WEBVTT

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 All right, we are back with the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. Welcome back. Did anyone show

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! Did anyone show up last week thinking we had class? No, you all got the memo. Great, good,

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 good, good, good. So let me just say briefly, by way of review, really briefly, we've said that the study

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 of the Holy Spirit typically falls into two parts, right? We're looking at the person of the Holy

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 Spirit and the work of the Holy Spirit. And the first two weeks of our class, we spent looking at

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 the person of the Holy Spirit first in the Old Testament and then in the New Testament.

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 And the conclusion that we came to after studying the biblical text was that the Holy Spirit

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 is a distinct divine person along with the Father and the Son in the unity of the one triune God.

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 Now today, we are going to look at how the doctrine of the person of the Holy Spirit developed

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 in church history, at least over the first thousand years of church history.

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 And this week's going to be somewhat of a bridge to the second half of our class, or really the

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 second two-thirds of our class, where we're going to talk about the work of the Holy Spirit,

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 because we'll see that as the doctrine of the Holy Spirit begins to develop throughout church

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 history, it really goes from his person and then into his work. Now, we might kind of briefly ask,

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 why study the historical development of these doctrines at all? Why bother, right? Why not just

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 study the Bible and leave it at that? Well, I think there are a number of things we could say

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 to that kind of question, but I think perhaps the most straightforward answer is that studying church

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 history helps us to understand the Bible better. It helps us to live out the vision of biblical

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 faithfulness with more wisdom. Studying church history is an acknowledgement that we need other

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 Christians. We need each other in the church in order to grasp all that God is saying to us in

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 his word, right? It's prideful to think that we don't need the wisdom of previous generations of

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 Christians who've prayerfully studied God's word and who can help us understand it today.

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 Do you remember the verse in Ephesians chapter 4 verse 11, where it says that our risen and

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 ascended Lord Jesus gives to the church what? Well, one of the things he lists there is teachers,

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 right? Teachers. Apostles and prophets, shepherds and teachers. Why? So that we might not be tossed to

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 and fro by the wind of every false doctrine or human cunning, but so that we might grow into maturity in

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 Christ. So we look to church history. When we do that, we're looking to the gifts that Christ gave

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 the church, these teachers who can help us understand his word and his ways with more clarity and wisdom.

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 Okay, how are we going to approach the history of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit? Of course,

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 given that we're only spending one class on the entire history of the development of the Holy Spirit,

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 which is ridiculous, we're obviously going to do it at a very high level, right? We're just going to hit

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 some of the overviews. And I had great ambitions today of breaking up church history into four

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 quadrants and talking about the key doctrines in each one. And then as I was preparing my notes,

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 I realized I hit the time limit and I only covered like the first one and a half. So we're not even

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 going to do some of the later stuff today, but we are going to pick those up in coming classes.

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 Because what happens in, you know, after the first about a thousand years of church history,

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 the person of the Holy Spirit really gets solidified. There'll be other kind of things that crop up

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 along the way, but the church's understanding of scripture of the person of the Holy Spirit is

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 really solidified in those first thousand years. And then the issues that kind of come up in the

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 Reformation and post-Reformation, the issues that come up in the modern age of the church,

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 are really more about the work of the Holy Spirit. And we're going to deal with those as we come to

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 those topics as we go. So we are painting with very broad strokes today. I don't want you to come away

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 from this class thinking that we've hit every little detail, you know, but I still think this

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 is going to be helpful, you know, as we think about the Holy Spirit, you know, if you think about like,

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 if you need to find a restaurant downtown, right, like a street map is really helpful, right? But,

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 you know, if you need to figure out the relationship of like where New Haven is located in relationship

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 to like London or Dubai or Tokyo, right, you need a higher level map, don't you? So this is going to be

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 that higher level map so that we can see sort of the big picture. So, okay, well, let's just jump

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 right in then. We're looking at the development of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit in the early church

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 and really the early kind of middle ages. Now, what do I mean by early church? The early church,

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 roughly, you know, Jesus ascended around 30 AD, right? And then there was the apostolic age. So we

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 think about the early church roughly, let's just say 100, right? Sort of the age after the apostles,

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 right? Into up to about 500. And then we think about the middle ages. I mean, sometimes all the way up to

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 the Reformation to 1500, but we're going to stop at 1054, which if you know the date 1054, you know,

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 there's something a little ominous about that date, but we'll get to that at the end. So this is the

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 time period we're looking at. What was the, when it came to the Holy Spirit, what was the church kind

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 of really hammering out, defending, thinking through, clarifying in this time? Well, the main issues

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 in this period of church history were two. The first was the deity of the Holy Spirit.

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 In other words, is the Holy Spirit fully God? And the second question they wrestled with in relation

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 to that was what we might call the procession of the Holy Spirit. Or in other words, what is the

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 relationship between the Father, Son, and Spirit? If the Holy Spirit is fully God, what is his

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 relationship to the other two persons of the Trinity? So the deity of the Holy Spirit and the

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 procession of the Holy Spirit. But what's some of the background to some of these debates that we're

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 going to look at? Well, start reading the book of Acts, right? We've been looking at the book of Acts

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 on Sunday mornings. Empowered by the Spirit, the church begins to multiply and spread throughout

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 the known world, right? And we're going to look at a lot of theologians, what we might say in the West,

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 but the church is spreading all over, right? It's going east, it's going south, it's going north,

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 right? And as the mission of the church advanced, the church began in that time to articulate on the

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 basis of Scripture, the deity of the Holy Spirit with more and more precision. Now, why did they have

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 to do that? Why did they have to do that? Because a number of movements started to crop up in the

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 history of the early church that sort of challenged what we might call the traditional or the orthodox,

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 or we could even say the biblical view of the Holy Spirit. So we're going to look at some of those.

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 The first one is this. In the late first century, sorry, late second century, early third century,

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 there was a movement, and you're going to get a lot of cool terms this morning. Are you ready for that?

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 You're going to learn a lot of cool terms. Monarchianism was the first one, okay? What is

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 monarchianism? Monarchianism emphasized the unity of God, right? This comes from the word monarchia,

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 which means ruler, right? There's just one monarch, one monarchia in the universe, one principle, one

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 ruler. So it really emphasized the oneness of God, right? And if that idea of God is one, if that's

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 foremost in your thinking about the Godhead, then the deity of the Son and the deity of the Holy Spirit

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 become sort of problematic, right? And if God the Father is God and Jesus the Son is God, then it

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 appears there's two gods, right? Because there's only one God, but that means you have two. And on top of

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 that, if the Holy Spirit is God, well, then it looks like we're believing in three gods. So this is what

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 the monarchianism was trying to address by claiming the sort of absolute numerical oneness of God and

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 the sole deity of God the Father. Now, there were actually two kinds of this that cropped up.

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 The one that cropped up, as far as I can tell, actually a little later, but it was sort of less

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 influential, was called dynamic monarchianism. And this was championed by a guy named Paul of

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 Samosata, who was a bishop in Antioch kind of in the late third century. He was bishop from like 260

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 to 268, somewhere in there. Now, Paul, unfortunately, had a lot of really, really unbiblical views,

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 even though he was a bishop. So, you know, just because someone holds a title in the church doesn't

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 mean that they hold to the apostolic teaching, right? So on the one hand, he claimed that Jesus

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 was just sort of a normal human being who, probably around the time of his baptism, was sort of filled

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 with divine power and adopted at that point as the Son of God, right? This is sometimes called

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 adoptionism, right? That Jesus wasn't fully God, but sort of became a kind of super divine human

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 at some point in his earthly life. Along with that, the dynamic monarchianism held that the Holy Spirit

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 wasn't much more than just a kind of divine influence, right? Now, we talked about this view

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 in our last couple of classes, so we're not going to spend a lot of time on this. And honestly,

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 people in the church read their Bibles, they heard what the apostles had taught, and continue to teach.

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 They're like, that is not Christianity. So that didn't hold a lot of influence, thankfully.

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 The second form of monarchianism did, actually. And this second form was called, whoops,

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 I'll put it right over here. Okay, modalistic monarchianism. This one, that was gone.

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 Modalistic monarchianism. Sometimes this is just called modalism. So what was this idea?

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 So a couple of the teachers in the church that developed this was a guy named Praxeus in Rome.

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 There was another guy named Zephyrinus in Callistus. They had awesome names in the early

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 church, by the way. We are not good at naming people anymore. Zephyrinus, that's a sweet name.

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 But it was really popularized by a guy named Sibelius. And in fact, sometimes, I'm even going to make

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 this on its own thing. Sometimes you'll hear this view just referred to as modalism, or you might even

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 see it referred to as Sibelianism, right? You know you're a really bad teacher in the church when a

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 whole heresy gets named after you, right? So Sibelius. Now, before we laugh too hard at modalism,

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 modalistic monarchianism, what did it teach, right? What was it all about? So modalistic monarchianism held

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 that there's one God, right? But that one God can be designated by three different names, Father,

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 Son, and Holy Spirit at different times. The three are not distinct persons. Instead, they're different

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 modes of the one God. Hence the name modalism, or modalistic monarchianism, right?

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 Monarchianism, God is one. Modalism, he can kind of put on different masks or use different names at

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 different times, right? The way Sibelius kind of cashed this out was progressive in history, right?

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 In the Old Testament, God showed himself as Father, creator of the world, lawgiver. Then in the Gospels,

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 the same God showed up as Son, incarnate in Jesus Christ. But now we can call that same God Holy

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 Spirit as he's at work in the church, in the church age, right? So you see what the modalists are saying

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 here is they're saying that Jesus Christ is God and the Spirit is God, but they're not distinct persons.

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 They're just names. They're just modes. They're just masks of the one God. Now, how do you think the

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 church responded to that? Do you see the problem it's trying to solve? One God, three persons,

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 three things that are called God, how do we resolve that apparent tension in Scripture? How do you think

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 the church responded to the modalist monarchianism? Yeah, Richard, go ahead.

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 With a question.

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 Yeah, go ahead. Yeah.

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 And the question is, who did Jesus pray to?

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 Exactly. Exactly. Who was Jesus praying to? He was praying to the Father. So look at Jesus in the

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 Garden of Gethsemane, praying to his Father, pleading with his Father. What other passages do you think

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 the church appealed to?

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 I think about the Father, that's a big, because I think all Jesus always talks about a Father.

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 He has such a devotion. He is showing what devotion is.

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 Yep.

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 Everything following the Father. So the Father is a crown.

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 Yeah. So it's, there were so many passages, right, where the Son, Jesus' relationship with the Father

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 was so clear, that we see that those were too distinct. Any others you can think of were the

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 spirits at play? Yeah, Tyler, and then we'll go to Jeff.

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 In Genesis, let us make it in our image.

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 Oh, that's a very interesting passage, isn't it? Yeah.

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 Plurality is the line of God.

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 Yeah, there's something going on there. And very interestingly, in Genesis 1,

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 there's a lot of ink that's been spilled about what that plural means there.

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 But earlier in Genesis, who might God be referring to? Well, the only other sort of divine figure

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 in the Genesis 1 narrative is the Spirit of God, right? So if you're just reading Genesis 1,

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 it would think that God and the Spirit of God are having this interaction. Interesting, right?

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 Interesting hint. Yeah, Jeff?

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 That's right. Yep.

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 Oh.

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 And remember what happens at the baptism as well. What else happens at the baptism?

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 The Spirit comes down. So the church opens up their scriptures at this point, because we're

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 talking third century, right? They read the account of the baptism and they think, well,

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 here is the Son, here is the Father, and here is the Spirit. It's not as, I mean, that's a lot of

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 quick mask changes in one scene, right? Like, imagine one actor playing that scene, right?

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 Like the modalists were claiming, right? But you can't, right? You can't have the Son being baptized,

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 the Spirit coming down, and the Father speaking all at the same moment, right? So these were some of the

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 passages that the church referred to to say, no, no, no, no, no, this apparent solution to the mystery

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 of the Trinity falls woefully short. So the church began to affirm, continue to affirm on the basis of

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 Scripture, that the Father, Son, and Spirit aren't just different masks, different prosopa, different

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 faces of God, but different persona, different persons of God, right? Now we can get into what the Latin

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 term person means. It's not quite the same as our today, but it's distinct. So Tertullian, oh yeah, Jeff, go ahead.

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 Was this before the Nicene Creed?

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 It was, yes. This was all happening before the Nicene Creed.

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 That's right, yes, yes. This is before then. Yep, this is going to be before then. So,

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 so one of the writers,

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 so Sibelius's dates were

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 like 215. So Sibelius was like circa 215,

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 right? Remember Nicaea is 325

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 and Constantinople is 381, which we'll get to that in a second, right?

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 So this is almost 100 years before the Council of Nicaea.

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 Tertullian, who was a church father in North Africa,

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 who died around, let me just, 220 AD.

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 He writes this in response to all of this.

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 Remember, wanting to say from Scripture that they're distinct persons.

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 Tertullian writes,

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 There is the paraclete, or the comforter,

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 for whom the Lord promises

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 to pray to the Father

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 to send from heaven

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 after he had ascended to the Father.

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 He is called

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 another comforter indeed.

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 John 14, 16.

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 See there?

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 Tertullian points right to the Gospel of John and says,

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 how do you explain that,

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 modalists?

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 You can't.

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 He shall receive of mine,

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 says Christ.

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 John 16, 14.

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 Just as Christ received,

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 himself received,

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 of the fathers.

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 Thus, the connection of the Father and the Son,

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 and of the Son,

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 and the paraclete,

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 that's the word for spirit.

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 Well, it's the word for comforter,

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 but it's referring to the Holy Spirit, right?

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 The connection of the Father and the Son,

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 and of the Son and the paraclete,

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 produces three coherent persons,

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 Tertullian writes,

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 who are yet distinct from one another.

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 These three,

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 here's the payoff,

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 are one essence,

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 not one person.

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 So,

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 in the early third century,

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 Tertullian,

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 finding language to try to explain

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 what Scripture teaches,

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 lands on wording that will help the church

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 pretty much for the rest of its history,

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 that God is one in essence,

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 and yet three in persons.

