get what you, 01:01:11.740 --> 01:01:12.700 I guess what you said, 01:01:12.740 --> 01:01:13.080 you mentioned 01:01:13.080 --> 01:01:13.920 there's more common 01:01:13.920 --> 01:01:14.220 I don't know 01:01:14.220 --> 01:01:15.080 if that was for this class 01:01:15.080 --> 01:01:15.680 or what that was. 01:01:16.300 --> 01:01:17.380 For this class, 01:01:17.820 --> 01:01:19.140 but I've, 01:01:19.220 --> 01:01:19.820 I can come back 01:01:19.820 --> 01:01:20.300 to allegory 01:01:20.300 --> 01:01:20.960 if that would be helpful 01:01:20.960 --> 01:01:21.360 to people. 01:01:21.420 --> 01:01:21.740 Okay. 01:01:21.739 --> 01:01:22.379 Okay. 01:01:22.659 --> 01:01:22.899 Yeah. 01:01:24.279 --> 01:01:27.799 I'm just going to 01:01:27.799 --> 01:01:28.079 wait, 01:01:28.199 --> 01:01:30.399 I guess it's more 01:01:30.399 --> 01:01:30.799 a point. 01:01:30.939 --> 01:01:31.519 I guess it's more 01:01:31.519 --> 01:01:32.219 about that 01:01:32.219 --> 01:01:34.359 allegory also, 01:01:34.639 --> 01:01:34.819 like, 01:01:34.899 --> 01:01:35.539 some people use 01:01:35.539 --> 01:01:36.799 allegory to dismiss 01:01:36.799 --> 01:01:39.399 the literal interpretation 01:01:39.399 --> 01:01:41.899 or to replace it 01:01:41.899 --> 01:01:42.339 or whatever. 01:01:42.340 --> 01:01:44.100 but you can also 01:01:44.100 --> 01:01:44.860 use it to just 01:01:44.860 --> 01:01:45.460 supplement it. 01:01:45.539 --> 01:01:46.200 You can be a 01:01:46.200 --> 01:01:46.720 both-in. 01:01:47.039 --> 01:01:47.600 Oh yeah, 01:01:47.680 --> 01:01:48.519 it does mean 01:01:48.519 --> 01:01:49.640 a rock was there 01:01:49.640 --> 01:01:50.700 that water came out 01:01:50.700 --> 01:01:51.559 to give, 01:01:51.800 --> 01:01:52.500 you know, 01:01:52.960 --> 01:01:53.920 migration to the 01:01:53.920 --> 01:01:54.260 Israelites, 01:01:54.500 --> 01:01:55.700 but it's also Christ 01:01:55.700 --> 01:01:57.260 and move on 01:01:57.260 --> 01:01:58.019 and that sometimes 01:01:58.019 --> 01:01:58.980 takes the edge off 01:01:58.980 --> 01:02:01.440 of people's use 01:02:01.440 --> 01:02:02.140 of that allegory 01:02:02.140 --> 01:02:02.840 because they're like, 01:02:02.880 --> 01:02:02.980 well, 01:02:03.019 --> 01:02:03.680 I'm not denying 01:02:03.679 --> 01:02:04.399 that's a little 01:02:04.399 --> 01:02:04.739 thing. 01:02:05.219 --> 01:02:05.539 Mm-hmm. 01:02:05.539 --> 01:02:07.279 Yeah, 01:02:07.340 --> 01:02:08.579 I think if we're 01:02:08.579 --> 01:02:09.360 clear on 01:02:09.360 --> 01:02:11.079 what we're, 01:02:11.159 --> 01:02:12.320 if we're going 01:02:12.320 --> 01:02:12.840 to allegorize, 01:02:12.900 --> 01:02:13.480 I think it's always 01:02:13.480 --> 01:02:14.719 helpful to be clear 01:02:14.719 --> 01:02:15.860 about what we mean. 01:02:15.920 --> 01:02:16.039 Like, 01:02:16.079 --> 01:02:16.779 if we're saying 01:02:16.779 --> 01:02:17.519 the author intended 01:02:17.519 --> 01:02:18.279 this allegory 01:02:18.279 --> 01:02:19.739 and it's the secret 01:02:19.739 --> 01:02:20.440 hidden meaning 01:02:20.440 --> 01:02:21.579 that I'm telling you 01:02:21.579 --> 01:02:22.059 right now 01:02:22.059 --> 01:02:22.559 and you guys 01:02:22.559 --> 01:02:23.119 should listen 01:02:23.119 --> 01:02:23.900 to my interpretation, 01:02:24.139 --> 01:02:25.079 that's problematic. 