WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.660 All right, everybody, let's get started. 00:00:02.339 --> 00:00:02.899 Welcome. 00:00:03.040 --> 00:00:05.700 We're talking about the reliability of the New Testament 00:00:05.700 --> 00:00:10.859 in this kind of sub-series of our larger series about Scripture. 00:00:11.439 --> 00:00:13.019 And we're in class two. 00:00:13.880 --> 00:00:17.900 Last week, we talked about the preservation of the New Testament. 00:00:18.120 --> 00:00:23.260 We spoke about how the New Testament has been extraordinarily preserved 00:00:23.260 --> 00:00:24.460 throughout the centuries, 00:00:25.100 --> 00:00:28.660 and thus ensuring that we have access to the original words of the apostles. 00:00:28.660 --> 00:00:33.960 And then this week, today, we're going to be talking about the canonicity of the New Testament. 00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:37.820 And with this, I'll answer questions like, 00:00:38.219 --> 00:00:40.859 who decided what books were in the New Testament? 00:00:41.659 --> 00:00:44.380 And how was the New Testament put together? 00:00:44.520 --> 00:00:47.900 And what about all those false gospels we hear about sometimes? 00:00:48.060 --> 00:00:49.359 Why aren't those in the Bible? 00:00:50.320 --> 00:00:52.340 And then a couple weeks from now, 00:00:52.439 --> 00:00:56.039 we're going to look at the accuracy of the New Testament, 00:00:56.039 --> 00:00:59.859 and we'll talk about how the New Testament is historically reliable, 00:01:00.100 --> 00:01:02.200 how it's true, and how it's trustworthy. 00:01:03.159 --> 00:01:04.700 So that's what we're going to cover today. 00:01:05.599 --> 00:01:08.980 Let's open in prayer together. 00:01:11.799 --> 00:01:15.519 Father in heaven, we thank you for this opportunity to not just study your word, 00:01:15.599 --> 00:01:19.319 but to learn about your word and how you saw fit to assemble it for us. 00:01:19.319 --> 00:01:24.079 Father, we ask you to send your Holy Spirit into this time right now, 00:01:24.339 --> 00:01:26.679 that you'd put him in our hearts to guide us into truth, 00:01:26.819 --> 00:01:28.000 to encourage us, 00:01:28.319 --> 00:01:30.179 and to move us closer to you, 00:01:30.319 --> 00:01:32.739 and to help us to grow in your truth, 00:01:32.959 --> 00:01:34.039 in knowledge of your word, 00:01:34.139 --> 00:01:34.919 in love for you, 00:01:35.039 --> 00:01:35.799 love for one another, 00:01:35.919 --> 00:01:37.839 to grow in humility and gentleness of heart. 00:01:38.500 --> 00:01:40.399 And we pray this in the mighty name of Jesus. 00:01:41.280 --> 00:01:41.679 Amen. 00:01:41.680 --> 00:01:43.860 All right. 00:01:44.040 --> 00:01:45.880 So if you're like me, 00:01:46.260 --> 00:01:47.960 you might have a lot of questions. 00:01:48.260 --> 00:01:51.300 You might even have some concerns about how the Bible was put together. 00:01:51.660 --> 00:01:54.220 You might sometimes wonder how things got in there. 00:01:54.320 --> 00:01:55.940 What if someone messed up? 00:01:56.240 --> 00:01:59.219 What if someone put things in the Bible that shouldn't be there, 00:01:59.240 --> 00:02:01.420 or maybe took some things out that should be there? 00:02:01.700 --> 00:02:02.300 And so today, 00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:04.080 I want us to consider these questions 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:06.920 and look at the answers that we have for them. 00:02:07.320 --> 00:02:09.219 And my hope is that after today, 00:02:09.219 --> 00:02:12.859 you'll see a glimpse of how God has worked by his Holy Spirit 00:02:12.859 --> 00:02:16.439 to not just inspire and preserve the New Testament, 00:02:16.599 --> 00:02:19.439 but also to assemble it and to put it together. 00:02:20.900 --> 00:02:23.680 And so before we talk about that, 00:02:23.759 --> 00:02:26.639 before we talk about how the New Testament was assembled and formed and put together, 00:02:26.960 --> 00:02:32.259 I first just need to give a brief word about what the New Testament is made up of. 00:02:32.439 --> 00:02:36.740 The New Testament is a collection of 27 books and letters 00:02:36.740 --> 00:02:39.740 that were written under the authority of Jesus's apostles. 00:02:40.379 --> 00:02:44.080 These apostles, these disciples of Jesus were commissioned by him. 00:02:44.379 --> 00:02:47.680 He gave authority to them to teach and to preach his gospel 00:02:47.680 --> 00:02:50.080 and to explain Christian doctrine. 00:02:50.960 --> 00:02:54.300 Now, there's a lot of misconceptions 00:02:54.300 --> 00:03:00.020 or even false theories about how these apostolic documents 00:03:00.020 --> 00:03:01.860 were assembled into the New Testament. 