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 Thus, the Holy Spirit is fully God,

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 just as the Father and Son are,

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 yet he's distinct from these two,

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 just as the Father and Son are.

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 This kind of modalistic monarchianism,

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 right, emphasized the oneness of the Godhead,

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 but it didn't do justice

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 to the distinction in persons,

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 and for that reason,

00:17:25.960 --> 00:17:27.160
 the church considered it wrong.

00:17:28.640 --> 00:17:28.920
 Okay.

00:17:29.740 --> 00:17:31.620
 Flash forward a couple years,

00:17:31.900 --> 00:17:32.720
 a hundred years, right,

00:17:33.260 --> 00:17:35.980
 and a new kind of teaching arises.

00:17:36.360 --> 00:17:37.300
 So, we had monarchianism,

00:17:37.480 --> 00:17:38.380
 now Arianism.

00:17:38.480 --> 00:17:41.680
 Now, maybe you've heard of this before,

00:17:42.220 --> 00:17:43.040
 Arianism.

00:17:43.120 --> 00:17:44.260
 So, a teacher named Arius

00:17:44.260 --> 00:17:45.760
 started teaching,

00:17:46.280 --> 00:17:48.580
 again, emphasizing the oneness of God,

00:17:48.579 --> 00:17:50.960
 started denying the deity of Jesus Christ,

00:17:51.240 --> 00:17:52.679
 right, arguing that the Son

00:17:52.679 --> 00:17:54.299
 was a created being,

00:17:54.599 --> 00:17:56.339
 albeit the Son was the greatest,

00:17:56.559 --> 00:17:57.039
 the highest,

00:17:57.179 --> 00:17:59.359
 the most magnificent being that ever was,

00:17:59.519 --> 00:18:01.019
 but still a created being,

00:18:01.279 --> 00:18:01.519
 right?

00:18:02.379 --> 00:18:03.199
 And Arius

00:18:03.199 --> 00:18:05.220
 even wrote good songs,

00:18:05.519 --> 00:18:05.759
 right?

00:18:06.220 --> 00:18:07.119
 He wrote a song that said,

00:18:07.199 --> 00:18:07.879
 there is a time

00:18:07.879 --> 00:18:09.099
 when the Son was not,

00:18:09.220 --> 00:18:09.419
 right?

00:18:09.819 --> 00:18:11.279
 So, beware the worship songs

00:18:11.279 --> 00:18:11.779
 you listen to.

00:18:11.839 --> 00:18:12.159
 No, I'm kidding.

00:18:12.179 --> 00:18:12.599
 I'm joking.

00:18:12.699 --> 00:18:13.220
 I'm joking.

00:18:13.220 --> 00:18:18.480
 So, we're not,

00:18:18.600 --> 00:18:21.240
 this isn't a class about the person of the Son,

00:18:21.319 --> 00:18:22.200
 about the person of Christ,

00:18:22.259 --> 00:18:23.019
 about Christology,

00:18:23.160 --> 00:18:23.880
 so we'll move quickly,

00:18:23.980 --> 00:18:25.579
 but in the Council of Nicaea,

00:18:26.160 --> 00:18:28.039
 the Council of Nicaea in 325,

00:18:29.200 --> 00:18:32.559
 in 325,

00:18:33.240 --> 00:18:35.279
 sort of roundly rejected Arianism.

00:18:35.339 --> 00:18:36.100
 It was a big debate.

00:18:36.240 --> 00:18:37.039
 It was fierce,

00:18:37.039 --> 00:18:40.240
 and Arianism continued to have influence

00:18:40.240 --> 00:18:41.619
 after the Council of Nicaea,

00:18:41.720 --> 00:18:42.980
 but at the Council of Nicaea,

00:18:43.559 --> 00:18:46.519
 the church confessed that Jesus Christ,

00:18:46.639 --> 00:18:47.619
 the Son of God,

00:18:48.000 --> 00:18:48.180
 was,

00:18:48.740 --> 00:18:49.700
 here's a good word,

00:18:50.079 --> 00:18:50.839
 told you we were going to learn

00:18:50.839 --> 00:18:51.680
 a lot of good words today,

00:18:52.399 --> 00:18:53.819
 homoousios,

00:18:54.339 --> 00:18:55.740
 with the Father,

00:18:56.960 --> 00:18:58.859
 the same being,

00:18:59.019 --> 00:19:00.440
 the same essence,

00:19:00.940 --> 00:19:01.559
 as the Father.

00:19:02.379 --> 00:19:04.180
 Arius wanted to say this,

00:19:04.180 --> 00:19:08.440
 that Jesus was homoousios.

00:19:09.460 --> 00:19:11.200
 One little iota in there,

00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:12.539
 is what Arius wanted to put in,

00:19:13.100 --> 00:19:14.500
 which means of really,

00:19:14.660 --> 00:19:16.779
 really similar nature.

00:19:21.360 --> 00:19:21.840
 Exactly,

00:19:22.039 --> 00:19:23.380
 and these were the kind of passages

00:19:23.380 --> 00:19:25.519
 that the church would continue to appeal to,

00:19:25.960 --> 00:19:26.440
 to say,

00:19:26.620 --> 00:19:27.080
 nope,

00:19:27.960 --> 00:19:30.240
 Jesus is of the same substance,

00:19:30.240 --> 00:19:31.560
 the same being,

00:19:31.779 --> 00:19:32.460
 as the Father.

00:19:34.180 --> 00:19:36.500
 After the Council of Nicaea,

00:19:36.620 --> 00:19:36.740
 now,

00:19:36.820 --> 00:19:36.940
 oh,

00:19:37.060 --> 00:19:37.820
 this is really important.

00:19:38.259 --> 00:19:39.440
 At the Council of Nicaea,

00:19:39.700 --> 00:19:40.860
 the main debate was about

00:19:40.860 --> 00:19:41.580
 the person of the Son.

00:19:42.060 --> 00:19:42.400
 So,

00:19:42.500 --> 00:19:43.860
 the first iteration,

00:19:44.240 --> 00:19:45.320
 the first sort of copy

00:19:45.320 --> 00:19:46.779
 of the Nicene Creed,

00:19:47.279 --> 00:19:49.100
 after it had that wonderful paragraph

00:19:49.100 --> 00:19:50.259
 about the person of the Son,

00:19:51.380 --> 00:19:51.799
 just said,

00:19:51.940 --> 00:19:53.100
 and we believe in the Holy Spirit.

00:19:54.120 --> 00:19:54.519
 Done.

00:19:56.060 --> 00:19:56.460
 Now,

00:19:56.539 --> 00:19:57.000
 of course,

00:19:57.240 --> 00:19:57.779
 in saying,

00:19:57.940 --> 00:19:59.100
 and we believe in the Holy Spirit,

00:19:59.100 --> 00:20:00.420
 it was gesturing towards all

00:20:00.420 --> 00:20:01.299
 that the church had been teaching

00:20:01.299 --> 00:20:02.400
 for now hundreds of years

00:20:02.400 --> 00:20:03.279
 about the Holy Spirit.

00:20:03.279 --> 00:20:04.539
 But it,

00:20:04.660 --> 00:20:06.059
 but it left this door open,

00:20:06.099 --> 00:20:06.299
 right?

00:20:07.920 --> 00:20:08.319
 So,

00:20:08.460 --> 00:20:09.299
 as you can guess,

00:20:09.819 --> 00:20:11.000
 after the Council of Nicaea,

00:20:11.220 --> 00:20:12.299
 debate about the Holy Spirit

00:20:12.299 --> 00:20:13.639
 continued to break out.

00:20:14.259 --> 00:20:16.299
 And many emphasized with Arius,

00:20:16.399 --> 00:20:17.259
 because Arius also,

00:20:17.420 --> 00:20:17.720
 obviously,

00:20:17.839 --> 00:20:18.879
 if Arius didn't think the Son

00:20:18.879 --> 00:20:19.579
 was fully God,

00:20:19.639 --> 00:20:20.740
 he certainly didn't think

00:20:20.740 --> 00:20:21.740
 the Spirit was fully God,

00:20:22.160 --> 00:20:22.399
 right?

00:20:23.079 --> 00:20:23.480
 So,

00:20:23.559 --> 00:20:25.180
 many of Arius' sort of,

00:20:25.180 --> 00:20:25.500
 you know,

00:20:25.759 --> 00:20:26.480
 remnant followers,

00:20:26.480 --> 00:20:27.619
 who were still pretty influential,

00:20:27.759 --> 00:20:28.859
 began taking up this teaching.

00:20:29.859 --> 00:20:30.799
 And the response

00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:31.619
 to those challenges

00:20:31.619 --> 00:20:32.599
 took place over many,

00:20:32.740 --> 00:20:32.979
 many years,

00:20:33.019 --> 00:20:34.259
 over the next 70 years,

00:20:34.339 --> 00:20:34.659
 actually.

00:20:36.299 --> 00:20:36.679
 And,

00:20:36.839 --> 00:20:37.399
 now,

00:20:37.439 --> 00:20:38.159
 we talked a lot about

00:20:38.159 --> 00:20:38.719
 the deity of the Spirit

00:20:38.719 --> 00:20:39.419
 at our last,

00:20:39.419 --> 00:20:40.419
 at our last class,

00:20:40.479 --> 00:20:41.219
 but here's a sample

00:20:41.219 --> 00:20:41.799
 of how the church

00:20:41.799 --> 00:20:42.759
 took up that task.

00:20:42.919 --> 00:20:43.659
 And there were a number

00:20:43.659 --> 00:20:44.179
 of,

00:20:44.179 --> 00:20:45.839
 of church theologians,

00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:46.339
 pastors,

00:20:46.819 --> 00:20:47.759
 who,

00:20:47.959 --> 00:20:48.559
 who were

00:20:48.559 --> 00:20:49.779
 working hard

00:20:49.779 --> 00:20:50.859
 to sort of

00:20:50.859 --> 00:20:51.719
 defend

00:20:51.719 --> 00:20:52.979
 the deity of the Spirit.

00:20:53.859 --> 00:20:54.659
 The first was a guy

00:20:54.659 --> 00:20:55.240
 named Cyril

00:20:55.240 --> 00:20:56.179
 of Jerusalem,

00:20:56.180 --> 00:20:57.440
 who was,

00:20:57.940 --> 00:21:00.380
 he died in 386.

00:21:00.720 --> 00:21:01.019
 So,

00:21:01.100 --> 00:21:02.600
 he was only about 12

00:21:02.600 --> 00:21:04.200
 when the Council of Nicaea

00:21:04.200 --> 00:21:06.140
 was ratified.

00:21:06.460 --> 00:21:07.340
 But he lived

00:21:07.340 --> 00:21:08.400
 throughout the 4th century.

00:21:08.880 --> 00:21:09.960
 And he argued

00:21:09.960 --> 00:21:10.759
 that

00:21:10.759 --> 00:21:11.480
 the Spirit

00:21:11.480 --> 00:21:12.740
 is fully God,

00:21:13.039 --> 00:21:13.299
 right?

00:21:13.580 --> 00:21:13.799
 And,

00:21:14.120 --> 00:21:14.400
 interesting,

00:21:14.500 --> 00:21:14.860
 there's a lot

00:21:14.860 --> 00:21:15.200
 we could say

00:21:15.200 --> 00:21:15.740
 about Cyril,

00:21:15.860 --> 00:21:15.980
 but,

00:21:16.200 --> 00:21:16.880
 but he,

00:21:17.080 --> 00:21:18.120
 I love seeing

00:21:18.120 --> 00:21:19.200
 how the church fathers

00:21:19.200 --> 00:21:20.240
 reasoned from Scripture,

00:21:20.539 --> 00:21:20.779
 right?

00:21:21.480 --> 00:21:22.100
 And the insights

00:21:22.100 --> 00:21:22.840
 that they have,

00:21:23.039 --> 00:21:23.299
 right?

00:21:23.880 --> 00:21:24.320
 Because,

00:21:24.539 --> 00:21:24.860
 now remember,

00:21:24.960 --> 00:21:25.640
 Arius was saying,

00:21:25.640 --> 00:21:26.380
 and the followers

00:21:26.380 --> 00:21:26.880
 of Arius

00:21:26.880 --> 00:21:27.580
 after his death

00:21:27.580 --> 00:21:27.840
 were saying

00:21:27.840 --> 00:21:28.280
 the Holy Spirit

00:21:28.280 --> 00:21:29.100
 wasn't fully God,

00:21:29.220 --> 00:21:29.380
 right?

00:21:29.440 --> 00:21:30.320
 That the Holy Spirit

00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:31.700
 was a great created being,

00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:32.240
 right?

00:21:32.340 --> 00:21:32.820
 But not,

00:21:32.820 --> 00:21:34.500
 not homo usios

00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:35.220
 with the Father.

00:21:35.800 --> 00:21:36.680
 Listen to what Cyril writes.

00:21:36.740 --> 00:21:37.080
 He says,

00:21:37.460 --> 00:21:38.700
 he says of the Holy Spirit,

00:21:38.800 --> 00:21:39.180
 now listen,

00:21:39.360 --> 00:21:40.040
 the Holy Spirit,

00:21:40.680 --> 00:21:42.640
 nothing among created things,

00:21:42.940 --> 00:21:43.860
 among created things,

00:21:44.280 --> 00:21:45.860
 is equal in honor to him.

00:21:46.920 --> 00:21:48.540
 For the families of angels

00:21:48.540 --> 00:21:49.759
 and all their hosts

00:21:49.759 --> 00:21:50.620
 assembled together

00:21:50.620 --> 00:21:51.920
 have no equality

00:21:51.920 --> 00:21:52.880
 with the Holy Spirit.