01:02:25.079 --> 01:02:25.880 but if we're saying, 01:02:26.000 --> 01:02:26.059 hey, 01:02:26.139 --> 01:02:26.519 this is, 01:02:27.259 --> 01:02:27.500 yeah, 01:02:27.659 --> 01:02:28.699 this is a good 01:02:28.699 --> 01:02:29.440 illustration maybe 01:02:29.440 --> 01:02:30.219 of what Christ 01:02:30.219 --> 01:02:31.500 did for his people, 01:02:32.019 --> 01:02:34.099 I think that's 01:02:34.099 --> 01:02:35.000 very helpful. 01:02:35.139 --> 01:02:35.360 I mean, 01:02:36.259 --> 01:02:37.219 warranted. 01:02:37.319 --> 01:02:37.460 I mean, 01:02:37.599 --> 01:02:39.099 I think the early 01:02:39.099 --> 01:02:40.000 patristic era 01:02:40.000 --> 01:02:41.259 of church fathers 01:02:41.259 --> 01:02:41.739 would have, 01:02:42.199 --> 01:02:42.360 I mean, 01:02:42.460 --> 01:02:42.639 they, 01:02:43.000 --> 01:02:43.340 as you know, 01:02:43.380 --> 01:02:44.739 like very allegory heavy 01:02:44.739 --> 01:02:46.059 because they wanted 01:02:46.059 --> 01:02:47.159 to preach Christ 01:02:47.159 --> 01:02:48.400 in every scripture. 01:02:49.239 --> 01:02:49.500 So, 01:02:50.659 --> 01:02:51.860 there's, 01:02:52.299 --> 01:02:53.239 it's a fascinating, 01:02:53.319 --> 01:02:54.059 it's a fascinating 01:02:54.059 --> 01:02:54.659 conversation. 01:02:54.659 --> 01:02:55.799 I really have just 01:02:55.799 --> 01:02:56.559 learned about allegory 01:02:56.559 --> 01:02:57.399 in the past few months 01:02:57.399 --> 01:02:57.879 and it's, 01:02:57.960 --> 01:02:58.960 it's so interesting. 01:02:59.259 --> 01:03:00.119 I also think 01:03:00.119 --> 01:03:01.599 that the problem 01:03:01.599 --> 01:03:02.119 with like, 01:03:02.199 --> 01:03:03.059 we're trying to evaluate 01:03:03.059 --> 01:03:04.119 what's a good allegory 01:03:04.119 --> 01:03:04.960 or what's a bad allegory. 01:03:05.259 --> 01:03:06.359 But in some ways 01:03:06.359 --> 01:03:07.059 that conversation 01:03:07.059 --> 01:03:08.399 is the same about 01:03:08.399 --> 01:03:09.599 what's a good interpretation 01:03:09.599 --> 01:03:10.159 and what's a bad 01:03:10.159 --> 01:03:10.420 interpretation. 