00:03:01.860 --> 00:03:05.460 And you've likely heard some of these misconceptions or theories. 00:03:05.580 --> 00:03:07.680 You might even believe some of these things. 00:03:07.840 --> 00:03:10.400 And so I think it'd be good to start our time off 00:03:10.400 --> 00:03:13.020 by going through some of these misconceptions 00:03:13.020 --> 00:03:16.600 or false theories about how the Bible got put together. 00:03:16.760 --> 00:03:17.780 And so we're going to do that first. 00:03:17.880 --> 00:03:20.300 We're going to start by just going through some of these that you hear about, 00:03:20.780 --> 00:03:22.320 and I'll address each one in turn. 00:03:22.440 --> 00:03:25.880 So perhaps the one that I'll talk about first, 00:03:26.340 --> 00:03:29.860 I call this one the Bible drop down from heaven theory. 00:03:29.860 --> 00:03:33.260 And most people, they don't often put it in so many words, 00:03:33.320 --> 00:03:34.880 even if this is kind of what they believe. 00:03:35.240 --> 00:03:40.760 But basically, this theory assumes that the Bible was created outside of time, 00:03:40.980 --> 00:03:43.100 outside of history, without human hands, 00:03:43.140 --> 00:03:47.000 and just presented to us on earth in a nice, neat little package. 00:03:47.800 --> 00:03:51.700 And this is actually, substantively, 00:03:51.880 --> 00:03:55.200 the theory for other holy books of other religions. 00:03:55.199 --> 00:03:58.399 So for instance, the Quran, the holy text in Islam, 00:03:58.879 --> 00:04:02.899 Muslims traditionally believe that it was written on tablets in heaven 00:04:02.899 --> 00:04:04.539 and then brought down to earth, 00:04:04.879 --> 00:04:08.019 where Muhammad, their prophet, memorized it and then presented it. 00:04:08.500 --> 00:04:10.339 Mormons believe this about the Book of Mormon, 00:04:10.459 --> 00:04:13.139 that Joseph Smith found some gold tablets that were written, 00:04:13.599 --> 00:04:16.419 and he transcribed them and presented this Book of Mormon. 00:04:16.779 --> 00:04:20.959 But this is, of course, not how the Bible was written. 00:04:21.079 --> 00:04:23.639 And the Bible is very clear on this. 00:04:23.639 --> 00:04:28.079 If you just glance at it, you'll see that the Bible was written by humans 00:04:28.079 --> 00:04:29.419 and in human history. 00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:32.240 It's made up of dozens of different books, 00:04:32.300 --> 00:04:34.860 written by many different authors living in hundreds, 00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:36.639 if not thousands, of miles apart, 00:04:36.860 --> 00:04:39.759 and hundreds, if not thousands, of years apart as well. 00:04:40.099 --> 00:04:45.599 And God saw fit to inspire prophets over the ages to write his word. 00:04:45.600 --> 00:04:50.600 And because God is a God of love who delights in humans, 00:04:50.700 --> 00:04:51.939 who delights in his children, 00:04:52.160 --> 00:04:56.400 he welcomed them to become part of this process of writing scripture 00:04:56.400 --> 00:04:57.920 and inspired some of these prophets. 00:04:59.040 --> 00:05:02.220 And that's where our Bible comes from today. 00:05:02.580 --> 00:05:07.020 So this whole theory of the Bible kind of drop down from heaven theory, 00:05:07.180 --> 00:05:11.720 it's not really an accurate way to understand how the Bible was put together. 00:05:11.720 --> 00:05:16.940 A second common false view is, I call this the conspiracy view. 00:05:17.580 --> 00:05:22.080 This view maintains that sometime in the early 4th century, 00:05:22.240 --> 00:05:24.460 maybe 300 years after Jesus, 00:05:24.660 --> 00:05:27.720 the Roman Emperor Constantine or an early Pope, 00:05:28.000 --> 00:05:32.440 they plotted or they colluded to manufacture the New Testament. 00:05:32.960 --> 00:05:36.200 Constantine, of course, is known as the first Christian emperor of Rome. 00:05:36.320 --> 00:05:37.980 He came to power in the early 300s. 00:05:37.980 --> 00:05:40.040 And the running assumption behind this theory, 00:05:40.280 --> 00:05:41.960 you'll find this in popular culture sometimes, 00:05:42.280 --> 00:05:46.220 is that Constantine and this early Pope were pretty bad guys, 00:05:46.300 --> 00:05:49.080 and they're sitting in some smoke-filled room colluding, 00:05:49.340 --> 00:05:51.840 and they put stuff in the Bible that shouldn't be there, 00:05:51.860 --> 00:05:53.980 and they took stuff out that should have been in there, 00:05:54.400 --> 00:05:56.439 probably while committing all sorts of other horrible crimes. 