00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:56.700
 the all-excellent power

00:21:56.700 --> 00:21:57.840
 of the Comforter,

00:21:58.000 --> 00:21:58.980
 picking up Jesus' language

00:21:58.980 --> 00:21:59.600
 in John 14,

00:21:59.680 --> 00:21:59.880
 15,

00:21:59.940 --> 00:22:00.300
 and 16,

00:22:00.860 --> 00:22:02.060
 overshadows all of these,

00:22:02.100 --> 00:22:02.260
 right?

00:22:02.580 --> 00:22:03.640
 So the Arians wanted to say,

00:22:03.720 --> 00:22:04.320
 the Holy Spirit's

00:22:04.320 --> 00:22:05.360
 this great exalted being,

00:22:05.460 --> 00:22:06.420
 just like all the angels,

00:22:06.580 --> 00:22:06.800
 right?

00:22:07.760 --> 00:22:08.520
 And Cyril says,

00:22:09.020 --> 00:22:09.260
 no,

00:22:09.320 --> 00:22:09.420
 no,

00:22:09.420 --> 00:22:09.540
 no,

00:22:09.540 --> 00:22:09.640
 no,

00:22:09.640 --> 00:22:10.920
 the Spirit is above them all,

00:22:11.300 --> 00:22:11.560
 right?

00:22:11.960 --> 00:22:13.020
 And here's how he reasons

00:22:13.020 --> 00:22:13.520
 from Scripture.

00:22:13.740 --> 00:22:14.180
 Hebrews 1,

00:22:14.220 --> 00:22:14.960
 14 says,

00:22:15.620 --> 00:22:16.760
 the angels are sent forth

00:22:16.760 --> 00:22:17.360
 to serve,

00:22:17.620 --> 00:22:17.880
 right?

00:22:18.740 --> 00:22:20.080
 But what does the Bible say

00:22:20.080 --> 00:22:21.040
 about the Holy Spirit?

00:22:21.740 --> 00:22:22.940
 In 1 Corinthians 2,

00:22:23.020 --> 00:22:23.700
 10 through 11,

00:22:24.140 --> 00:22:24.380
 right?

00:22:24.980 --> 00:22:25.260
 It says,

00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:26.940
 the Spirit searches everything,

00:22:27.460 --> 00:22:28.980
 even the deep things of God.

00:22:29.500 --> 00:22:31.200
 For who knows a person's thoughts

00:22:31.200 --> 00:22:32.600
 except the Spirit of that person

00:22:32.600 --> 00:22:33.200
 which is in him?

00:22:33.420 --> 00:22:33.900
 So also,

00:22:34.180 --> 00:22:35.380
 no one comprehends

00:22:35.380 --> 00:22:36.220
 the thoughts of God

00:22:36.220 --> 00:22:37.940
 except the Spirit of God.

00:22:38.960 --> 00:22:39.900
 So Cyril looks at a passage

00:22:39.900 --> 00:22:40.640
 like that and he's saying,

00:22:40.860 --> 00:22:41.460
 you're telling me

00:22:41.460 --> 00:22:42.260
 the Spirit of God

00:22:42.260 --> 00:22:43.220
 is some angel

00:22:43.220 --> 00:22:44.420
 who's sent forth to serve

00:22:44.420 --> 00:22:45.160
 for the sake of those

00:22:45.160 --> 00:22:46.260
 who are to inherit salvation?

00:22:46.900 --> 00:22:47.299
 No,

00:22:48.079 --> 00:22:48.799
 it can't be.

00:22:50.920 --> 00:22:52.039
 Some of you may be familiar

00:22:52.039 --> 00:22:53.500
 with the name Athanasius

00:22:53.500 --> 00:22:55.440
 who was very active

00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:56.640
 during the Council of Nicaea

00:22:56.640 --> 00:22:57.319
 and especially the years

00:22:57.319 --> 00:22:58.519
 after the Council of Nicaea.

00:22:58.940 --> 00:22:59.240
 Tyler,

00:22:59.299 --> 00:22:59.700
 how many times

00:22:59.700 --> 00:23:00.319
 was Athanasius

00:23:00.319 --> 00:23:01.839
 like banished from his post

00:23:01.839 --> 00:23:02.740
 in his battle

00:23:02.740 --> 00:23:03.379
 with the Arians

00:23:03.379 --> 00:23:04.079
 and the post-Arians?

00:23:04.099 --> 00:23:05.440
 Seven or eight times.

00:23:05.440 --> 00:23:06.180
 Six or seven times.

00:23:06.279 --> 00:23:06.400
 You know,

00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:07.299
 seven or eight times.

00:23:07.420 --> 00:23:07.480
 Like,

00:23:07.819 --> 00:23:09.460
 he was always fighting,

00:23:09.559 --> 00:23:09.779
 right?

00:23:10.019 --> 00:23:10.420
 In fact,

00:23:10.480 --> 00:23:11.220
 there's this phrase,

00:23:11.799 --> 00:23:12.460
 Athanasius,

00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:14.379
 Athanasius contra mundi,

00:23:14.519 --> 00:23:14.700
 right?

00:23:15.079 --> 00:23:16.240
 Athanasius against the world.

00:23:16.259 --> 00:23:17.480
 standing up

00:23:17.480 --> 00:23:18.480
 for the Orthodox faith.

00:23:19.099 --> 00:23:19.960
 And Athanasius also

00:23:19.960 --> 00:23:22.140
 had to do some articulation

00:23:22.140 --> 00:23:23.339
 of the doctrine

00:23:23.339 --> 00:23:24.240
 of the Holy Spirit

00:23:24.240 --> 00:23:24.940
 because, again,

00:23:25.019 --> 00:23:26.680
 that was part of this fray

00:23:26.680 --> 00:23:27.339
 that was happening

00:23:27.339 --> 00:23:28.379
 in the fourth century.

00:23:29.500 --> 00:23:29.859
 Now, again,

00:23:29.879 --> 00:23:31.000
 there's a lot we could say

00:23:31.000 --> 00:23:33.039
 about Athanasius' approach

00:23:33.039 --> 00:23:33.440
 to this.

00:23:33.759 --> 00:23:34.539
 He talks about

00:23:34.539 --> 00:23:36.480
 those moments in Scripture

00:23:36.480 --> 00:23:37.240
 where we see

00:23:37.240 --> 00:23:38.599
 the three names

00:23:38.599 --> 00:23:39.519
 lined up together.

00:23:39.640 --> 00:23:40.140
 He talks about

00:23:40.140 --> 00:23:41.220
 the triad, right?

00:23:41.259 --> 00:23:41.640
 You think about

00:23:41.640 --> 00:23:42.160
 the baptism

00:23:42.160 --> 00:23:43.079
 in the name of the Father,

00:23:43.180 --> 00:23:43.460
 the Son,

00:23:43.480 --> 00:23:44.700
 and the Holy Spirit, right?

00:23:44.700 --> 00:23:45.340
 And he says,

00:23:45.420 --> 00:23:45.539
 look,

00:23:45.680 --> 00:23:46.740
 the Holy Spirit

00:23:46.740 --> 00:23:48.319
 belongs to the triad.

00:23:48.680 --> 00:23:49.840
 If the triad is God,

00:23:49.900 --> 00:23:50.779
 the Holy Spirit is God.

00:23:50.880 --> 00:23:52.140
 Simple logic here, guys,

00:23:52.200 --> 00:23:52.440
 right?

00:23:53.080 --> 00:23:54.700
 But I found this passage

00:23:55.340 --> 00:23:56.180
 really interesting

00:23:56.180 --> 00:23:57.160
 in Athanasius.

00:23:57.240 --> 00:23:59.539
 And this is very telling

00:23:59.539 --> 00:24:00.340
 of Athanasius'

00:24:00.660 --> 00:24:01.680
 spirituality

00:24:01.680 --> 00:24:03.600
 and its theological reasoning.

00:24:03.720 --> 00:24:04.380
 So he picks up

00:24:04.380 --> 00:24:04.860
 on a verse

00:24:04.860 --> 00:24:06.720
 from 2 Peter 1.4

00:24:06.720 --> 00:24:08.340
 where Peter says

00:24:08.340 --> 00:24:09.080
 that through the gospel

00:24:09.080 --> 00:24:10.080
 we become partakers

00:24:10.080 --> 00:24:11.140
 of the divine nature.

00:24:12.600 --> 00:24:13.779
 And Athanasius writes this.

00:24:13.840 --> 00:24:14.060
 He says,

00:24:14.400 --> 00:24:15.860
 if the Holy Spirit

00:24:15.860 --> 00:24:16.759
 were a creature,

00:24:17.320 --> 00:24:19.279
 then we would have

00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:20.259
 no participation

00:24:20.259 --> 00:24:21.740
 in God through him,

00:24:22.380 --> 00:24:22.700
 right?

00:24:24.700 --> 00:24:26.680
 But if the Holy Spirit

00:24:26.680 --> 00:24:27.720
 makes men divine,

00:24:28.779 --> 00:24:29.019
 right?

00:24:29.140 --> 00:24:29.480
 Oh, sorry.

00:24:29.539 --> 00:24:30.019
 I skipped a line.

00:24:30.019 --> 00:24:31.460
 He says,

00:24:31.660 --> 00:24:32.099
 if the Holy Spirit

00:24:32.099 --> 00:24:32.519
 were a creature,

00:24:32.639 --> 00:24:32.940
 we would have

00:24:32.940 --> 00:24:33.579
 no participation

00:24:33.579 --> 00:24:34.539
 in God through him.

00:24:34.859 --> 00:24:35.859
 We would be united

00:24:35.859 --> 00:24:36.480
 to a creature

00:24:36.480 --> 00:24:37.480
 and separated

00:24:37.480 --> 00:24:38.379
 from the divine nature,

00:24:38.920 --> 00:24:39.119
 right?

00:24:40.319 --> 00:24:40.799
 Ah,

00:24:40.819 --> 00:24:41.859
 but if the Spirit

00:24:41.859 --> 00:24:42.920
 makes men divine,

00:24:43.500 --> 00:24:45.119
 his nature must undoubtedly

00:24:45.119 --> 00:24:46.139
 be that of God,

00:24:46.299 --> 00:24:46.839
 right?

00:24:48.119 --> 00:24:49.019
 In other words,

00:24:49.139 --> 00:24:50.859
 what Athanasius is saying

00:24:50.859 --> 00:24:51.119
 is that,

00:24:51.220 --> 00:24:51.339
 look,

00:24:51.400 --> 00:24:51.799
 it's scripture.

00:24:51.920 --> 00:24:52.839
 The Holy Spirit

00:24:52.839 --> 00:24:54.579
 does what only God

00:24:54.579 --> 00:24:55.119
 can do,

00:24:55.599 --> 00:24:56.039
 right?

00:24:56.039 --> 00:24:57.480
 if the Holy Spirit

00:24:57.480 --> 00:24:59.659
 comes and continues

00:24:59.659 --> 00:25:00.579
 to fashion us

00:25:00.579 --> 00:25:02.039
 into the divine image,

00:25:02.659 --> 00:25:02.940
 right?

00:25:03.099 --> 00:25:03.899
 So that we become

00:25:03.899 --> 00:25:05.500
 partakers of the divine nature,

00:25:05.559 --> 00:25:06.700
 not becoming God,

00:25:06.819 --> 00:25:08.039
 but becoming more

00:25:08.039 --> 00:25:08.759
 the image bearers

00:25:08.759 --> 00:25:09.720
 he created us to be,

00:25:09.779 --> 00:25:11.059
 then he must be God

00:25:11.059 --> 00:25:12.059
 if that is his ministry,

00:25:12.180 --> 00:25:12.379
 right?

00:25:14.879 --> 00:25:15.740
 So at the Council

00:25:15.740 --> 00:25:16.440
 of Alexandria

00:25:16.440 --> 00:25:17.720
 in 362,

00:25:18.279 --> 00:25:18.740
 at the urging

00:25:18.740 --> 00:25:19.460
 of Athanasius,

00:25:19.539 --> 00:25:20.019
 the church made

00:25:20.019 --> 00:25:20.599
 this statement.

00:25:20.940 --> 00:25:22.000
 It wasn't a creedal statement,

00:25:22.000 --> 00:25:22.599
 but it was one

00:25:22.599 --> 00:25:23.099
 of the statements

00:25:23.099 --> 00:25:23.639
 that they kind of

00:25:23.639 --> 00:25:24.720
 rolled out in this council.

00:25:24.720 --> 00:25:24.940
 It said,

00:25:25.039 --> 00:25:25.519
 we believe there's

00:25:25.519 --> 00:25:26.200
 one Godhead,

00:25:26.380 --> 00:25:27.579
 that it has one nature,

00:25:28.160 --> 00:25:28.920
 that's the usios,

00:25:29.539 --> 00:25:30.759
 not that there is

00:25:30.759 --> 00:25:32.240
 one nature of the Father

00:25:32.240 --> 00:25:34.700
 from which that of the Son

00:25:34.700 --> 00:25:35.279
 and the Spirit

00:25:35.279 --> 00:25:35.860
 are distinct,

00:25:35.940 --> 00:25:36.140
 right?

00:25:36.240 --> 00:25:36.579
 They're saying,

00:25:36.640 --> 00:25:37.019
 no, no, no, no,

00:25:37.019 --> 00:25:37.860
 the Son and the Spirit

00:25:37.860 --> 00:25:39.000
 aren't distinct

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:40.200
 from the nature

00:25:40.200 --> 00:25:40.779
 of the Father.

00:25:41.100 --> 00:25:41.579
 In other words,

00:25:41.600 --> 00:25:42.079
 they were saying

00:25:42.079 --> 00:25:42.660
 that the Spirit

00:25:42.660 --> 00:25:43.819
 is homo usios,

00:25:44.120 --> 00:25:45.039
 just as the Son is.

00:25:47.180 --> 00:25:48.620
 But the fight

00:25:48.620 --> 00:25:49.500
 kind of raged on.

00:25:50.500 --> 00:25:52.500
 And this is my favorite name

00:25:52.500 --> 00:25:53.000
 that we're going

00:25:53.000 --> 00:25:53.579
 to talk about

00:25:53.579 --> 00:25:54.519
 this morning.