01:03:10.579 --> 01:03:11.159 Maybe in scripture 01:03:11.159 --> 01:03:12.119 and when you start 01:03:12.119 --> 01:03:12.920 asking those questions 01:03:12.920 --> 01:03:14.139 they're great questions 01:03:14.139 --> 01:03:15.359 but eventually 01:03:15.359 --> 01:03:16.460 you just keep probing 01:03:16.460 --> 01:03:16.960 and it, 01:03:17.159 --> 01:03:17.359 you know, 01:03:17.399 --> 01:03:18.039 you start, 01:03:18.239 --> 01:03:19.679 you gotta, 01:03:19.899 --> 01:03:20.699 you start losing 01:03:20.699 --> 01:03:21.500 your handholds 01:03:21.500 --> 01:03:21.920 and it's like, 01:03:21.960 --> 01:03:22.099 well, 01:03:22.099 --> 01:03:22.960 what does this mean 01:03:22.960 --> 01:03:23.339 that it's, 01:03:23.539 --> 01:03:24.440 like we took history 01:03:24.440 --> 01:03:24.960 for example, 01:03:25.099 --> 01:03:25.400 you know, 01:03:25.700 --> 01:03:26.360 or culture. 01:03:26.619 --> 01:03:26.700 Like, 01:03:26.760 --> 01:03:26.860 well, 01:03:26.920 --> 01:03:27.039 what, 01:03:27.639 --> 01:03:28.480 once God might 01:03:28.480 --> 01:03:29.000 think something 01:03:29.000 --> 01:03:29.619 is cultural 01:03:29.619 --> 01:03:30.659 and relevant 01:03:30.659 --> 01:03:31.260 and another might 01:03:31.260 --> 01:03:31.599 disagree 01:03:31.599 --> 01:03:32.099 and, 01:03:32.659 --> 01:03:32.920 you know, 01:03:33.139 --> 01:03:33.679 I think we have, 01:03:33.800 --> 01:03:34.700 when you get to those 01:03:34.700 --> 01:03:36.420 squishy gray areas 01:03:36.420 --> 01:03:37.539 that you just, 01:03:37.700 --> 01:03:38.579 you point the clearer 01:03:38.579 --> 01:03:39.340 bits of scripture 01:03:39.340 --> 01:03:42.019 and you trust in the Holy Spirit 01:03:42.019 --> 01:03:42.039 and you trust in the Holy Spirit 01:03:42.039 --> 01:03:42.059 and you trust in the Holy Spirit 01:03:42.059 --> 01:03:44.000 and you guide it. 01:03:44.220 --> 01:03:44.440 Yeah. 01:03:45.220 --> 01:03:45.780 And I, 01:03:46.860 --> 01:03:47.640 it is, 01:03:47.840 --> 01:03:48.760 there is a problem 01:03:48.760 --> 01:03:49.539 that where people 01:03:49.539 --> 01:03:51.960 take only the story 01:03:51.960 --> 01:03:53.059 and they just dismiss 01:03:53.059 --> 01:03:54.500 the actual individual text. 01:03:54.900 --> 01:03:55.380 So, 01:03:55.760 --> 01:03:57.160 you'll have people 01:03:57.160 --> 01:03:59.140 that will talk about 01:03:59.140 --> 01:04:00.360 this belief 01:04:00.360 --> 01:04:01.519 in Second Temple Judaism 01:04:01.519 --> 01:04:03.160 and this was all, 01:04:03.300 --> 01:04:04.160 it was all about, 01:04:04.300 --> 01:04:05.559 it was all about this belief 01:04:05.559 --> 01:04:06.779 and they just kind of 01:04:06.779 --> 01:04:08.380 dismiss the exposition part 01:04:08.380 --> 01:04:09.079 and they go right 01:04:09.079 --> 01:04:09.719 into the storyline 01:04:09.719 --> 01:04:11.279 and I don't think 01:04:11.279 --> 01:04:11.739 that's helpful 01:04:11.739 --> 01:04:13.400 and it's helpful 01:04:13.400 --> 01:04:14.079 to realize that 01:04:14.079 --> 01:04:14.719 not everyone 01:04:14.719 --> 01:04:15.699 had the same belief 01:04:15.699 --> 01:04:16.779 in Second Temple Judaism. 