00:05:56.800 --> 00:05:59.240 And if any of you are familiar with the Da Vinci Code, 00:05:59.280 --> 00:06:00.620 it was popular some years ago, 00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:03.379 the author Dan Brown posits this very theory. 00:06:03.379 --> 00:06:07.439 But, of course, neither Constantine nor an early Pope 00:06:07.439 --> 00:06:08.959 decided what was in the Bible. 00:06:09.279 --> 00:06:10.860 This is, in fact, so false, 00:06:10.939 --> 00:06:12.839 it's hard to believe it has much currency today. 00:06:13.240 --> 00:06:16.439 There's simply no evidence that Constantine or an early Pope 00:06:16.439 --> 00:06:18.740 ever decided what was in the New Testament, 00:06:18.939 --> 00:06:20.680 and there's a whole lot of evidence against it. 00:06:22.100 --> 00:06:26.659 In fact, even if Constantine or some early Pope 00:06:26.659 --> 00:06:29.600 did try and decide what was in the New Testament, 00:06:29.600 --> 00:06:33.360 their power only extended to Roman territory. 00:06:33.780 --> 00:06:35.060 And by the 4th century, 00:06:35.180 --> 00:06:37.640 Christianity was so far widespread 00:06:37.640 --> 00:06:39.660 beyond the Roman Empire, 00:06:39.760 --> 00:06:41.520 which you can see there in red or pink, 00:06:42.020 --> 00:06:44.280 that even if they had decided this, 00:06:44.360 --> 00:06:46.939 they had no power over the Sassanian Empire 00:06:46.939 --> 00:06:49.480 in the East or Ethiopia in the South. 00:06:49.720 --> 00:06:51.120 There was no phone lines. 00:06:51.220 --> 00:06:52.080 They couldn't pick up a phone 00:06:52.080 --> 00:06:53.520 and tell people what was in their Bible. 00:06:53.620 --> 00:06:55.320 And even if they did, they would have been ignored 00:06:55.319 --> 00:06:58.819 because these folks are in other power centers 00:06:58.819 --> 00:07:00.279 far removed from Rome. 00:07:00.899 --> 00:07:03.240 And in fact, we do have some later examples 00:07:03.240 --> 00:07:04.519 in the 4th and 5th century 00:07:04.519 --> 00:07:07.399 of Christians in these areas 00:07:07.399 --> 00:07:10.779 specifically ignoring what Roman Christians were doing. 00:07:11.659 --> 00:07:16.060 And so this theory of an early Pope 00:07:16.060 --> 00:07:17.000 or Bishop of Rome 00:07:17.000 --> 00:07:20.139 or an early Roman Emperor colluding to manufacture, 00:07:20.399 --> 00:07:21.399 it's just not true. 00:07:21.539 --> 00:07:23.639 They didn't decide what was in the New Testament. 00:07:23.639 --> 00:07:25.919 So that's another misconception, 00:07:26.120 --> 00:07:29.419 another false theory about how the Bible got put together. 00:07:30.240 --> 00:07:31.279 But let's keep moving. 00:07:31.379 --> 00:07:32.800 Let's talk about a third theory. 00:07:33.159 --> 00:07:37.740 This one I call the Ecumenical Church Council Theory. 00:07:38.219 --> 00:07:40.019 So this theory maintains 00:07:40.019 --> 00:07:42.680 that there was some ecumenical church council, 00:07:42.779 --> 00:07:46.579 by ecumenical, I mean universal or worldwide. 00:07:47.019 --> 00:07:50.419 And this council happened sometime way back in antiquity. 00:07:50.420 --> 00:07:52.140 And this council had representatives 00:07:52.140 --> 00:07:53.699 from all the churches of the world. 00:07:53.840 --> 00:07:57.420 And this council codified the contents of the New Testament. 00:07:57.980 --> 00:08:00.300 Well, many Christians will be surprised to learn 00:08:00.300 --> 00:08:02.460 that this is not true. 00:08:03.080 --> 00:08:06.020 There was no ecumenical worldwide church council 00:08:06.020 --> 00:08:07.920 that ratified the contents of the New Testament 00:08:07.920 --> 00:08:10.560 or decided what books were in it. 00:08:11.100 --> 00:08:12.379 There were, of course, 00:08:12.540 --> 00:08:16.600 various smaller local regional councils 00:08:16.600 --> 00:08:19.840 that sometimes issued New Testament lists 00:08:19.840 --> 00:08:21.080 way back in antiquity. 00:08:21.080 --> 00:08:23.280 But these had limited influence 00:08:23.280 --> 00:08:24.879 just to their general area. 00:08:25.439 --> 00:08:28.500 And so there was no worldwide council 00:08:28.500 --> 00:08:30.200 that had some kind of binding power 00:08:30.200 --> 00:08:31.740 that decided what was in the New Testament. 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:35.000 The closest we can come to is something like this, 00:08:35.060 --> 00:08:38.259 the Council of Trulow in Constantinople in 692. 00:08:39.379 --> 00:08:41.040 This was a large council. 00:08:41.039 --> 00:08:46.279 It did issue some edicts about the contents 00:08:46.279 --> 00:08:46.980 of the New Testament. 