00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:54.980
 So,

00:25:55.220 --> 00:25:57.100
 in the later part

00:25:57.100 --> 00:25:57.819
 of the 4th century,

00:25:58.160 --> 00:25:59.440
 there was a group

00:25:59.440 --> 00:25:59.940
 called

00:25:59.940 --> 00:26:01.860
 the Macedonians,

00:26:02.279 --> 00:26:04.259
 but they came

00:26:04.259 --> 00:26:05.100
 to be called

00:26:05.100 --> 00:26:12.440
 the Pneumatomachians.

00:26:16.700 --> 00:26:19.539
 The Pneumatomachians,

00:26:20.059 --> 00:26:21.360
 the Spirit Fighters.

00:26:21.859 --> 00:26:22.399
 Not that they were

00:26:22.399 --> 00:26:23.519
 fighting for the Spirit,

00:26:23.799 --> 00:26:24.759
 but against Him.

00:26:25.139 --> 00:26:25.579
 Obviously,

00:26:25.579 --> 00:26:26.299
 this was the name

00:26:26.299 --> 00:26:27.039
 that their opponents

00:26:27.039 --> 00:26:28.139
 gave to them,

00:26:28.179 --> 00:26:28.319
 right?

00:26:29.659 --> 00:26:30.359
 They were called

00:26:30.359 --> 00:26:31.399
 Macedonians at first

00:26:31.399 --> 00:26:32.419
 because,

00:26:32.899 --> 00:26:33.759
 again,

00:26:34.399 --> 00:26:35.199
 an errant bishop,

00:26:35.319 --> 00:26:35.939
 a kind of,

00:26:35.939 --> 00:26:37.359
 you know,

00:26:37.740 --> 00:26:39.139
 semi-Arian bishop

00:26:39.139 --> 00:26:40.799
 named Macedonius

00:26:40.799 --> 00:26:41.799
 of Constantinople

00:26:41.799 --> 00:26:42.859
 taught the view

00:26:42.859 --> 00:26:43.559
 that, again,

00:26:43.619 --> 00:26:44.099
 just denied

00:26:44.099 --> 00:26:44.699
 the full divinity

00:26:44.699 --> 00:26:45.299
 of the Spirit.

00:26:45.740 --> 00:26:47.019
 And that teaching

00:26:47.019 --> 00:26:48.059
 from a bishop,

00:26:48.180 --> 00:26:48.680
 no less,

00:26:49.259 --> 00:26:50.240
 and he was sort of

00:26:50.240 --> 00:26:51.000
 bishop from 350

00:26:51.000 --> 00:26:51.659
 to 360

00:26:51.659 --> 00:26:52.659
 in Constantinople,

00:26:52.859 --> 00:26:54.259
 gave rise to this sect

00:26:54.259 --> 00:26:55.639
 who denied the deity

00:26:55.639 --> 00:26:56.099
 of the Spirit.

00:26:56.639 --> 00:26:57.480
 And they wanted

00:26:57.480 --> 00:26:58.299
 to be a little subtle.

00:26:58.500 --> 00:26:58.659
 Sorry,

00:26:58.720 --> 00:26:59.440
 this is a whole other view here.

00:26:59.500 --> 00:27:00.500
 They wanted to be a little subtle

00:27:00.500 --> 00:27:01.019
 and say,

00:27:01.180 --> 00:27:01.180


00:27:01.220 --> 00:27:01.399
 whoa,

00:27:01.519 --> 00:27:01.700
 look,

00:27:02.240 --> 00:27:03.839
 the Spirit's not a created thing,

00:27:03.839 --> 00:27:05.819
 but the Spirit's not fully God,

00:27:06.259 --> 00:27:06.519
 right?

00:27:10.059 --> 00:27:10.859
 Against the

00:27:10.859 --> 00:27:12.579
 Pneumatomachians,

00:27:13.279 --> 00:27:16.259
 the sort of greatest

00:27:16.259 --> 00:27:17.699
 flowering of theology

00:27:17.699 --> 00:27:18.339
 about the person

00:27:18.339 --> 00:27:18.959
 of the Holy Spirit

00:27:18.959 --> 00:27:19.480
 took place.

00:27:21.179 --> 00:27:22.379
 Three church leaders

00:27:22.379 --> 00:27:23.519
 took up the defense

00:27:23.519 --> 00:27:24.759
 of the Orthodox

00:27:24.759 --> 00:27:25.740
 doctrine of the Holy Spirit.

00:27:28.519 --> 00:27:29.459
 Gregory of Nyssa,

00:27:29.460 --> 00:27:37.100
 Gregory of Nazianzus,

00:27:37.400 --> 00:27:38.120
 what a great name,

00:27:38.200 --> 00:27:38.340
 right?

00:27:40.819 --> 00:27:41.620
 That's a mouthful.

00:27:42.160 --> 00:27:43.559
 And Basil the Great.

00:27:49.079 --> 00:27:49.620
 You know,

00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:52.380
 Basil the Great.

00:27:52.600 --> 00:27:53.240
 Wouldn't that be wonderful

00:27:53.240 --> 00:27:54.180
 if that's how the church

00:27:54.180 --> 00:27:54.799
 remembers you,

00:27:55.100 --> 00:27:55.340
 right?

00:27:56.079 --> 00:27:56.720
 And you've got to think

00:27:56.720 --> 00:27:57.079
 of the other guys.

00:27:57.160 --> 00:27:58.460
 Gregory and the two Gregories

00:27:58.460 --> 00:27:58.740
 were like,

00:27:58.740 --> 00:28:00.079
 why didn't we get the great?

00:28:00.299 --> 00:28:00.480
 You know,

00:28:00.539 --> 00:28:01.079
 he got the great.

00:28:02.200 --> 00:28:02.559
 No,

00:28:02.960 --> 00:28:04.460
 but what a wonderful picture

00:28:04.460 --> 00:28:05.359
 just as a sidebar

00:28:05.359 --> 00:28:09.960
 of brotherly collegiality

00:28:09.960 --> 00:28:10.859
 in the church

00:28:10.859 --> 00:28:12.960
 to together uphold

00:28:12.960 --> 00:28:14.400
 the truth of Scripture.

00:28:15.359 --> 00:28:16.500
 These three became known

00:28:16.500 --> 00:28:18.279
 as the Cappadocian Fathers

00:28:18.279 --> 00:28:19.620
 because they were from

00:28:19.620 --> 00:28:20.720
 a region in Asia Minor

00:28:20.720 --> 00:28:21.559
 called Cappadocia,

00:28:22.279 --> 00:28:23.120
 which today is,

00:28:23.240 --> 00:28:23.740
 today is,

00:28:23.880 --> 00:28:24.380
 in Turkey,

00:28:24.480 --> 00:28:25.079
 it's sort of like this

00:28:25.079 --> 00:28:26.799
 southeastern section

00:28:26.799 --> 00:28:28.720
 is where Cappadocia was.

00:28:29.740 --> 00:28:31.380
 And in countering

00:28:31.380 --> 00:28:31.759
 the error

00:28:31.759 --> 00:28:32.940
 of the Pneumatomachians,

00:28:33.240 --> 00:28:33.700
 the fighters

00:28:33.700 --> 00:28:34.480
 against the Spirit,

00:28:34.920 --> 00:28:35.740
 the Cappadocian Fathers,

00:28:35.819 --> 00:28:36.079
 as I said,

00:28:36.140 --> 00:28:36.700
 they set forth

00:28:36.700 --> 00:28:37.579
 kind of the definitive

00:28:37.579 --> 00:28:38.880
 theology of the Holy Spirit

00:28:38.880 --> 00:28:39.900
 that would help

00:28:39.900 --> 00:28:40.579
 and assist the church

00:28:40.579 --> 00:28:41.640
 to understand Scripture

00:28:41.640 --> 00:28:43.160
 and understand the Spirit

00:28:43.160 --> 00:28:44.400
 pretty much since then.

00:28:46.480 --> 00:28:46.740
 Greg,

00:28:46.859 --> 00:28:47.880
 we won't get into

00:28:47.880 --> 00:28:48.640
 all of their arguments

00:28:48.640 --> 00:28:49.359
 because honestly,

00:28:49.539 --> 00:28:50.460
 we talked about

00:28:50.460 --> 00:28:51.440
 a lot of their arguments

00:28:51.440 --> 00:28:52.559
 at our last meeting

00:28:52.559 --> 00:28:53.500
 that they would

00:28:53.500 --> 00:28:54.259
 take up Scripture

00:28:54.259 --> 00:28:54.680
 and say,

00:28:54.859 --> 00:28:55.700
 look at this

00:28:55.700 --> 00:28:56.440
 and look at this

00:28:56.440 --> 00:28:57.019
 and look at this

00:28:57.019 --> 00:28:57.460
 and then they would

00:28:57.460 --> 00:28:58.440
 reason from Scripture

00:28:58.440 --> 00:29:03.559
 to the full deity

00:29:03.559 --> 00:29:04.600
 of the Holy Spirit.

00:29:05.380 --> 00:29:05.480
 Right?

00:29:06.259 --> 00:29:07.759
 But as they did this

00:29:07.759 --> 00:29:09.600
 and soundly began

00:29:09.600 --> 00:29:10.259
 to defend

00:29:10.259 --> 00:29:11.680
 the deity of the Holy Spirit,

00:29:11.759 --> 00:29:13.200
 it raised an interesting question.

00:29:14.080 --> 00:29:15.559
 If the Holy Spirit

00:29:15.559 --> 00:29:18.160
 is homoousios,

00:29:18.680 --> 00:29:20.340
 of one essence

00:29:20.340 --> 00:29:21.200
 with a divine nature,

00:29:21.299 --> 00:29:21.500
 right?

00:29:21.980 --> 00:29:22.740
 Sometimes you'll see

00:29:22.740 --> 00:29:23.259
 the Latin word

00:29:23.259 --> 00:29:24.339
 consubstantial.

00:29:24.420 --> 00:29:25.279
 It means the same thing,

00:29:25.400 --> 00:29:25.620
 right?

00:29:26.319 --> 00:29:27.180
 If that is true

00:29:27.180 --> 00:29:27.900
 of the Holy Spirit

00:29:27.900 --> 00:29:28.859
 and of the Son,

00:29:29.460 --> 00:29:30.680
 how do we distinguish

00:29:30.680 --> 00:29:32.980
 between the Spirit

00:29:32.980 --> 00:29:34.000
 and the Son?

00:29:34.900 --> 00:29:35.940
 Could we not conclude

00:29:35.940 --> 00:29:36.460
 that the Father

00:29:36.460 --> 00:29:37.759
 has two sons,

00:29:38.279 --> 00:29:38.519
 right?

00:29:38.779 --> 00:29:39.480
 If they both are

00:29:39.480 --> 00:29:40.620
 homoousios with the Father?

00:29:41.160 --> 00:29:42.019
 I'm turning this around

00:29:42.019 --> 00:29:42.359
 because we're going

00:29:42.359 --> 00:29:43.000
 to need more space.

00:29:45.900 --> 00:29:48.059
 How do we talk

00:29:48.059 --> 00:29:49.599
 about the Father,

00:29:49.779 --> 00:29:49.960
 Son,

00:29:50.019 --> 00:29:50.440
 and Spirit

00:29:50.440 --> 00:29:51.319
 in a way that doesn't

00:29:51.319 --> 00:29:52.899
 just sort of evolve out

00:29:52.899 --> 00:29:53.740
 into confusion

00:29:53.740 --> 00:29:54.299
 and nonsense,

00:29:54.480 --> 00:29:54.679
 right?

00:29:55.079 --> 00:29:56.399
 Because in that confusion

00:29:56.399 --> 00:29:57.399
 was where the false teaching

00:29:57.399 --> 00:29:58.259
 started to creep in.

00:30:00.220 --> 00:30:01.460
 So in order to differentiate

00:30:01.460 --> 00:30:02.379
 the Son and the Spirit

00:30:02.379 --> 00:30:03.399
 who both share fully

00:30:03.399 --> 00:30:04.099
 in the divine nature,

00:30:04.220 --> 00:30:04.599
 Basil,

00:30:05.139 --> 00:30:05.579
 the great,

00:30:06.980 --> 00:30:08.279
 emphasized the importance

00:30:08.279 --> 00:30:09.599
 of distinguishing

00:30:09.599 --> 00:30:10.599
 several key terms.

00:30:11.200 --> 00:30:11.839
 So he says this.

00:30:11.879 --> 00:30:12.139
 He says,

00:30:12.319 --> 00:30:13.559
 we don't speak

00:30:13.559 --> 00:30:14.339
 of the Holy Spirit

00:30:14.339 --> 00:30:16.099
 as unbegotten,

00:30:16.859 --> 00:30:17.079
 right?

00:30:18.139 --> 00:30:19.240
 Because we recognize

00:30:19.240 --> 00:30:20.839
 one who is unbegotten

00:30:20.839 --> 00:30:21.240
 and the origin

00:30:21.240 --> 00:30:21.759
 of all things,

00:30:21.819 --> 00:30:22.159
 the Father

00:30:22.159 --> 00:30:23.139
 of our Lord Jesus Christ,

00:30:23.259 --> 00:30:23.519
 right?

00:30:24.019 --> 00:30:24.859
 So Basil says,

00:30:24.919 --> 00:30:25.000
 well,

00:30:25.019 --> 00:30:25.759
 we have the Father.

00:30:27.959 --> 00:30:28.579
 And Scripture

00:30:28.579 --> 00:30:29.240
 never calls

00:30:29.240 --> 00:30:30.259
 the Father begotten,

00:30:30.439 --> 00:30:30.699
 right?

00:30:30.819 --> 00:30:32.000
 He's the unbegotten one.