01:04:16.940 --> 01:04:17.820 You had the Sadducees, 01:04:17.920 --> 01:04:18.320 the Pharisees, 01:04:18.420 --> 01:04:18.880 the Essenes, 01:04:18.960 --> 01:04:19.119 you know, 01:04:19.159 --> 01:04:20.619 they weren't a uniform, 01:04:20.779 --> 01:04:22.239 homogeneous group. 01:04:23.119 --> 01:04:23.519 So, 01:04:23.619 --> 01:04:24.099 you do have 01:04:24.099 --> 01:04:24.840 biblical theologians 01:04:24.840 --> 01:04:26.199 I think that are kind of, 01:04:26.880 --> 01:04:27.599 you know, 01:04:27.659 --> 01:04:27.840 like, 01:04:27.920 --> 01:04:29.299 they're putting too much 01:04:29.299 --> 01:04:30.519 emphasis on the storyline. 01:04:33.239 --> 01:04:33.679 So, 01:04:33.820 --> 01:04:34.239 it is... 01:04:34.239 --> 01:04:35.119 Let's talk a little bit 01:04:35.119 --> 01:04:36.319 about how you 01:04:36.319 --> 01:04:38.039 tell 01:04:38.039 --> 01:04:39.259 what continues 01:04:39.259 --> 01:04:40.219 and what is. 01:04:40.799 --> 01:04:41.859 Where the breaks are 01:04:41.859 --> 01:04:42.339 between, like, 01:04:42.359 --> 01:04:42.980 old and new 01:04:42.980 --> 01:04:43.819 covenant 01:04:43.819 --> 01:04:45.139 or do you want to do that 01:04:45.139 --> 01:04:46.139 when you talk about 01:04:46.139 --> 01:04:46.259 covenants? 01:04:46.259 --> 01:04:46.480 Yeah, 01:04:46.900 --> 01:04:47.719 so interesting. 01:04:51.859 --> 01:04:52.339 I, 01:04:52.739 --> 01:04:53.420 to answer that 01:04:53.420 --> 01:04:54.000 I have to kind of 01:04:54.000 --> 01:04:54.739 show my colors 01:04:54.739 --> 01:04:55.639 and... 01:04:55.639 --> 01:04:55.839 Right. 01:04:58.839 --> 01:04:59.279 So, 01:04:59.559 --> 01:05:00.539 I am a, 01:05:00.539 --> 01:05:01.719 I'm a covenant theologian. 01:05:01.859 --> 01:05:02.019 I, 01:05:02.019 --> 01:05:02.359 I, 01:05:02.359 --> 01:05:02.519 I, 01:05:02.519 --> 01:05:03.859 I grew with covenant theology. 01:05:03.860 --> 01:05:05.300 Having said that, 01:05:05.460 --> 01:05:07.140 I know a lot of 01:05:07.140 --> 01:05:08.420 godly dispensationalists, 01:05:08.640 --> 01:05:08.800 like, 01:05:08.860 --> 01:05:09.599 John MacArthur 01:05:09.599 --> 01:05:10.099 is one of them. 01:05:10.200 --> 01:05:10.360 Like, 01:05:10.440 --> 01:05:10.700 so, 01:05:10.820 --> 01:05:11.620 he is much smarter 01:05:11.620 --> 01:05:12.120 than I am 01:05:12.120 --> 01:05:12.760 and he is much 01:05:12.760 --> 01:05:13.480 godlier than I am 01:05:13.480 --> 01:05:14.380 but he's dispensationalist. 01:05:14.440 --> 01:05:14.860 But I would, 01:05:15.240 --> 01:05:16.099 I tend to agree 01:05:16.099 --> 01:05:16.940 with covenant theology. 