00:08:47.399 --> 00:08:48.980 But the problem with the Council of Trulow, 00:08:49.059 --> 00:08:50.459 it was only a Roman council. 00:08:50.659 --> 00:08:53.539 Only the Roman Empire really accepted this. 00:08:53.659 --> 00:08:55.759 And as I've already shown, 00:08:56.179 --> 00:08:58.980 Christianity was far, far more widespread 00:08:58.980 --> 00:09:00.339 than the Roman Empire. 00:09:00.599 --> 00:09:01.559 We could say the same thing 00:09:01.559 --> 00:09:04.659 about the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 CE. 00:09:04.799 --> 00:09:05.799 They did the same thing. 00:09:06.039 --> 00:09:08.000 But again, just a Roman council. 00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:13.159 If we go earlier, like the Council of Hippo in 393, 00:09:13.259 --> 00:09:15.120 Hippo is kind of a funny name, I know. 00:09:15.340 --> 00:09:18.740 That's where Augustine was bishop back in 393. 00:09:19.059 --> 00:09:22.659 They did issue a list of New Testament books as well. 00:09:22.720 --> 00:09:23.840 And they're, of course, much earlier. 00:09:24.320 --> 00:09:26.500 But again, this was a regional council. 00:09:26.620 --> 00:09:28.440 It was even smaller than the Roman Empire. 00:09:28.620 --> 00:09:31.360 It was just Northwest Africa. 00:09:33.019 --> 00:09:36.539 So this theory, the ecumenical church council theory, 00:09:36.539 --> 00:09:37.919 it's an attractive theory. 00:09:38.320 --> 00:09:40.980 But it's also not true. 00:09:42.559 --> 00:09:46.980 Now, this next theory has probably the most truth to it 00:09:46.980 --> 00:09:48.159 of the ones that we've looked at. 00:09:48.620 --> 00:09:51.720 This theory states that the apostles 00:09:51.720 --> 00:09:53.820 collected the New Testament. 00:09:54.299 --> 00:09:55.779 So according to this theory, 00:09:56.220 --> 00:09:57.240 the apostles of Jesus, 00:09:57.379 --> 00:10:00.279 they not only supervised the writing of the New Testament, 00:10:00.759 --> 00:10:03.639 they also helped collect the New Testament documents 00:10:03.639 --> 00:10:06.320 and assemble them together in a single book. 00:10:06.320 --> 00:10:07.900 Sometimes you hear, for example, 00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:11.000 that John, the apostle John, the son of Zebedee, 00:10:11.320 --> 00:10:13.040 the last surviving disciple of Jesus 00:10:13.040 --> 00:10:14.560 and author of the book of Revelation, 00:10:15.060 --> 00:10:17.420 sometimes you hear that he was responsible 00:10:17.420 --> 00:10:19.480 for sealing the New Testament. 00:10:19.480 --> 00:10:21.539 And some people find evidence for this 00:10:21.539 --> 00:10:23.019 with John's last words 00:10:23.019 --> 00:10:24.879 in the last verses of the New Testament, 00:10:25.080 --> 00:10:26.720 where he says in the book of Revelation, 00:10:27.259 --> 00:10:28.779 if anyone adds to these things, 00:10:29.300 --> 00:10:30.500 God will add to him the plagues 00:10:30.500 --> 00:10:31.580 that are written in this book. 00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:33.759 And if anyone takes away from the words 00:10:33.759 --> 00:10:34.840 of the book of this prophecy, 00:10:35.039 --> 00:10:37.360 God shall take away his part from the book of life 00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.019 and from the holy city 00:10:39.019 --> 00:10:41.600 and from the things which are written in this book. 00:10:42.539 --> 00:10:44.519 Now, there is good reason to believe 00:10:44.519 --> 00:10:47.240 that John and other apostles 00:10:47.240 --> 00:10:50.639 did help assemble at least part of the New Testament. 00:10:50.860 --> 00:10:53.940 For example, the ancient Christian writer Eusebius, 00:10:54.019 --> 00:10:55.399 he's writing around the year 311. 00:10:55.740 --> 00:10:58.019 He's famous for kind of being the father of history. 00:10:58.159 --> 00:10:59.560 He was a fantastic historian. 00:10:59.559 --> 00:11:02.659 He writes that the apostle John 00:11:02.659 --> 00:11:05.000 accepted the other three gospels 00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:06.079 by Matthew, Mark, and Luke, 00:11:06.559 --> 00:11:10.159 and that he bore witness to their truthfulness. 00:11:10.500 --> 00:11:12.359 And then he wrote his fourth gospel, 00:11:12.479 --> 00:11:13.479 the gospel of John, 00:11:13.539 --> 00:11:16.000 as a supplement to the other three. 00:11:16.719 --> 00:11:18.539 And certainly it seems probable 00:11:18.539 --> 00:11:20.479 that the apostles did play a role 00:11:20.479 --> 00:11:22.099 in gathering the New Testament together. 