00:30:34.679 --> 00:30:35.480
 And he says,

00:30:36.019 --> 00:30:37.000
 nor do we speak

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:38.159
 of the Holy Spirit

00:30:38.159 --> 00:30:39.959
 as begotten,

00:30:40.619 --> 00:30:41.919
 for by the tradition

00:30:41.919 --> 00:30:42.339
 of the faith

00:30:42.339 --> 00:30:43.079
 we have been taught

00:30:43.079 --> 00:30:45.879
 one who is only begotten,

00:30:46.500 --> 00:30:46.939
 the Son.

00:30:49.119 --> 00:30:49.379
 Right?

00:30:49.380 --> 00:30:50.380
 Okay.

00:30:54.900 --> 00:30:55.380
 Okay.

00:30:56.660 --> 00:30:57.940
 The Spirit of Truth,

00:30:58.100 --> 00:30:58.720
 he goes on,

00:30:59.020 --> 00:30:59.900
 the Spirit of Truth,

00:31:00.280 --> 00:31:01.120
 we have been taught

00:31:01.120 --> 00:31:02.760
 to proceed

00:31:02.760 --> 00:31:03.540
 from the Father

00:31:03.540 --> 00:31:05.580
 and we confess him

00:31:05.580 --> 00:31:06.320
 to be of God

00:31:06.320 --> 00:31:07.800
 without creation.

00:31:07.799 --> 00:31:17.759
 Interesting.

00:31:18.799 --> 00:31:19.359
 Where on earth,

00:31:19.359 --> 00:31:19.740
 one second,

00:31:19.799 --> 00:31:19.879
 Julie,

00:31:19.980 --> 00:31:21.180
 where on earth

00:31:21.180 --> 00:31:22.460
 did Basil

00:31:22.460 --> 00:31:23.940
 get this language

00:31:23.940 --> 00:31:25.559
 that the Son

00:31:25.559 --> 00:31:26.819
 is eternally begotten

00:31:26.819 --> 00:31:27.259
 of the Father

00:31:27.259 --> 00:31:27.720
 and the Son

00:31:27.720 --> 00:31:28.659
 eternally proceeds

00:31:28.659 --> 00:31:29.279
 from the Spirit

00:31:29.279 --> 00:31:31.579
 in order to define

00:31:31.579 --> 00:31:32.240
 their relationship?

00:31:33.700 --> 00:31:34.159
 Lo and behold,

00:31:34.240 --> 00:31:34.579
 he got it

00:31:34.579 --> 00:31:35.000
 from Scripture.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:38.000
 John 1.14,

00:31:38.079 --> 00:31:38.960
 what does John 1.14

00:31:38.960 --> 00:31:39.240
 say?

00:31:39.319 --> 00:31:39.519
 It says,

00:31:39.619 --> 00:31:39.920
 and the Word

00:31:39.920 --> 00:31:40.500
 became flesh

00:31:40.500 --> 00:31:41.119
 and dwelt among us

00:31:41.119 --> 00:31:41.619
 and we've seen

00:31:41.619 --> 00:31:42.160
 his glory,

00:31:42.500 --> 00:31:44.019
 glory as of the only

00:31:44.019 --> 00:31:45.299
 Son from the Father.

00:31:45.359 --> 00:31:45.799
 Now that word

00:31:45.799 --> 00:31:46.440
 only there,

00:31:46.519 --> 00:31:47.039
 if you have an older

00:31:47.039 --> 00:31:47.480
 translation,

00:31:47.599 --> 00:31:48.140
 it will render it

00:31:48.140 --> 00:31:49.319
 only begotten.

00:31:49.380 --> 00:31:49.859
 The Greek word

00:31:49.859 --> 00:31:50.859
 is monogenes,

00:31:50.940 --> 00:31:51.640
 monogenes,

00:31:51.740 --> 00:31:51.920
 right?

00:31:52.299 --> 00:31:52.920
 Which is sort of

00:31:52.920 --> 00:31:53.900
 a special word in John

00:31:53.900 --> 00:31:55.119
 that means to show

00:31:55.119 --> 00:31:56.400
 that Jesus has a singular,

00:31:56.720 --> 00:31:57.359
 kind of unique,

00:31:57.519 --> 00:31:58.319
 eternal relationship

00:31:58.319 --> 00:31:59.279
 with God the Father,

00:31:59.779 --> 00:32:01.119
 sharing his exact nature,

00:32:01.640 --> 00:32:02.339
 which is different

00:32:02.339 --> 00:32:03.319
 from humans,

00:32:03.420 --> 00:32:03.599
 right,

00:32:03.599 --> 00:32:04.299
 who become children

00:32:04.299 --> 00:32:05.159
 of God through adoption,

00:32:05.319 --> 00:32:05.519
 right?

00:32:06.039 --> 00:32:07.139
 The Son is the one

00:32:07.139 --> 00:32:07.759
 and only Son,

00:32:07.819 --> 00:32:08.939
 the only begotten Son.

00:32:09.339 --> 00:32:10.259
 Sometimes this is called

00:32:10.259 --> 00:32:10.779
 the eternal,

00:32:11.240 --> 00:32:12.099
 remember the word is

00:32:12.099 --> 00:32:15.240
 monogenes,

00:32:16.059 --> 00:32:17.559
 so picking up on this root,

00:32:18.000 --> 00:32:18.639
 this will sometimes

00:32:18.639 --> 00:32:19.759
 be called generation

00:32:19.759 --> 00:32:22.679
 and sometimes it will be

00:32:22.679 --> 00:32:23.579
 called the eternal

00:32:23.579 --> 00:32:25.219
 generation of the Son,

00:32:25.339 --> 00:32:25.539
 right?

00:32:25.740 --> 00:32:27.459
 The Father from all time

00:32:27.459 --> 00:32:28.259
 in his very being

00:32:28.259 --> 00:32:30.579
 has always had a Son,

00:32:31.219 --> 00:32:31.480
 right?

00:32:31.480 --> 00:32:33.640
 So that's where

00:32:33.640 --> 00:32:34.299
 the language of

00:32:34.299 --> 00:32:35.799
 begotten comes from,

00:32:35.839 --> 00:32:36.579
 it comes from Scripture.

00:32:37.740 --> 00:32:39.000
 So the Son is monogenes,

00:32:39.059 --> 00:32:39.500
 the only begotten

00:32:39.500 --> 00:32:39.799
 of the Father,

00:32:39.860 --> 00:32:40.640
 but what about the Spirit?

00:32:41.579 --> 00:32:41.880
 Well,

00:32:42.039 --> 00:32:43.799
 the Scriptures never say

00:32:43.799 --> 00:32:44.460
 that the Spirit

00:32:44.460 --> 00:32:45.799
 is monogenes

00:32:45.799 --> 00:32:46.339
 with the Father,

00:32:46.480 --> 00:32:47.420
 instead it says this,

00:32:48.180 --> 00:32:49.819
 listen to John 15, 26,

00:32:50.140 --> 00:32:50.579
 Jesus says,

00:32:50.940 --> 00:32:51.740
 but when the Helper comes,

00:32:51.779 --> 00:32:52.039
 again,

00:32:52.299 --> 00:32:53.200
 referring to the Holy Spirit,

00:32:53.539 --> 00:32:54.480
 whom I will send you

00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:55.079
 from the Father,

00:32:55.460 --> 00:32:56.200
 the Spirit of Truth

00:32:56.200 --> 00:32:57.460
 who proceeds

00:32:57.460 --> 00:32:58.160
 from the Father,

00:32:58.480 --> 00:32:59.259
 he will bear witness

00:32:59.259 --> 00:32:59.680
 about me.

00:32:59.680 --> 00:33:01.920
 How does Jesus talk

00:33:01.920 --> 00:33:02.799
 about the relationship

00:33:02.799 --> 00:33:03.560
 between the Father

00:33:03.560 --> 00:33:04.039
 and the Spirit?

00:33:04.160 --> 00:33:05.259
 He uses this word.

00:33:05.920 --> 00:33:06.799
 He uses language

00:33:06.799 --> 00:33:09.080
 of procession.

00:33:11.180 --> 00:33:11.660
 Now,

00:33:11.720 --> 00:33:12.519
 what do those terms

00:33:12.519 --> 00:33:13.460
 mean exactly?

00:33:14.420 --> 00:33:15.180
 What does it mean

00:33:15.180 --> 00:33:17.120
 that the eternal Son

00:33:17.120 --> 00:33:19.000
 is eternally begotten

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:19.940
 of the Father

00:33:19.940 --> 00:33:21.620
 and that the eternal Spirit

00:33:21.620 --> 00:33:23.700
 eternally proceeds

00:33:23.700 --> 00:33:24.259
 from the Father?

00:33:25.100 --> 00:33:26.060
 Can we parse them

00:33:26.060 --> 00:33:26.600
 out a bit more?

00:33:26.700 --> 00:33:27.620
 Can we pin them down?

00:33:27.619 --> 00:33:29.879
 And Basil says,

00:33:30.039 --> 00:33:30.159
 hey,

00:33:31.039 --> 00:33:32.219
 if you try to press

00:33:32.219 --> 00:33:33.239
 any further than this,

00:33:33.779 --> 00:33:34.259
 you're going to go,

00:33:34.639 --> 00:33:35.939
 you're going to be frenzied

00:33:35.939 --> 00:33:36.919
 with insanity,

00:33:37.319 --> 00:33:37.899
 right?

00:33:39.339 --> 00:33:41.079
 Because he admits

00:33:41.079 --> 00:33:42.119
 that with these words

00:33:42.119 --> 00:33:43.179
 from Scripture itself,

00:33:43.359 --> 00:33:44.539
 we're touching on

00:33:44.539 --> 00:33:46.039
 an incomprehensible mystery.

00:33:46.679 --> 00:33:46.979
 He says,

00:33:47.059 --> 00:33:47.719
 who are we,

00:33:47.899 --> 00:33:48.399
 he writes,

00:33:48.959 --> 00:33:50.159
 to supply an account

00:33:50.159 --> 00:33:51.239
 of the divine nature,

00:33:51.500 --> 00:33:53.299
 which is so unspeakable

00:33:53.299 --> 00:33:54.559
 and transcending all words?

00:33:54.559 --> 00:33:57.339
 So,

00:33:57.980 --> 00:33:58.339
 Basil,

00:33:58.440 --> 00:33:59.119
 in a sense,

00:33:59.159 --> 00:34:00.240
 says we have to be content

00:34:00.240 --> 00:34:00.940
 with how Scripture

00:34:00.940 --> 00:34:02.099
 speaks about these things.

00:34:02.399 --> 00:34:02.980
 We can say

00:34:02.980 --> 00:34:03.819
 what we can say

00:34:03.819 --> 00:34:04.919
 and we have to acknowledge

00:34:04.919 --> 00:34:05.819
 that there are some things

00:34:05.819 --> 00:34:06.799
 as humans,

00:34:06.919 --> 00:34:07.819
 as finite creatures,

00:34:08.019 --> 00:34:09.000
 we'll never be able

00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:10.279
 to fully grasp about God

00:34:10.279 --> 00:34:10.860
 and that's part

00:34:10.860 --> 00:34:11.559
 of God's glory.

00:34:13.360 --> 00:34:13.799
 So,

00:34:15.019 --> 00:34:17.099
 it's important

00:34:17.099 --> 00:34:17.820
 to keep in mind

00:34:17.820 --> 00:34:18.820
 that when we talk

00:34:18.820 --> 00:34:20.820
 about the begottenness

00:34:20.820 --> 00:34:21.639
 of the Son

00:34:21.639 --> 00:34:22.420
 or the procession

00:34:22.420 --> 00:34:23.200
 of the Spirit,

00:34:23.519 --> 00:34:24.539
 we're not saying

00:34:24.539 --> 00:34:25.260
 that this is,

00:34:25.720 --> 00:34:27.480
 that these are

00:34:27.480 --> 00:34:28.420
 created beings,

00:34:28.500 --> 00:34:28.700
 right?

00:34:29.900 --> 00:34:30.360
 We're saying

00:34:30.360 --> 00:34:30.760
 that this is

00:34:30.760 --> 00:34:31.980
 an eternal reality

00:34:31.980 --> 00:34:33.039
 within God himself

00:34:33.039 --> 00:34:33.740
 on the basis

00:34:33.740 --> 00:34:34.300
 of Scripture.

00:34:35.500 --> 00:34:35.960
 Now,

00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:36.420
 the danger,

00:34:36.940 --> 00:34:37.800
 as they kind of

00:34:37.800 --> 00:34:38.519
 parse this out

00:34:38.519 --> 00:34:39.760
 in the 4th century,

00:34:40.900 --> 00:34:42.480
 the danger was

00:34:42.480 --> 00:34:43.940
 we need to make sure

00:34:43.940 --> 00:34:44.599
 that we're keeping

00:34:44.599 --> 00:34:45.659
 in balance

00:34:45.659 --> 00:34:47.280
 two important truths,

00:34:47.420 --> 00:34:47.700
 right?

00:34:48.059 --> 00:34:48.740
 And the more

00:34:48.740 --> 00:34:49.400
 we kind of press

00:34:49.400 --> 00:34:50.019
 into this,

00:34:50.200 --> 00:34:50.840
 we start to tip

00:34:50.840 --> 00:34:51.280
 one way,

00:34:51.480 --> 00:34:51.760
 right?

00:34:52.420 --> 00:34:53.380
 We start to tip

00:34:53.380 --> 00:34:54.820
 into forgetting

00:34:54.820 --> 00:34:56.619
 that the Godhead

00:34:56.619 --> 00:34:57.200
 is one essence,

00:34:57.280 --> 00:34:57.740
 that there is

00:34:57.740 --> 00:34:58.659
 one God,

00:34:58.800 --> 00:34:59.099
 right?

00:35:00.079 --> 00:35:00.519
 So,

00:35:00.559 --> 00:35:01.000
 we need to hold

00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:02.619
 that at the same

00:35:02.619 --> 00:35:03.440
 time as we hold

00:35:03.440 --> 00:35:04.099
 that the three

00:35:04.099 --> 00:35:04.960
 members of the Trinity

00:35:04.960 --> 00:35:06.059
 eternally exist

00:35:06.059 --> 00:35:07.420
 as distinct persons.