01:05:18.780 --> 01:05:19.180 And, 01:05:19.320 --> 01:05:20.400 I would say the, 01:05:22.019 --> 01:05:22.360 every, 01:05:22.460 --> 01:05:23.039 every covenant 01:05:23.039 --> 01:05:24.720 has condition, 01:05:24.820 --> 01:05:25.079 has 01:05:25.079 --> 01:05:27.120 unconditional 01:05:27.120 --> 01:05:28.140 aspects to it 01:05:28.140 --> 01:05:28.760 and then conditional 01:05:28.760 --> 01:05:29.539 aspects to it. 01:05:29.599 --> 01:05:30.420 Every single covenant 01:05:30.420 --> 01:05:30.900 does. 01:05:30.900 --> 01:05:31.660 And when you read 01:05:31.660 --> 01:05:32.200 the New Testament, 01:05:32.559 --> 01:05:34.119 they're picking up 01:05:34.119 --> 01:05:34.940 on some of the 01:05:34.940 --> 01:05:36.400 unconditional language 01:05:36.400 --> 01:05:37.340 and they're saying 01:05:37.340 --> 01:05:38.320 that continues 01:05:38.320 --> 01:05:39.240 through into 01:05:39.240 --> 01:05:39.780 the new covenant. 01:05:40.240 --> 01:05:40.599 So, 01:05:40.639 --> 01:05:41.400 the Abrahamic covenant, 01:05:41.559 --> 01:05:42.079 like the blessed, 01:05:42.360 --> 01:05:43.320 the offspring 01:05:43.320 --> 01:05:45.099 that will bring 01:05:45.099 --> 01:05:45.860 blessings to the world, 01:05:45.940 --> 01:05:47.420 that's clearly Christ, 01:05:47.539 --> 01:05:47.760 right? 01:05:48.139 --> 01:05:49.240 But there also 01:05:49.240 --> 01:05:51.400 are discontinuity 01:05:51.400 --> 01:05:51.800 within there 01:05:51.800 --> 01:05:52.500 because we're not, 01:05:52.599 --> 01:05:52.940 Christians, 01:05:53.519 --> 01:05:54.200 we're not going to 01:05:54.200 --> 01:05:55.119 inherit a land in Israel. 01:05:55.300 --> 01:05:55.800 We're going to inherit 01:05:55.800 --> 01:05:56.500 an entire universe. 01:05:56.500 --> 01:05:57.960 So, 01:05:58.039 --> 01:05:59.000 I think you have to 01:05:59.000 --> 01:06:00.760 read the New Testament 01:06:00.760 --> 01:06:03.260 with the Old Testament 01:06:03.260 --> 01:06:03.719 in mind 01:06:03.719 --> 01:06:04.400 and seeing how, 01:06:04.480 --> 01:06:04.980 like the prism, 01:06:05.119 --> 01:06:05.659 like what's, 01:06:05.659 --> 01:06:06.280 what's continuous, 01:06:06.440 --> 01:06:07.360 what's discontinuous. 01:06:08.539 --> 01:06:09.300 Having said that, 01:06:09.380 --> 01:06:09.519 I mean, 01:06:09.579 --> 01:06:10.159 dispensationalists 01:06:10.159 --> 01:06:10.719 disagree with me. 01:06:10.820 --> 01:06:11.000 So, 01:06:11.260 --> 01:06:12.639 I'm happy to, 01:06:13.539 --> 01:06:14.260 I'm not going to 01:06:14.260 --> 01:06:14.760 die on that hill. 01:06:15.900 --> 01:06:16.219 So, 01:06:17.000 --> 01:06:17.539 we all love, 01:06:17.619 --> 01:06:17.820 I mean, 01:06:17.900 --> 01:06:19.639 both sides love Christ 01:06:19.639 --> 01:06:20.079 and they, 01:06:20.079 --> 01:06:21.079 they believe in the gospel 01:06:21.079 --> 01:06:21.659 and the word. 01:06:21.840 --> 01:06:22.039 So, 01:06:22.619 --> 01:06:23.480 this is like one of those 01:06:23.480 --> 01:06:24.860 like secondary issues 01:06:24.860 --> 01:06:25.659 that people have, 01:06:25.659 --> 01:06:26.399 like baptism, 01:06:26.579 --> 01:06:27.579 simply baptize infants 01:06:27.579 --> 01:06:28.699 and baptists don't. 01:06:29.259 --> 01:06:29.399 Well, 01:06:29.440 --> 01:06:29.579 I can, 01:06:29.659 --> 01:06:30.299 we can still affirm 01:06:30.299 --> 01:06:31.299 that there are, 01:06:31.619 --> 01:06:32.000 you know, 01:06:32.299 --> 01:06:33.420 these are secondary issues, 01:06:33.519 --> 01:06:34.239 not primary. 