00:11:22.579 --> 00:11:24.819 Not just John, but for instance, 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:26.479 the second letter of Peter, 00:11:26.779 --> 00:11:28.459 he talks about Paul's letters. 00:11:28.460 --> 00:11:30.100 He mentions them as scripture. 00:11:30.660 --> 00:11:32.879 Peter seems to be affirming these letters 00:11:32.879 --> 00:11:35.460 as something that Christians should obey 00:11:35.460 --> 00:11:38.920 and consider as the inspired word of God. 00:11:39.340 --> 00:11:41.740 Peter also mentions Mark 00:11:41.740 --> 00:11:43.780 as being a very faithful Christian. 00:11:44.220 --> 00:11:45.940 Mark, of course, wrote the gospel of Mark. 00:11:47.080 --> 00:11:50.820 And in fact, an early Christian writer named Papias, 00:11:50.980 --> 00:11:53.259 writing around the year 115 AD, 00:11:53.820 --> 00:11:55.980 he tells us that Mark recorded Peter's preaching 00:11:55.980 --> 00:11:57.840 and that Peter approved of it 00:11:57.840 --> 00:11:59.620 and that that's what the gospel of Mark is. 00:12:00.620 --> 00:12:04.019 So Peter and John seem to have played some kind of role. 00:12:04.620 --> 00:12:05.639 Paul, the apostle, 00:12:05.820 --> 00:12:07.540 he also seems to have played a role 00:12:07.540 --> 00:12:09.639 in the collection of his own letters 00:12:09.639 --> 00:12:11.120 or at least some of his followers, 00:12:11.300 --> 00:12:13.060 maybe Timothy or Silas did. 00:12:13.480 --> 00:12:15.320 Paul also in 1 Timothy, 00:12:16.160 --> 00:12:18.420 I believe it's 1 Timothy 5, 17 through 18, 00:12:18.639 --> 00:12:20.960 he seems to call the gospel of Luke scripture. 00:12:21.300 --> 00:12:23.720 He seems to be affirming the gospel of Luke 00:12:23.720 --> 00:12:25.220 as part of scripture. 00:12:25.580 --> 00:12:29.420 So this theory that the apostles played a significant role 00:12:29.420 --> 00:12:31.740 in collecting and assembling the documents 00:12:31.740 --> 00:12:32.480 of the New Testament, 00:12:32.860 --> 00:12:34.320 this is a very reasonable theory. 00:12:34.660 --> 00:12:37.320 They clearly played a large role in that. 00:12:37.500 --> 00:12:40.000 But we don't have any explicit evidence 00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:42.080 that one or some of the apostles 00:12:42.080 --> 00:12:46.000 collected all 27 books of the New Testament. 00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.340 And it would seem likely 00:12:48.340 --> 00:12:50.340 that early Christian writings 00:12:50.340 --> 00:12:52.480 would mention this fact if it had happened, 00:12:52.840 --> 00:12:55.320 but they don't insofar as I'm aware. 00:12:55.940 --> 00:12:57.899 And there's also a problem 00:12:57.899 --> 00:13:01.000 in that it seems like probably the last book 00:13:01.000 --> 00:13:03.120 to be written was the book of Revelation by John. 00:13:03.600 --> 00:13:06.820 But John wrote this when he was in exile on an island 00:13:06.820 --> 00:13:08.440 and there were other apostles 00:13:08.440 --> 00:13:09.879 scattered around the whole world. 00:13:10.059 --> 00:13:13.179 It almost seems like they wouldn't have had an opportunity 00:13:13.179 --> 00:13:16.439 to collect all these things before they passed away, 00:13:16.539 --> 00:13:18.839 at least the final documents that were written. 00:13:20.919 --> 00:13:24.159 So definitely it seems like the apostles 00:13:24.159 --> 00:13:25.299 played a significant role, 00:13:25.419 --> 00:13:26.620 but that's not the whole story. 00:13:27.419 --> 00:13:28.659 So if this is the case, 00:13:29.319 --> 00:13:31.000 who decided what was in the New Testament? 00:13:31.500 --> 00:13:33.679 How did it come to include the 27 books 00:13:33.679 --> 00:13:34.459 that we have today? 00:13:34.959 --> 00:13:35.719 At some point, 00:13:36.419 --> 00:13:37.759 or at this point, I should say, 00:13:38.279 --> 00:13:40.099 some people start scratching their heads 00:13:40.099 --> 00:13:42.659 and begin wondering what other options 00:13:42.659 --> 00:13:43.419 are even available 00:13:43.419 --> 00:13:46.500 if these four theories aren't the whole truth. 00:13:47.059 --> 00:13:48.679 Well, the answer is, I think, 00:13:48.740 --> 00:13:51.480 a wonderful testimony to God's guiding spirit 00:13:51.480 --> 00:13:53.600 throughout the history of the church. 00:13:53.959 --> 00:13:55.000 And here's the answer. 00:13:55.079 --> 00:13:56.620 The answer of how the New Testament was assembled 00:13:56.620 --> 00:13:58.279 is that it was not assembled 00:13:58.279 --> 00:14:01.500 in one place or time by one person or group. 