00:35:08.019 --> 00:35:08.280
 So,

00:35:08.340 --> 00:35:09.059
 Gregory of Nyssa

00:35:09.059 --> 00:35:10.300
 insisted on holding

00:35:10.300 --> 00:35:11.079
 together both the

00:35:11.079 --> 00:35:11.840
 unity of the divine

00:35:11.840 --> 00:35:12.539
 nature and the

00:35:12.539 --> 00:35:14.039
 diversity of the

00:35:14.039 --> 00:35:14.720
 divine persons.

00:35:14.840 --> 00:35:15.300
 He writes this,

00:35:15.340 --> 00:35:15.680
 he says,

00:35:16.099 --> 00:35:16.900
 in personality,

00:35:17.380 --> 00:35:17.980
 the Spirit is one

00:35:17.980 --> 00:35:18.500
 thing and the Word

00:35:18.500 --> 00:35:18.780
 another.

00:35:19.119 --> 00:35:19.480
 Yet again,

00:35:19.579 --> 00:35:20.400
 that from which

00:35:20.400 --> 00:35:21.039
 the Word and the

00:35:21.039 --> 00:35:21.579
 Spirit are,

00:35:21.579 --> 00:35:22.199
 God the Father

00:35:22.199 --> 00:35:22.619
 is another.

00:35:23.420 --> 00:35:24.159
 But when you

00:35:24.159 --> 00:35:24.719
 have understood

00:35:24.719 --> 00:35:25.480
 the concept

00:35:25.480 --> 00:35:26.400
 of what the

00:35:26.400 --> 00:35:27.099
 distinction is

00:35:27.099 --> 00:35:27.599
 in these,

00:35:28.779 --> 00:35:29.019
 right?

00:35:29.400 --> 00:35:30.420
 The oneness

00:35:30.420 --> 00:35:31.559
 of the nature

00:35:31.559 --> 00:35:33.440
 does not allow

00:35:33.440 --> 00:35:34.519
 division,

00:35:35.319 --> 00:35:35.579
 right?

00:35:36.119 --> 00:35:37.420
 There is distinction

00:35:37.420 --> 00:35:39.039
 but not division.

00:35:40.500 --> 00:35:40.920
 Thus,

00:35:41.019 --> 00:35:41.699
 the supremacy

00:35:41.699 --> 00:35:43.079
 of the one

00:35:43.079 --> 00:35:43.860
 first cause,

00:35:43.960 --> 00:35:44.380
 he writes,

00:35:44.759 --> 00:35:46.139
 is not split up

00:35:46.139 --> 00:35:46.840
 and cut up

00:35:46.840 --> 00:35:47.539
 into differing

00:35:47.539 --> 00:35:48.360
 Godships,

00:35:48.440 --> 00:35:48.679
 right?

00:35:49.440 --> 00:35:50.000
 One God.

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:51.199
 So,

00:35:51.300 --> 00:35:52.619
 although

00:35:52.619 --> 00:35:53.900
 distinguishable

00:35:53.900 --> 00:35:54.800
 in terms of

00:35:54.800 --> 00:35:55.360
 personhood,

00:35:55.599 --> 00:35:55.780
 right?

00:35:56.500 --> 00:35:57.280
 The Son is the

00:35:57.280 --> 00:35:57.820
 begotten one,

00:35:57.880 --> 00:35:58.460
 the Spirit is the

00:35:58.460 --> 00:35:59.179
 one who proceeds,

00:35:59.320 --> 00:36:00.260
 the Father is the

00:36:00.260 --> 00:36:01.340
 begetter and the

00:36:01.340 --> 00:36:02.000
 proceder,

00:36:02.079 --> 00:36:02.280
 right?

00:36:02.340 --> 00:36:03.039
 The one who

00:36:03.039 --> 00:36:04.039
 gives forth,

00:36:04.400 --> 00:36:04.619
 right?

00:36:04.860 --> 00:36:05.760
 Although distinguishable

00:36:05.760 --> 00:36:06.179
 in terms of

00:36:06.179 --> 00:36:06.619
 personhood,

00:36:06.719 --> 00:36:07.260
 they share the

00:36:07.260 --> 00:36:07.940
 divine essence

00:36:07.940 --> 00:36:09.639
 and consequently,

00:36:11.079 --> 00:36:11.699
 the Cappadocian

00:36:11.699 --> 00:36:12.119
 Father said,

00:36:12.199 --> 00:36:12.880
 are to be equally

00:36:12.880 --> 00:36:13.380
 honored,

00:36:14.380 --> 00:36:15.099
 right?

00:36:15.460 --> 00:36:16.260
 Basil writes this,

00:36:16.340 --> 00:36:16.539
 he says,

00:36:16.539 --> 00:36:17.699
 we glorify the

00:36:17.699 --> 00:36:18.300
 Holy Spirit

00:36:18.300 --> 00:36:19.559
 together with

00:36:19.559 --> 00:36:19.940
 the Father

00:36:19.940 --> 00:36:20.500
 and the Son

00:36:20.500 --> 00:36:21.840
 from the

00:36:21.840 --> 00:36:22.460
 conviction that

00:36:22.460 --> 00:36:23.099
 he is not

00:36:23.099 --> 00:36:24.300
 separated from

00:36:24.300 --> 00:36:24.679
 the divine

00:36:24.679 --> 00:36:25.039
 nature.

00:36:26.539 --> 00:36:27.279
 So then in

00:36:27.279 --> 00:36:27.900
 381,

00:36:28.340 --> 00:36:29.480
 on the basis

00:36:29.480 --> 00:36:30.000
 of the work

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:30.639
 of the Cappadocian

00:36:30.639 --> 00:36:31.039
 Fathers,

00:36:31.239 --> 00:36:31.960
 in 381,

00:36:32.420 --> 00:36:32.820
 the church

00:36:32.820 --> 00:36:33.320
 holds another

00:36:33.320 --> 00:36:33.759
 council,

00:36:34.679 --> 00:36:35.340
 the Council

00:36:35.340 --> 00:36:36.239
 of Constantinople.

00:36:37.500 --> 00:36:38.380
 And this,

00:36:38.599 --> 00:36:39.079
 unlike the

00:36:39.079 --> 00:36:39.759
 earlier council

00:36:39.759 --> 00:36:41.059
 that we talked

00:36:41.059 --> 00:36:41.500
 about where

00:36:41.500 --> 00:36:41.960
 they sort of

00:36:41.960 --> 00:36:42.420
 made a statement

00:36:42.420 --> 00:36:42.759
 about the

00:36:42.759 --> 00:36:43.159
 Holy Spirit,

00:36:43.519 --> 00:36:44.059
 this was an

00:36:44.059 --> 00:36:44.699
 ecumenical or

00:36:44.699 --> 00:36:45.400
 a general council

00:36:45.400 --> 00:36:45.840
 of the church.

00:36:45.840 --> 00:36:46.340
 This was the

00:36:46.340 --> 00:36:47.220
 second great

00:36:47.220 --> 00:36:48.280
 ecumenical council

00:36:48.280 --> 00:36:48.880
 of the church.

00:36:49.880 --> 00:36:50.579
 And at this

00:36:50.579 --> 00:36:51.200
 Council of

00:36:51.200 --> 00:36:51.900
 Constantinople in

00:36:51.900 --> 00:36:52.300
 381,

00:36:52.400 --> 00:36:52.820
 the church would

00:36:52.820 --> 00:36:54.019
 further clarify

00:36:54.019 --> 00:36:54.820
 and confess

00:36:54.820 --> 00:36:55.760
 what it believed

00:36:55.760 --> 00:36:56.300
 about the Holy

00:36:56.300 --> 00:36:57.039
 Spirit on the

00:36:57.039 --> 00:36:57.800
 basis of God's

00:36:57.800 --> 00:36:58.019
 word.

00:36:58.360 --> 00:36:59.120
 And the result

00:36:59.120 --> 00:36:59.720
 of the Council

00:36:59.720 --> 00:37:00.800
 of Constantinople

00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:01.720
 is that the

00:37:01.720 --> 00:37:02.400
 creed that was

00:37:02.400 --> 00:37:03.200
 originally affirmed

00:37:03.200 --> 00:37:03.880
 in Nicaea in

00:37:03.880 --> 00:37:05.660
 325 would be

00:37:05.660 --> 00:37:07.500
 expanded on this

00:37:07.500 --> 00:37:08.019
 point about the

00:37:08.019 --> 00:37:08.340
 Holy Spirit.

00:37:08.400 --> 00:37:08.920
 Remember we said,

00:37:08.920 --> 00:37:09.680
 remember in 325,

00:37:10.140 --> 00:37:10.700
 they hammered out

00:37:10.700 --> 00:37:11.200
 what we believe

00:37:11.200 --> 00:37:11.780
 about the Son

00:37:11.780 --> 00:37:13.559
 and then in

00:37:13.559 --> 00:37:14.220
 exhaustion they said,

00:37:14.280 --> 00:37:14.740
 and we believe in

00:37:14.740 --> 00:37:15.100
 the Holy Spirit.

00:37:15.160 --> 00:37:15.600
 No, it wasn't

00:37:15.600 --> 00:37:15.780
 that.

00:37:16.320 --> 00:37:17.300
 They had won the

00:37:17.300 --> 00:37:17.740
 debate, right?

00:37:18.220 --> 00:37:19.180
 But now further

00:37:19.180 --> 00:37:20.019
 clarification was

00:37:20.019 --> 00:37:21.180
 added in 381 at the

00:37:21.180 --> 00:37:21.600
 Council of

00:37:21.600 --> 00:37:22.240
 Constantinople.

00:37:22.620 --> 00:37:23.220
 So now the

00:37:23.220 --> 00:37:24.019
 creed would read.

00:37:24.220 --> 00:37:24.860
 Now the church

00:37:24.860 --> 00:37:25.539
 would confess.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:26.860
 As it confessed the

00:37:26.860 --> 00:37:27.720
 Father and the

00:37:27.720 --> 00:37:28.780
 Son, it would

00:37:28.780 --> 00:37:30.740
 confess, I believe in

00:37:30.740 --> 00:37:32.460
 the Holy Spirit, the

00:37:32.460 --> 00:37:34.000
 Lord, the giver of

00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:35.860
 life, who proceeds

00:37:35.860 --> 00:37:37.400
 from the Father, who

00:37:37.400 --> 00:37:38.079
 with the Father and

00:37:38.079 --> 00:37:38.940
 the Son is worshipped

00:37:38.940 --> 00:37:40.420
 and glorified, who

00:37:40.420 --> 00:37:41.180
 also spoke through

00:37:41.180 --> 00:37:41.620
 the prophets.

00:37:41.720 --> 00:37:42.680
 So what do we see in

00:37:42.680 --> 00:37:43.720
 this expanded creedal

00:37:43.720 --> 00:37:44.059
 statement?

00:37:44.059 --> 00:37:45.320
 Well, first we see

00:37:45.320 --> 00:37:45.880
 affirmed the full

00:37:45.880 --> 00:37:46.380
 deity of the Holy

00:37:46.380 --> 00:37:46.920
 Spirit, right?

00:37:47.119 --> 00:37:47.980
 He's the Lord, the

00:37:47.980 --> 00:37:48.659
 giver of life.

00:37:49.659 --> 00:37:50.739
 Second, we also see

00:37:50.739 --> 00:37:51.980
 the distinct personhood

00:37:51.980 --> 00:37:52.480
 of the Spirit

00:37:52.480 --> 00:37:53.599
 affirmed, right?

00:37:53.940 --> 00:37:55.880
 He proceeds from the

00:37:55.880 --> 00:37:56.159
 Father.

00:37:56.880 --> 00:37:58.340
 He is distinct in his

00:37:58.340 --> 00:37:58.860
 personhood.

00:37:59.900 --> 00:38:01.199
 But this distinction

00:38:01.199 --> 00:38:02.579
 in no way makes him

00:38:02.579 --> 00:38:03.159
 what we might say

00:38:03.159 --> 00:38:04.759
 less God than the

00:38:04.759 --> 00:38:05.539
 Father or the Son,

00:38:05.900 --> 00:38:07.039
 because with the

00:38:07.039 --> 00:38:07.900
 Father and the Son,

00:38:08.000 --> 00:38:08.779
 he is worshipped and

00:38:08.779 --> 00:38:09.159
 glorified.

00:38:09.159 --> 00:38:09.299
 God.

00:38:10.619 --> 00:38:13.379
 So, technically, what

00:38:13.379 --> 00:38:14.599
 the Church continues to

00:38:14.599 --> 00:38:16.519
 confess today on the

00:38:16.519 --> 00:38:17.799
 basis of the work of

00:38:17.799 --> 00:38:19.399
 these saints who came

00:38:19.399 --> 00:38:20.819
 before us is technically

00:38:20.819 --> 00:38:21.739
 called the Nicene

00:38:21.739 --> 00:38:24.339
 Constantinopolitan,

00:38:24.480 --> 00:38:25.299
 that's a mouthful,

00:38:25.659 --> 00:38:26.139
 the Nicene

00:38:26.139 --> 00:38:27.420
 Constantinopolitan

00:38:27.420 --> 00:38:27.799
 Creed.

00:38:28.319 --> 00:38:29.259
 Now, no one can say

00:38:29.259 --> 00:38:30.299
 that, so we just call it

00:38:30.299 --> 00:38:30.859
 the Nicene Creed,

00:38:31.059 --> 00:38:31.879
 right?

00:38:31.880 --> 00:38:34.180
 And that would set

00:38:34.180 --> 00:38:35.180
 down, this kind of

00:38:35.180 --> 00:38:36.500
 expanded Nicene Creed,

00:38:36.599 --> 00:38:37.820
 expanded in 381, that

00:38:37.820 --> 00:38:38.720
 would set down what the

00:38:38.720 --> 00:38:39.700
 Church continues to

00:38:39.700 --> 00:38:41.320
 believe on the basis of

00:38:41.320 --> 00:38:42.340
 the Holy Spirit up to

00:38:42.340 --> 00:38:43.079
 the present day.