01:06:36.299 --> 01:06:36.779 Well, 01:06:36.839 --> 01:06:37.159 that's, 01:06:37.159 --> 01:06:37.679 that's something 01:06:37.679 --> 01:06:38.339 on the, 01:06:38.339 --> 01:06:39.159 that tension 01:06:39.159 --> 01:06:40.460 between the covenant 01:06:40.460 --> 01:06:41.500 and dispensational, 01:06:41.759 --> 01:06:43.099 like that example 01:06:43.099 --> 01:06:43.619 of baptism. 01:06:44.339 --> 01:06:44.619 What, 01:06:44.619 --> 01:06:45.639 what trips me up 01:06:45.639 --> 01:06:46.099 sometimes, 01:06:46.179 --> 01:06:46.779 and maybe we'll talk 01:06:46.779 --> 01:06:47.299 about this later, 01:06:47.339 --> 01:06:47.779 is like, 01:06:48.199 --> 01:06:49.559 I know that the nature 01:06:49.559 --> 01:06:50.859 of salvation 01:06:50.859 --> 01:06:51.480 in the Bible 01:06:51.480 --> 01:06:52.399 is consistent, 01:06:52.659 --> 01:06:53.279 but it's, 01:06:53.799 --> 01:06:55.119 there's weird passages 01:06:55.119 --> 01:06:56.359 in Jude 01:06:56.359 --> 01:06:58.039 about Jesus 01:06:58.039 --> 01:06:58.559 going down 01:06:58.559 --> 01:06:58.960 and preaching 01:06:58.960 --> 01:06:59.900 to the spirits 01:06:59.900 --> 01:07:00.400 in prison 01:07:00.400 --> 01:07:01.980 and Lewis interprets 01:07:01.980 --> 01:07:02.679 that one way 01:07:02.679 --> 01:07:03.500 and you've got it 01:07:03.500 --> 01:07:04.480 alvarized in, 01:07:04.480 --> 01:07:06.440 in Narnia and stuff 01:07:06.440 --> 01:07:07.119 and, 01:07:07.279 --> 01:07:08.099 and I have friends 01:07:08.099 --> 01:07:08.559 who believe, 01:07:08.679 --> 01:07:08.819 yeah, 01:07:08.920 --> 01:07:09.219 oh yeah, 01:07:09.359 --> 01:07:09.679 Sheol, 01:07:09.900 --> 01:07:10.039 yeah, 01:07:10.099 --> 01:07:10.699 that was a place 01:07:10.699 --> 01:07:11.519 but it's not anymore. 01:07:11.819 --> 01:07:12.119 You know, 01:07:12.159 --> 01:07:12.359 like, 01:07:12.839 --> 01:07:13.420 and I'm like, 01:07:13.639 --> 01:07:14.859 but I thought salvation 01:07:14.859 --> 01:07:16.460 was by faith in Christ 01:07:16.460 --> 01:07:17.440 even before they knew 01:07:17.440 --> 01:07:18.319 who Christ was 01:07:18.320 --> 01:07:19.240 in Hebrews talks 01:07:19.240 --> 01:07:20.380 about Moses 01:07:20.380 --> 01:07:23.240 seeing the benefit 01:07:23.240 --> 01:07:24.400 of Christ 01:07:24.400 --> 01:07:25.340 as better than 01:07:25.340 --> 01:07:26.300 the benefit 01:07:26.300 --> 01:07:27.059 of the riches 01:07:27.059 --> 01:07:27.559 of Egypt 01:07:27.559 --> 01:07:28.160 and I'm like, 01:07:28.900 --> 01:07:29.240 uh, 01:07:29.600 --> 01:07:33.019 how do we talk 01:07:33.019 --> 01:07:33.760 about this? 01:07:33.860 --> 01:07:34.440 