00:14:01.819 --> 00:14:03.679 Rather, the New Testament was assembled 00:14:03.679 --> 00:14:06.559 by various churches throughout history, 00:14:06.980 --> 00:14:09.399 relatively independently of one another, 00:14:09.399 --> 00:14:11.399 and it was done so many times. 00:14:11.399 --> 00:14:13.360 Many times, and this all began 00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.899 in the very early church of the second century. 00:14:16.299 --> 00:14:18.159 Back then, when these churches were gathering 00:14:18.159 --> 00:14:19.399 the contents of the New Testament, 00:14:19.720 --> 00:14:21.819 they all had one overriding factor. 00:14:22.199 --> 00:14:23.819 They wanted to identify documents 00:14:23.819 --> 00:14:25.519 that were published by the apostles 00:14:25.519 --> 00:14:27.299 or were published with their supervision. 00:14:27.799 --> 00:14:29.159 And from the very beginning, 00:14:29.579 --> 00:14:31.299 there was broad agreement 00:14:31.299 --> 00:14:33.620 over what these documents included, 00:14:33.980 --> 00:14:36.120 and any disagreements were met 00:14:36.120 --> 00:14:37.399 with careful consideration, 00:14:37.899 --> 00:14:40.220 with prayer, and with research. 00:14:40.220 --> 00:14:44.720 And the remarkable, perhaps even this stunning result, 00:14:45.039 --> 00:14:48.179 is that every ancient Christian community 00:14:48.179 --> 00:14:51.340 eventually came to use 00:14:51.340 --> 00:14:53.740 the very same 27-book New Testament 00:14:53.740 --> 00:14:55.120 that we have today. 00:14:55.259 --> 00:14:57.360 In other words, the same New Testament 00:14:57.360 --> 00:14:59.899 remarkably emerged in multiple churches 00:14:59.899 --> 00:15:02.379 relatively independently of one another, 00:15:02.379 --> 00:15:05.139 just like how God used multiple people 00:15:05.139 --> 00:15:06.860 over many countries and many languages 00:15:06.860 --> 00:15:08.139 to write his Bible, 00:15:08.379 --> 00:15:10.659 he also used many people over many countries 00:15:10.659 --> 00:15:11.960 to put it together. 00:15:12.679 --> 00:15:16.000 Now, you might be a little skeptical about this, 00:15:16.279 --> 00:15:18.539 so I think it might be helpful 00:15:18.539 --> 00:15:20.320 if I showed you what this process 00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:23.259 of putting the New Testament together looks like. 00:15:23.500 --> 00:15:24.759 So that's what we'll do right now. 00:15:25.080 --> 00:15:25.840 To do this, 00:15:26.580 --> 00:15:28.580 I want us to travel back in time, 00:15:28.580 --> 00:15:30.520 just about 2,000 years 00:15:30.520 --> 00:15:32.379 to the very beginning of the Christian church, 00:15:32.460 --> 00:15:33.900 to those first few decades 00:15:33.900 --> 00:15:35.320 after the resurrection of Jesus, 00:15:35.639 --> 00:15:37.800 when the apostles are traveling around the world 00:15:37.800 --> 00:15:39.379 and preaching the gospel of salvation. 00:15:39.879 --> 00:15:42.160 And if we go to, say, 45 AD, 00:15:42.740 --> 00:15:44.360 let's say to ancient Corinth, 00:15:44.740 --> 00:15:47.200 and if we peek in on a church service 00:15:47.200 --> 00:15:48.879 at this time in the church of Corinth, 00:15:49.139 --> 00:15:50.800 we'll notice something about their Bible. 00:15:51.200 --> 00:15:53.240 We'll notice that in 45 AD, 00:15:53.820 --> 00:15:55.860 they didn't have a New Testament, 00:15:55.860 --> 00:15:58.940 and that's because the New Testament didn't exist yet. 00:15:59.060 --> 00:16:00.180 It hadn't been written yet. 00:16:00.800 --> 00:16:02.139 These very first Christians, 00:16:02.259 --> 00:16:03.000 like those in Corinth, 00:16:03.120 --> 00:16:04.500 they did not have the New Testament 00:16:04.500 --> 00:16:06.000 because, like I said, 00:16:06.060 --> 00:16:08.120 the apostles hadn't started writing it yet. 00:16:09.300 --> 00:16:11.379 The scriptures that they held to 00:16:11.379 --> 00:16:12.840 were the Old Testament. 00:16:13.620 --> 00:16:15.560 The earliest New Testament scriptures 00:16:15.560 --> 00:16:19.340 were written within a few years of 50 AD or so, 00:16:19.419 --> 00:16:20.659 and so in 45 AD, 00:16:21.300 --> 00:16:22.500 none of them had been written yet. 00:16:23.039 --> 00:16:24.840 It's only 15 years or so, 00:16:24.840 --> 00:16:26.940 maybe even less after the resurrection of Jesus, 00:16:27.139 --> 00:16:29.480 and so this church is using the Old Testament. 00:16:30.680 --> 00:16:34.920 But if we stick around in Corinth long enough 00:16:34.920 --> 00:16:37.340 and keep going to their church services 00:16:37.340 --> 00:16:38.500 faithfully every Sunday, 00:16:38.780 --> 00:16:40.340 there will eventually come a day 00:16:40.340 --> 00:16:42.360 when the Corinthians get a letter 00:16:42.360 --> 00:16:44.899 from a guy named the Apostle Paul. 00:16:45.259 --> 00:16:48.920 And we now call this letter 1 Corinthians, 00:16:49.320 --> 00:16:51.060 and it's in our New Testament today. 