00:38:44.320 --> 00:38:46.160
 Now, we are running

00:38:46.160 --> 00:38:48.880
 short on time, and I

00:38:48.880 --> 00:38:50.059
 haven't gotten to the

00:38:50.059 --> 00:38:51.200
 tragic part of the

00:38:51.200 --> 00:38:51.900
 story about the person

00:38:51.900 --> 00:38:52.880
 of the Holy Spirit, so

00:38:52.880 --> 00:38:53.500
 I'm going to move kind

00:38:53.500 --> 00:38:54.579
 of quickly, and then

00:38:54.579 --> 00:38:55.340
 maybe when we start up

00:38:55.340 --> 00:38:56.000
 next week, we can come

00:38:56.000 --> 00:38:56.680
 back and start with a

00:38:56.680 --> 00:38:57.300
 few more questions.

00:38:59.599 --> 00:39:01.200
 In the years after 381,

00:39:01.880 --> 00:39:03.619
 the Church began more

00:39:03.619 --> 00:39:04.700
 and more to kind of

00:39:04.700 --> 00:39:06.140
 grow apart in East and

00:39:06.140 --> 00:39:06.400
 West.

00:39:06.579 --> 00:39:07.340
 Now, why was that?

00:39:07.400 --> 00:39:08.500
 Well, the language was

00:39:08.500 --> 00:39:08.760
 different.

00:39:09.079 --> 00:39:09.740
 In the West, they spoke

00:39:09.740 --> 00:39:10.380
 Latin, in the East, they

00:39:10.380 --> 00:39:10.840
 spoke Greek.

00:39:11.140 --> 00:39:12.019
 So there were linguistic

00:39:12.019 --> 00:39:12.860
 differences, there were

00:39:12.860 --> 00:39:13.740
 cultural differences, there

00:39:13.740 --> 00:39:14.700
 were political differences,

00:39:14.700 --> 00:39:16.260
 as the Roman Empire kind of

00:39:16.260 --> 00:39:17.059
 collapsed in the West, but

00:39:17.059 --> 00:39:19.519
 sort of kept trucking on in

00:39:19.519 --> 00:39:20.579
 the East, right?

00:39:22.180 --> 00:39:24.119
 So the Church was starting

00:39:24.119 --> 00:39:26.720
 to drift apart in the

00:39:26.720 --> 00:39:28.340
 centuries after 381.

00:39:29.200 --> 00:39:30.039
 And when it came to the

00:39:30.039 --> 00:39:30.500
 doctrine of the Holy

00:39:30.500 --> 00:39:31.039
 Spirit,

00:39:31.039 --> 00:39:33.139
 as the Church in the West

00:39:33.139 --> 00:39:34.119
 did with most theological

00:39:34.119 --> 00:39:35.139
 questions, the work of

00:39:35.139 --> 00:39:36.599
 Augustine became sort of

00:39:36.599 --> 00:39:37.779
 the defining articulation

00:39:37.779 --> 00:39:38.820
 of the Holy Spirit.

00:39:38.880 --> 00:39:39.579
 He wrote a big work called

00:39:39.579 --> 00:39:40.159
 On the Trinity.

00:39:40.679 --> 00:39:41.659
 And when Augustine started

00:39:41.659 --> 00:39:42.199
 speaking about the

00:39:42.199 --> 00:39:42.860
 relationship of the

00:39:42.860 --> 00:39:43.539
 Father, Son, and Spirit,

00:39:43.639 --> 00:39:44.820
 he increasingly came to

00:39:44.820 --> 00:39:45.860
 speak about the Spirit as

00:39:45.860 --> 00:39:46.800
 proceeding, not just from

00:39:46.800 --> 00:39:48.039
 the Father, but from the

00:39:48.039 --> 00:39:49.079
 Father and the Son.

00:39:49.820 --> 00:39:51.619
 Because Augustine was

00:39:51.619 --> 00:39:52.519
 reading Scripture and saw

00:39:52.519 --> 00:39:53.559
 that the Spirit is the

00:39:53.559 --> 00:39:55.400
 gift of the Father and the

00:39:55.400 --> 00:39:55.619
 Son.

00:39:55.920 --> 00:39:57.380
 So he began to speak about

00:39:57.380 --> 00:39:59.760
 the relationship more like

00:39:59.760 --> 00:40:02.820
 this, that the Spirit

00:40:02.820 --> 00:40:04.160
 proceeds from Father and

00:40:04.160 --> 00:40:05.599
 Son, right?

00:40:06.599 --> 00:40:08.119
 Now, that position of

00:40:08.119 --> 00:40:10.360
 Augustine wasn't totally

00:40:10.360 --> 00:40:11.400
 unprecedented, actually.

00:40:11.900 --> 00:40:13.559
 In the writings of Basil the

00:40:13.559 --> 00:40:14.720
 Great, there's talk of the

00:40:14.720 --> 00:40:16.579
 Holy Spirit being joined to

00:40:16.579 --> 00:40:17.980
 one Father through the Son,

00:40:18.440 --> 00:40:18.680
 right?

00:40:19.480 --> 00:40:20.519
 And Basil also writes,

00:40:20.839 --> 00:40:22.079
 the natural goodness and

00:40:22.079 --> 00:40:23.679
 inherent holiness and the

00:40:23.679 --> 00:40:26.519
 royal dignity extend from

00:40:26.519 --> 00:40:28.460
 the Father through the

00:40:28.460 --> 00:40:30.119
 only begotten Son to the

00:40:30.119 --> 00:40:30.379
 Spirit.

00:40:31.699 --> 00:40:33.440
 And Gregory of Nyssa also

00:40:33.440 --> 00:40:34.739
 emphasized, the Holy Spirit

00:40:34.739 --> 00:40:36.059
 is indeed from God and of

00:40:36.059 --> 00:40:37.339
 the Christ, according to

00:40:37.339 --> 00:40:37.559
 Scripture.

00:40:38.559 --> 00:40:39.719
 So what Augustine was

00:40:39.719 --> 00:40:41.839
 writing in the kind of late

00:40:41.839 --> 00:40:42.799
 fourth, early fifth century

00:40:42.799 --> 00:40:44.619
 wasn't unprecedented by those

00:40:44.619 --> 00:40:45.679
 Cappadocian fathers in the

00:40:45.679 --> 00:40:46.460
 East who were writing in

00:40:46.460 --> 00:40:46.719
 Greek.

00:40:46.719 --> 00:40:48.480
 Now, where were the

00:40:48.480 --> 00:40:49.299
 Cappadocian fathers in

00:40:49.299 --> 00:40:50.599
 Augustine getting all this

00:40:50.599 --> 00:40:50.839
 from?

00:40:51.119 --> 00:40:52.179
 We just read a verse where

00:40:52.179 --> 00:40:53.459
 Jesus said, the Spirit

00:40:53.459 --> 00:40:54.579
 proceeds from the Father.

00:40:54.719 --> 00:40:55.699
 Why are we inserting the

00:40:55.699 --> 00:40:56.839
 Son into his procession?

00:40:57.980 --> 00:40:59.259
 Well, a few verses later,

00:40:59.419 --> 00:41:00.419
 what does Jesus say in John

00:41:00.419 --> 00:41:01.099
 16, 7?

00:41:01.439 --> 00:41:02.379
 Jesus says, nevertheless, I

00:41:02.379 --> 00:41:02.959
 tell you the truth.

00:41:03.319 --> 00:41:04.379
 It's to your advantage that I

00:41:04.379 --> 00:41:05.779
 go away, for if I do not go

00:41:05.779 --> 00:41:06.759
 away, the Comforter will not

00:41:06.759 --> 00:41:07.299
 come to you.

00:41:07.539 --> 00:41:09.519
 But if I go, I will send

00:41:09.519 --> 00:41:10.019
 him to you.

00:41:11.799 --> 00:41:13.099
 And a little earlier, in

00:41:13.099 --> 00:41:14.659
 John 14, 26, Jesus says,

00:41:15.399 --> 00:41:16.179
 but the Helper, the Holy

00:41:16.179 --> 00:41:16.699
 Spirit, whom I am

00:41:16.699 --> 00:41:17.639
 whom the Father will send

00:41:17.639 --> 00:41:19.939
 in my name, he will teach

00:41:19.939 --> 00:41:21.099
 you all things and bring to

00:41:21.099 --> 00:41:21.799
 your remembrance all that I

00:41:21.799 --> 00:41:22.259
 have said to you.

00:41:22.699 --> 00:41:23.599
 So what do we have here?

00:41:24.319 --> 00:41:26.379
 Jesus is saying that in the

00:41:26.379 --> 00:41:27.599
 outworking of redemption on

00:41:27.599 --> 00:41:29.859
 earth, the Holy Spirit is

00:41:29.859 --> 00:41:31.759
 sent from the Father and the

00:41:31.759 --> 00:41:31.960
 Son.

00:41:33.699 --> 00:41:35.359
 Now, are we right to

00:41:35.359 --> 00:41:38.919
 conclude that the triune God's,

00:41:39.159 --> 00:41:40.679
 what we might call the God's

00:41:40.679 --> 00:41:42.639
 inward eternal life, is

00:41:42.639 --> 00:41:43.779
 reflected in his outward

00:41:43.779 --> 00:41:44.259
 works?

00:41:44.260 --> 00:41:47.180
 I think the answer the church

00:41:47.180 --> 00:41:48.280
 has given time and time again

00:41:48.280 --> 00:41:48.860
 is yes.

00:41:49.660 --> 00:41:49.900
 Right?

00:41:50.560 --> 00:41:52.040
 Because God is faithful and

00:41:52.040 --> 00:41:53.700
 true and desires to reveal

00:41:53.700 --> 00:41:55.120
 himself in grace towards us,

00:41:55.200 --> 00:41:56.880
 we're right to believe that how

00:41:56.880 --> 00:41:58.480
 God reveals himself in history

00:41:58.480 --> 00:42:00.700
 is a true expression of his

00:42:00.700 --> 00:42:01.600
 eternal nature.

00:42:01.599 --> 00:42:04.739
 So that means if the Father and

00:42:04.739 --> 00:42:06.259
 the Son send forth the Spirit in

00:42:06.259 --> 00:42:07.519
 the unfolding of redemption in

00:42:07.519 --> 00:42:09.880
 history, that's because the

00:42:09.880 --> 00:42:10.920
 Father and the Son are both

00:42:10.920 --> 00:42:12.579
 involved in some way in the

00:42:12.579 --> 00:42:14.059
 Spirit's eternal procession in the

00:42:14.059 --> 00:42:14.519
 Godhead.

00:42:16.279 --> 00:42:17.739
 Karl Rahner, a Catholic theologian

00:42:17.739 --> 00:42:18.940
 in the 20th century, coined this

00:42:18.940 --> 00:42:19.119
 term.

00:42:19.199 --> 00:42:21.480
 He said, the economic Trinity is the

00:42:21.480 --> 00:42:22.019
 imminent Trinity.

00:42:22.159 --> 00:42:23.000
 You think, what does that mean?

00:42:23.059 --> 00:42:23.619
 Why are we talking about

00:42:23.619 --> 00:42:24.019
 economics?

00:42:24.880 --> 00:42:27.659
 Economy here means sort of the plan

00:42:27.659 --> 00:42:28.599
 of God in redemption.

00:42:28.599 --> 00:42:29.360
 Right?

00:42:30.639 --> 00:42:31.940
 So what was Rahner saying?

00:42:32.039 --> 00:42:34.000
 He was saying, in theology,

00:42:35.360 --> 00:42:40.619
 God's active, what we see of God

00:42:40.619 --> 00:42:42.179
 in his saving work in history,

00:42:42.779 --> 00:42:45.279
 that economic Trinity, working out

00:42:45.279 --> 00:42:48.360
 his saving plan, speaks truly of

00:42:48.360 --> 00:42:51.019
 who God is and has been in himself

00:42:51.019 --> 00:42:52.559
 from all eternity, the imminent,

00:42:52.779 --> 00:42:53.679
 the eternal Trinity.

00:42:53.679 --> 00:42:54.019
 Right?

00:42:55.519 --> 00:42:59.079
 So, Augustine was simply saying,

00:42:59.179 --> 00:43:00.579
 with a little more directness,

00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:02.759
 and perhaps maybe a little less

00:43:02.759 --> 00:43:04.960
 precision, what the Cappadocian

00:43:04.960 --> 00:43:06.819
 fathers had said earlier, that the

00:43:06.819 --> 00:43:09.199
 Spirit proceeds from the Father and

00:43:09.199 --> 00:43:09.519
 the Son.

00:43:10.239 --> 00:43:11.519
 The Cappadocians would want to say

00:43:11.519 --> 00:43:12.559
 through the Son.

00:43:13.679 --> 00:43:14.980
 Because remember, he was Basil the

00:43:14.980 --> 00:43:15.619
 Great, right?

00:43:16.619 --> 00:43:20.759
 Okay, so this is what Augustine's

00:43:20.759 --> 00:43:21.519
 writing in the West.

00:43:21.519 --> 00:43:23.440
 It seems very convincing on the

00:43:23.440 --> 00:43:24.059
 basis of Scripture.

00:43:24.239 --> 00:43:25.860
 So in 589, a church council was

00:43:25.860 --> 00:43:26.739
 held in Toledo, Spain.

00:43:27.340 --> 00:43:28.940
 And at this council, it decided,

00:43:29.099 --> 00:43:30.699
 following Augustine, that this

00:43:30.699 --> 00:43:32.139
 teaching should be included in the

00:43:32.139 --> 00:43:33.119
 language of the Nicene Creed.

00:43:34.280 --> 00:43:35.619
 And this is what's been come to be

00:43:35.619 --> 00:43:37.980
 called, well, they wanted to insert

00:43:37.980 --> 00:43:42.239
 it with a little phrase, 589,

00:43:44.360 --> 00:43:44.739
 Toledo.