How do we look 01:07:34.440 --> 01:07:34.800 at this? 01:07:35.080 --> 01:07:35.100 So, 01:07:35.360 --> 01:07:37.240 I have no problem 01:07:37.240 --> 01:07:39.300 saying that 01:07:39.300 --> 01:07:40.780 the faith of Abraham 01:07:40.780 --> 01:07:42.340 could be applied 01:07:42.340 --> 01:07:44.019 to a future grace 01:07:44.019 --> 01:07:45.579 that came by 01:07:45.579 --> 01:07:46.840 the crucifixion 01:07:46.840 --> 01:07:47.219 and resurrection 01:07:47.219 --> 01:07:47.860 of Christ 01:07:47.860 --> 01:07:49.400 but what, 01:07:49.759 --> 01:07:50.019 like, 01:07:50.099 --> 01:07:51.539 where did his spirit go? 01:07:51.840 --> 01:07:52.320 That's, 01:07:52.380 --> 01:07:53.719 that's the secondary issue 01:07:53.719 --> 01:07:55.079 but it's sort of 01:07:55.079 --> 01:07:56.559 kind of informed back 01:07:56.559 --> 01:07:57.519 to how we look 01:07:57.519 --> 01:07:58.340 at the primary issue 01:07:58.340 --> 01:07:58.860 of salvation 01:07:58.860 --> 01:07:59.159 like, 01:07:59.619 --> 01:07:59.800 okay, 01:07:59.980 --> 01:08:00.360 so, 01:08:01.039 --> 01:08:01.960 what does that mean 01:08:01.960 --> 01:08:02.599 for each of us 01:08:02.599 --> 01:08:03.340 when we say, 01:08:03.840 --> 01:08:05.199 how do we put 01:08:05.199 --> 01:08:06.239 our faith 01:08:06.239 --> 01:08:07.159 in the proper place? 01:08:07.840 --> 01:08:08.199 And so, 01:08:08.320 --> 01:08:08.699 I don't know, 01:08:08.739 --> 01:08:09.159 it's just, 01:08:10.019 --> 01:08:10.199 that, 01:08:10.320 --> 01:08:10.820 that's a, 01:08:10.900 --> 01:08:11.900 that's a big one 01:08:11.900 --> 01:08:12.340 for me 01:08:12.340 --> 01:08:12.679 that, 01:08:12.679 --> 01:08:15.139 biblical theology 01:08:15.139 --> 01:08:16.199 and maybe 01:08:16.199 --> 01:08:16.979 a closer study 01:08:16.979 --> 01:08:18.119 would be helpful. 01:08:18.519 --> 01:08:18.760 Yeah, 01:08:18.819 --> 01:08:19.260 I'm going to write 01:08:19.260 --> 01:08:19.739 that down, 01:08:19.840 --> 01:08:20.119 that's, 01:08:20.159 --> 01:08:20.720 that's helpful. 01:08:23.939 --> 01:08:24.760 I agree, 01:08:24.859 --> 01:08:25.019 I mean, 01:08:25.099 --> 01:08:26.059 so covenant theology, 01:08:26.359 --> 01:08:26.819 there's, 01:08:26.939 --> 01:08:27.960 there's this all 01:08:27.960 --> 01:08:29.019 encompassing covenant 01:08:29.019 --> 01:08:30.880 of grace 01:08:30.880 --> 01:08:32.119 that theologians 01:08:32.119 --> 01:08:32.739 will talk about 01:08:32.739 --> 01:08:33.079 and that, 01:08:33.180 --> 01:08:33.760 they said the covenant 01:08:33.760 --> 01:08:34.319 of grace 01:08:34.319 --> 01:08:35.720 means that 01:08:35.720 --> 01:08:36.300 from beginnings 01:08:36.300 --> 01:08:37.139 and people are saved 01:08:37.139 --> 01:08:37.800 by faith alone 01:08:37.800 --> 01:08:38.479 and Christ alone 01:08:38.479 --> 01:08:39.199 by grace alone 01:08:39.199 --> 01:08:40.099 to the glory of God alone. 