00:16:51.180 --> 00:16:52.700 And because in 45 AD, 00:16:52.700 --> 00:16:54.240 Paul was an apostle of Jesus, 00:16:54.620 --> 00:16:56.540 commissioned by Jesus to have great authority 00:16:56.540 --> 00:16:57.560 to preach and to teach, 00:16:57.860 --> 00:16:59.480 the Corinthians get this letter 00:16:59.480 --> 00:17:03.040 and they start reading Paul's letter aloud 00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:04.940 in their church services 00:17:04.940 --> 00:17:06.759 alongside the Old Testament. 00:17:07.720 --> 00:17:10.019 And this is actually something 00:17:10.019 --> 00:17:11.480 Paul instructed them to do. 00:17:11.620 --> 00:17:12.660 In some of his letters, 00:17:12.759 --> 00:17:12.980 he says, 00:17:13.059 --> 00:17:14.200 make sure you read this out loud 00:17:14.200 --> 00:17:15.860 in your church service. 00:17:15.859 --> 00:17:19.359 And the Corinthians then start sending this letter 00:17:19.359 --> 00:17:20.959 around to their neighboring churches 00:17:20.959 --> 00:17:21.740 in Greece, 00:17:22.179 --> 00:17:22.919 in Philippi, 00:17:23.240 --> 00:17:24.039 in Thessalonica, 00:17:24.240 --> 00:17:25.279 which is, again, 00:17:25.459 --> 00:17:27.839 something Paul told his churches to do. 00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:30.119 And those churches in Thessalonica 00:17:30.119 --> 00:17:30.819 and Philippi 00:17:30.819 --> 00:17:31.939 begin sending the Corinthians 00:17:31.939 --> 00:17:33.319 their letters from apostles, 00:17:33.500 --> 00:17:34.219 which we now call 00:17:34.219 --> 00:17:35.899 1 and 2 Thessalonians 00:17:35.899 --> 00:17:37.219 and Philippians. 00:17:37.359 --> 00:17:38.759 And all of a sudden, 00:17:39.379 --> 00:17:42.039 perhaps without them even realizing it, 00:17:42.039 --> 00:17:45.180 the New Testament is being born. 00:17:46.420 --> 00:17:48.240 And over the next 30 or 40 years, 00:17:48.379 --> 00:17:50.180 various apostles wrote or supervised 00:17:50.180 --> 00:17:52.399 the composition of New Testament documents. 00:17:52.519 --> 00:17:53.839 And over these decades and afterwards, 00:17:54.240 --> 00:17:55.460 Christians began exchanging 00:17:55.460 --> 00:17:56.680 and verifying these documents 00:17:56.680 --> 00:17:58.180 to make sure they actually came 00:17:58.180 --> 00:17:58.799 from the apostles. 00:17:59.420 --> 00:18:01.079 And sometimes churches would find 00:18:01.079 --> 00:18:02.379 that a document they had accepted 00:18:02.379 --> 00:18:04.559 as being apostolic really wasn't. 00:18:04.920 --> 00:18:06.059 And they would reject it. 00:18:06.059 --> 00:18:08.319 We actually have witnesses of this 00:18:08.319 --> 00:18:09.259 in the New Testament, 00:18:09.579 --> 00:18:10.779 in 2 Thessalonians, 00:18:10.859 --> 00:18:11.680 when Paul says, 00:18:12.080 --> 00:18:13.360 don't be troubled by a letter 00:18:13.360 --> 00:18:14.500 as if from me 00:18:14.500 --> 00:18:16.920 saying that the day of the Lord has come. 00:18:17.039 --> 00:18:17.840 Don't believe it. 00:18:18.440 --> 00:18:19.840 And so he's giving them instructions 00:18:19.840 --> 00:18:20.220 on like, 00:18:20.259 --> 00:18:21.799 you got to test these documents, people. 00:18:22.400 --> 00:18:23.840 Now, this process of gathering 00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:25.180 and evaluating and verifying 00:18:25.180 --> 00:18:26.400 the documents, 00:18:26.519 --> 00:18:27.820 documents is apostolic. 00:18:28.060 --> 00:18:29.720 This took some time. 00:18:30.120 --> 00:18:30.980 This is in part because 00:18:30.980 --> 00:18:33.320 the Christian church expanded so rapidly 00:18:33.320 --> 00:18:35.120 over many thousands of miles 00:18:35.120 --> 00:18:36.160 that it was often difficult 00:18:36.160 --> 00:18:37.480 to communicate with one another. 00:18:37.759 --> 00:18:39.140 It's easy when you're all hanging out 00:18:39.140 --> 00:18:40.160 in Greece and Macedonia, 00:18:40.240 --> 00:18:41.120 like these three churches 00:18:41.119 --> 00:18:41.979 you see on the screen. 