00:43:44.739 --> 00:43:54.619
 Filioque, a Latin term that means

00:43:54.619 --> 00:43:56.019
 and the Son.

00:43:57.699 --> 00:43:59.879
 We believe in the Holy Spirit, the

00:43:59.879 --> 00:44:01.839
 Lord, the Giver of life, who proceeds

00:44:01.839 --> 00:44:06.179
 from the Father, filioque, and the

00:44:06.179 --> 00:44:06.359
 Son.

00:44:07.119 --> 00:44:09.159
 They insert one little word into the

00:44:09.159 --> 00:44:11.179
 creed for clarity's sake, on the

00:44:11.179 --> 00:44:12.159
 basis of the great teacher,

00:44:12.159 --> 00:44:12.659
 Augustine.

00:44:14.039 --> 00:44:16.579
 This is sometimes called the double

00:44:16.579 --> 00:44:17.719
 procession of the Spirit.

00:44:18.079 --> 00:44:19.619
 So the West was affirming what it

00:44:19.619 --> 00:44:21.299
 seemed like Scripture teaches in the

00:44:21.299 --> 00:44:22.339
 double procession of the Spirit.

00:44:23.519 --> 00:44:24.619
 But here was the problem.

00:44:25.819 --> 00:44:28.239
 Guess who wasn't at the council in

00:44:28.239 --> 00:44:29.059
 Toledo, Spain?

00:44:30.679 --> 00:44:33.579
 Any of the leaders from the Eastern

00:44:33.579 --> 00:44:33.879
 Church.

00:44:35.079 --> 00:44:36.539
 They hadn't signed off on the

00:44:36.539 --> 00:44:36.879
 addition.

00:44:37.839 --> 00:44:39.039
 From their perspective, the Western

00:44:39.039 --> 00:44:41.319
 Church was acting independently, and

00:44:41.320 --> 00:44:45.180
 perhaps even a little bit audaciously, to

00:44:45.180 --> 00:44:46.920
 change the language of the creed.

00:44:48.140 --> 00:44:49.920
 And from the East's perspective, the

00:44:49.920 --> 00:44:51.840
 West didn't have the authority to do

00:44:51.840 --> 00:44:52.140
 that.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:44:55.380
 Now, the Western Church, over the

00:44:55.380 --> 00:44:56.860
 years, had a growing view of the

00:44:56.860 --> 00:44:58.200
 authority of Bishop of Rome.

00:44:59.320 --> 00:45:03.220
 So suddenly, what seemingly was a minor

00:45:03.220 --> 00:45:06.840
 point of doctrine became a huge issue.

00:45:06.840 --> 00:45:07.840
 Right?

00:45:07.840 --> 00:45:08.240
 Right?

00:45:08.340 --> 00:45:10.559
 And it would eventually lead to what we

00:45:10.559 --> 00:45:13.400
 call the Great Schism in 1054.

00:45:14.660 --> 00:45:19.940
 In 1054, the Eastern bishops and the

00:45:19.940 --> 00:45:21.880
 Western bishops excommunicate each other.

00:45:22.620 --> 00:45:24.660
 And hence, what we call the Great Schism is

00:45:24.660 --> 00:45:26.180
 the split, the formal split, the

00:45:26.180 --> 00:45:28.660
 institutional split between the Western

00:45:28.660 --> 00:45:29.700
 Church and the Eastern Church.

00:45:29.699 --> 00:45:32.179
 And from that point forward, we start

00:45:32.179 --> 00:45:33.759
 talking about the Eastern Orthodox

00:45:33.759 --> 00:45:36.460
 Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

00:45:36.799 --> 00:45:36.899
 Right?

00:45:37.119 --> 00:45:38.059
 Or the Roman Church.

00:45:38.139 --> 00:45:39.079
 Well, that's not bad.

00:45:39.219 --> 00:45:40.659
 500 years, right?

00:45:40.980 --> 00:45:41.319
 Yeah!

00:45:41.439 --> 00:45:42.839
 It took a while for it to hammer out.

00:45:43.139 --> 00:45:45.319
 Today it would be next week.

00:45:45.320 --> 00:45:48.019
 Well, you might have some truth about

00:45:48.019 --> 00:45:48.500
 that, Richard.

00:45:48.600 --> 00:45:48.760
 Yeah.

00:45:49.120 --> 00:45:49.640
 That's right.

00:45:49.740 --> 00:45:50.059
 That's right.

00:45:50.280 --> 00:45:52.960
 I think what's unfortunate, I think

00:45:52.960 --> 00:45:54.740
 what I want to say this morning is

00:45:54.740 --> 00:45:57.460
 what was really at stake in the Great

00:45:57.460 --> 00:46:00.220
 Schism was actually authority in the

00:46:00.220 --> 00:46:00.460
 Church.

00:46:01.200 --> 00:46:02.780
 It was really about authority in the

00:46:02.780 --> 00:46:03.000
 Church.

00:46:03.820 --> 00:46:05.160
 The Western Pope claimed universal

00:46:05.160 --> 00:46:06.080
 power of the whole Church.

00:46:06.260 --> 00:46:07.700
 The Eastern patriarchs believed that

00:46:07.700 --> 00:46:09.420
 all the major bishops shared equal

00:46:09.420 --> 00:46:09.800
 authority.

00:46:10.220 --> 00:46:10.380
 Right?

00:46:11.900 --> 00:46:13.640
 But the filioque kind of gets caught

00:46:13.639 --> 00:46:15.500
 up in this kind of tragic parting of

00:46:15.500 --> 00:46:15.759
 ways.

00:46:16.339 --> 00:46:17.539
 And it's a tragic chapter in the

00:46:17.539 --> 00:46:18.679
 history of church history, I think,

00:46:19.159 --> 00:46:21.279
 because it meant that the doctrine

00:46:21.279 --> 00:46:23.819
 of the Holy Spirit, the Spirit who is

00:46:23.819 --> 00:46:26.679
 our unity as Christians, right, became

00:46:26.679 --> 00:46:28.699
 this flashpoint for a major division.

00:46:29.480 --> 00:46:31.179
 Now, there's been a lot of work between

00:46:31.179 --> 00:46:32.739
 East and West since then, right?

00:46:32.920 --> 00:46:34.319
 There's been a lot of rapprochement.

00:46:34.920 --> 00:46:38.119
 Ah, but man, if you talk to some spicy

00:46:38.119 --> 00:46:40.519
 Eastern Orthodox people, they can still

00:46:40.519 --> 00:46:42.400
 get a little up in arms about this.

00:46:42.400 --> 00:46:46.160
 And, you know, basically, you know, sort

00:46:46.160 --> 00:46:49.519
 of what happened was that both East and

00:46:49.519 --> 00:46:51.460
 West became marshalling arguments for

00:46:51.460 --> 00:46:52.380
 why the other was wrong.

00:46:53.059 --> 00:46:54.680
 I mean, just argument after argument.

00:46:54.760 --> 00:46:55.840
 I thought about getting into some of

00:46:55.840 --> 00:46:57.079
 those with Anselm, who was a great

00:46:57.079 --> 00:46:57.860
 theologian in the West.

00:46:59.280 --> 00:47:01.320
 But essentially, it sort of felt like,

00:47:01.740 --> 00:47:02.780
 hey, you don't have the right to say

00:47:02.780 --> 00:47:04.519
 that, and here's 50 reasons why you're

00:47:04.519 --> 00:47:06.960
 wrong about that issue, right?

00:47:08.300 --> 00:47:10.619
 So it was a bit of a tragic history.

00:47:10.619 --> 00:47:13.279
 Okay, we should wrap up.

00:47:15.759 --> 00:47:17.960
 We're going to, in coming weeks, talk

00:47:17.960 --> 00:47:19.440
 about an issue that came up in the

00:47:19.440 --> 00:47:20.619
 Reformation, which was really about the

00:47:20.619 --> 00:47:21.559
 authority of the Holy Spirit.

00:47:23.319 --> 00:47:25.940
 Where and how does the Holy Spirit

00:47:25.940 --> 00:47:27.460
 authoritatively lead the church?

00:47:28.420 --> 00:47:31.299
 Does he do so through ecstatic gifts and

00:47:31.299 --> 00:47:31.599
 prophets?

00:47:32.359 --> 00:47:34.880
 Does he do through the institutional

00:47:34.880 --> 00:47:36.159
 magisterium of the church?

00:47:36.159 --> 00:47:39.359
 Does he do so through Scripture?

00:47:40.239 --> 00:47:42.239
 Where do we hear the authoritative voice

00:47:42.239 --> 00:47:42.739
 of the Spirit?

00:47:43.599 --> 00:47:44.960
 That's what broke out in the Reformation.

00:47:46.559 --> 00:47:48.519
 In the modern age, of course, and we

00:47:48.519 --> 00:47:50.399
 know this, one of the big issues is the

00:47:50.399 --> 00:47:51.239
 gifts of the Spirit.

00:47:52.119 --> 00:47:53.819
 Which and what gifts are still active

00:47:53.819 --> 00:47:54.699
 today, right?

00:47:55.219 --> 00:47:56.819
 And this sort of, you know, a lot of

00:47:56.819 --> 00:47:58.420
 this kind of goes back even into the

00:47:58.420 --> 00:47:59.799
 early movement of our evangelical

00:47:59.799 --> 00:48:01.259
 movement, right, with Wesley and all

00:48:01.259 --> 00:48:01.519
 those.

00:48:01.759 --> 00:48:03.299
 So, but we're going to talk about both

00:48:03.299 --> 00:48:04.399
 of those things when we deal with both

00:48:04.400 --> 00:48:05.059
 of those topics.

00:48:05.980 --> 00:48:07.260
 Let me just say a couple things in

00:48:07.260 --> 00:48:07.639
 conclusion.

00:48:10.900 --> 00:48:12.480
 Not only did the doctrine of the Holy

00:48:12.480 --> 00:48:14.539
 Spirit didn't stop developing there, it

00:48:14.539 --> 00:48:15.039
 kept going.

00:48:15.139 --> 00:48:16.820
 But second, I think when we look back

00:48:16.820 --> 00:48:20.119
 at this early history, notice the way

00:48:20.119 --> 00:48:24.180
 that the church continued to return to

00:48:24.180 --> 00:48:26.780
 Scripture as the source and the norm

00:48:26.780 --> 00:48:28.099
 for what we believed about God.

00:48:28.579 --> 00:48:30.000
 What's so wonderful reading about some

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:31.160
 of these debates, especially if you read

00:48:31.160 --> 00:48:32.900
 Athanasius or you read the Cappadocian

00:48:32.900 --> 00:48:34.980
 Fathers, they're turning to Scripture

00:48:34.980 --> 00:48:36.880
 again and again to say, what did the

00:48:36.880 --> 00:48:37.700
 Scriptures teach?

00:48:38.340 --> 00:48:39.800
 Now, yes, they did introduce some

00:48:39.800 --> 00:48:41.579
 helpful terms to explain Scripture.

00:48:41.900 --> 00:48:44.180
 Essence, person, Trinity, right?

00:48:45.079 --> 00:48:47.059
 But it was to the Word of God itself

00:48:47.059 --> 00:48:48.880
 that the church continually returned to

00:48:48.880 --> 00:48:50.480
 understand and articulate the Holy Spirit

00:48:50.480 --> 00:48:51.740
 better, right?

00:48:52.720 --> 00:48:54.639
 So Scripture was central in all of these

00:48:54.639 --> 00:48:54.920
 debates.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:56.380
 I think that's a great lesson for us.

00:48:57.079 --> 00:48:59.180
 And third, I think we see that the early

00:48:59.180 --> 00:49:02.079
 church cared a lot about the person of

00:49:02.079 --> 00:49:03.860
 the Holy Spirit, right?

00:49:04.239 --> 00:49:06.039
 Church councils were called.

00:49:06.699 --> 00:49:08.219
 Do you know how hard it was to travel

00:49:08.219 --> 00:49:10.179
 from one end of an empire to the other?

00:49:11.279 --> 00:49:11.639
 Right?

00:49:12.460 --> 00:49:13.980
 I complain when I have to drive to

00:49:13.980 --> 00:49:14.960
 Wallingford for something.

00:49:15.199 --> 00:49:16.480
 These guys had to travel hundreds of

00:49:16.480 --> 00:49:17.639
 miles to get to these councils.

00:49:18.440 --> 00:49:19.279
 Councils were called.

00:49:19.840 --> 00:49:21.519
 Theological debates were taking up,

00:49:21.659 --> 00:49:21.860
 right?

00:49:22.299 --> 00:49:23.779
 Thinking rightly about the Holy Spirit

00:49:23.779 --> 00:49:25.319
 mattered to the early church.

00:49:25.619 --> 00:49:28.179
 And it should matter to us, right?

00:49:28.179 --> 00:49:30.179
 The Holy Spirit is not some afterthought,

00:49:31.239 --> 00:49:33.239
 some addendum, some footnote to the work

00:49:33.239 --> 00:49:33.659
 of God.

00:49:33.779 --> 00:49:35.639
 The Holy Spirit is God.

00:49:36.879 --> 00:49:39.460
 And as the Creed said, and both East and

00:49:39.460 --> 00:49:41.759
 West can affirm this, that along with the

00:49:41.759 --> 00:49:43.019
 Father and the Son, He ought to be

00:49:43.019 --> 00:49:44.019
 worshipped and glorified.

00:49:45.719 --> 00:49:46.739
 All right, let's end there.

00:49:47.139 --> 00:49:49.379
 Let me dismiss you if you have questions,

00:49:49.440 --> 00:49:50.440
 because church is starting.

00:49:50.739 --> 00:49:51.779
 But if you have questions, feel free to

00:49:51.779 --> 00:49:51.899
 stay.

00:49:51.960 --> 00:49:53.579
 I've got a few more minutes before I need

00:49:53.579 --> 00:49:55.139
 to head over for worship.

00:49:55.139 --> 00:49:55.199
 Thank you.