01:08:40.260 --> 01:08:40.420 Like, 01:08:40.479 --> 01:08:41.279 from Adam 01:08:41.279 --> 01:08:42.000 all the way 01:08:42.000 --> 01:08:43.680 into the last saint 01:08:43.680 --> 01:08:44.279 who's going to die 01:08:44.279 --> 01:08:45.560 before Christ returns. 01:08:46.960 --> 01:08:47.399 Dispensationalists, 01:08:47.680 --> 01:08:48.300 they will not, 01:08:48.439 --> 01:08:49.140 dispensationalists 01:08:49.140 --> 01:08:49.640 do not say, 01:08:49.699 --> 01:08:49.920 I don't want to, 01:08:50.199 --> 01:08:50.539 they don't say 01:08:50.539 --> 01:08:50.859 that you're saved 01:08:50.859 --> 01:08:51.300 by works 01:08:51.300 --> 01:08:51.640 and then you're 01:08:51.640 --> 01:08:52.300 saved by grace. 01:08:53.020 --> 01:08:53.680 You're always 01:08:53.680 --> 01:08:54.399 saved by faith. 01:08:54.520 --> 01:08:54.680 I mean, 01:08:54.720 --> 01:08:55.000 they would, 01:08:55.060 --> 01:08:55.899 they would affirm that. 01:08:56.520 --> 01:08:57.300 But there are, 01:08:57.460 --> 01:08:57.680 like, 01:08:57.720 --> 01:08:58.340 what do they say, 01:08:58.600 --> 01:08:59.180 what are they putting 01:08:59.180 --> 01:08:59.859 their faith in? 01:08:59.960 --> 01:09:00.560 That's the, 01:09:00.699 --> 01:09:01.619 what dispensationalists 01:09:01.619 --> 01:09:02.600 will say. 01:09:02.720 --> 01:09:02.880 Well, 01:09:03.579 --> 01:09:04.479 they clearly didn't 01:09:04.479 --> 01:09:05.159 have Christ 01:09:05.159 --> 01:09:05.880 in the Old Testament. 01:09:06.779 --> 01:09:07.220 Covenant theology 01:09:07.220 --> 01:09:07.399 said, 01:09:07.439 --> 01:09:07.560 well, 01:09:07.659 --> 01:09:08.439 there's shadows 01:09:08.439 --> 01:09:09.000 of Christ, 01:09:09.000 --> 01:09:11.380 the offering 01:09:11.380 --> 01:09:11.840 to the Lamb 01:09:11.840 --> 01:09:12.460 that they could, 01:09:12.779 --> 01:09:13.220 Christ is going 01:09:13.220 --> 01:09:13.720 to do something, 01:09:14.060 --> 01:09:14.619 God's going to do 01:09:14.619 --> 01:09:15.260 something in the future 01:09:15.260 --> 01:09:17.060 to solve for sin. 01:09:18.000 --> 01:09:18.220 But yeah, 01:09:18.279 --> 01:09:18.760 this is a, 01:09:18.920 --> 01:09:19.699 I'm going to write 01:09:19.699 --> 01:09:20.119 that down, 01:09:20.239 --> 01:09:21.279 so I hopefully 01:09:21.279 --> 01:09:22.020 come back to that. 01:09:22.020 --> 01:09:30.920 Okay, 01:09:31.040 --> 01:09:31.900 so I think, 01:09:32.440 --> 01:09:32.860 sounds like 01:09:32.860 --> 01:09:33.540 they're getting out, 01:09:33.760 --> 01:09:35.560 so thank you all 01:09:35.560 --> 01:09:36.660 and I look forward 01:09:36.660 --> 01:09:37.020 to... 01:09:37.020 --> 01:09:37.940 applause 01:09:37.939 --> 01:09:42.319 and I look forward... 01:09:50.359 --> 01:09:50.759 effects 01:09:50.759 --> 01:09:51.359 ... 01:09:51.359 --> 01:10:03.639 here are a full 01:10:03.779 --> 01:10:07.839 question.