00:18:41.979 --> 00:18:43.759 But by 200 AD, 00:18:44.279 --> 00:18:45.199 the Christian church 00:18:45.199 --> 00:18:46.339 had spread to Spain, 00:18:46.539 --> 00:18:47.679 to Northwest Africa, 00:18:47.859 --> 00:18:48.479 to Great Britain, 00:18:48.639 --> 00:18:49.159 to France, 00:18:49.259 --> 00:18:49.859 to Germany, 00:18:50.500 --> 00:18:51.779 to Asia Minor, 00:18:52.439 --> 00:18:53.679 and Greece, 00:18:54.019 --> 00:18:54.859 and to Egypt, 00:18:55.279 --> 00:18:57.219 to what we start calling 00:18:57.219 --> 00:18:57.939 Mesopotamia, 00:18:58.000 --> 00:18:58.579 the Middle East, 00:18:58.899 --> 00:18:59.619 to Persia, 00:18:59.959 --> 00:19:01.199 even into Central Asia, 00:19:01.359 --> 00:19:01.739 Nubia, 00:19:01.899 --> 00:19:02.359 Ethiopia, 00:19:02.359 --> 00:19:04.279 all the way to Western China, 00:19:04.279 --> 00:19:06.039 and even Northwest India 00:19:06.039 --> 00:19:07.299 by 200 AD. 00:19:08.299 --> 00:19:08.699 And so, 00:19:09.139 --> 00:19:11.579 it took quite some time 00:19:11.579 --> 00:19:13.859 for these apostolic documents 00:19:13.859 --> 00:19:14.879 to be distributed 00:19:14.879 --> 00:19:16.000 and translated 00:19:16.000 --> 00:19:17.399 into all these various languages. 00:19:17.819 --> 00:19:18.079 Remember, 00:19:18.179 --> 00:19:18.799 there was no email, 00:19:18.899 --> 00:19:19.619 no printing press, 00:19:19.699 --> 00:19:20.279 no typewriter, 00:19:20.379 --> 00:19:20.919 things like that. 00:19:21.459 --> 00:19:21.859 So, 00:19:21.919 --> 00:19:23.419 things did take a bit of time. 00:19:23.420 --> 00:19:25.100 But, 00:19:27.580 --> 00:19:28.720 what we can say 00:19:28.720 --> 00:19:30.100 is that the early churches 00:19:30.100 --> 00:19:31.660 had broad agreement 00:19:31.660 --> 00:19:32.820 on the contents 00:19:32.820 --> 00:19:33.620 of the New Testament, 00:19:34.200 --> 00:19:36.279 and though it took some time 00:19:36.279 --> 00:19:36.880 for things 00:19:36.880 --> 00:19:38.039 to settle down, 00:19:38.120 --> 00:19:39.380 they eventually did arrive 00:19:39.380 --> 00:19:40.759 on complete agreement 00:19:40.759 --> 00:19:42.019 about what the New Testament 00:19:42.019 --> 00:19:43.039 would look like. 00:19:43.200 --> 00:19:44.240 And if you're curious, 00:19:44.740 --> 00:19:45.700 we can observe 00:19:45.700 --> 00:19:46.759 this agreement 00:19:46.759 --> 00:19:48.759 emerging for ourselves. 00:19:48.759 --> 00:19:51.019 if we can go back 00:19:51.019 --> 00:19:52.059 and canvas 00:19:52.059 --> 00:19:53.220 early Christian writings 00:19:53.220 --> 00:19:54.799 in the 2nd through 3rd centuries 00:19:54.799 --> 00:19:56.379 and see these discussions 00:19:56.379 --> 00:19:57.240 over the New Testament 00:19:57.240 --> 00:19:58.140 taking place 00:19:58.140 --> 00:19:59.799 and watch this general agreement 00:19:59.799 --> 00:20:01.980 arise for ourselves. 00:20:02.279 --> 00:20:02.579 So, 00:20:02.680 --> 00:20:03.619 just like how we went back 00:20:03.619 --> 00:20:04.519 to 45 AD 00:20:04.519 --> 00:20:05.980 to check out 00:20:05.980 --> 00:20:06.720 the Church of Corinth, 00:20:07.039 --> 00:20:10.059 we can go to 175 AD 00:20:10.059 --> 00:20:11.879 and start canvassing 00:20:11.879 --> 00:20:12.819 Christian documents 00:20:12.819 --> 00:20:14.019 to see what their New Testament 00:20:14.019 --> 00:20:14.599 was like 00:20:14.599 --> 00:20:16.619 and see what their New Testament 00:20:16.619 --> 00:20:17.740 included. 00:20:18.180 --> 00:20:18.339 So, 00:20:18.339 --> 00:20:18.819 for instance, 00:20:19.019 --> 00:20:20.220 in 175 AD, 00:20:20.799 --> 00:20:21.819 there's a document 00:20:21.819 --> 00:20:23.859 called the Muratorian Fragment. 00:20:24.139 --> 00:20:25.240 It's from Rome 00:20:25.240 --> 00:20:27.039 and it contains 00:20:27.039 --> 00:20:27.659 a discussion 00:20:27.659 --> 00:20:29.419 of the New Testament, 00:20:29.639 --> 00:20:30.659 of what their New Testament is. 00:20:30.980 --> 00:20:31.179 Now, 00:20:31.319 --> 00:20:32.019 unfortunately, 00:20:33.019 --> 00:20:34.659 this document 00:20:34.659 --> 00:20:36.699 is very old 00:20:36.699 --> 00:20:37.399 and we're missing 00:20:37.399 --> 00:20:38.519 the beginning of it 00:20:38.519 --> 00:20:40.199 and probably the end of it. 00:20:40.339 --> 00:20:40.639 So, 00:20:40.720 --> 00:20:41.720 it's not a complete 00:20:41.720 --> 00:20:42.619 discussion 00:20:42.619 --> 00:20:43.339 of the New Testament. 00:20:43.639 --> 00:20:44.000 In fact, 00:20:44.179 --> 00:20:44.859 it begins 00:20:44.859 --> 00:20:46.240 with this half-broken sentence 00:20:46.240 --> 00:20:47.139 and then says, 00:20:47.140 --> 00:20:48.840 the third gospel 00:20:48.840 --> 00:20:50.140 is Luke. 00:20:52.140 --> 00:20:52.500 Well, 00:20:52.660 --> 00:20:52.940 if you, 00:20:53.060 --> 00:20:54.259 so we know they had, 00:20:54.340 --> 00:20:55.520 we know they had 00:20:55.520 --> 00:20:56.220 two other ones. 00:20:56.300 --> 00:20:56.900 Then they have Luke 00:20:56.900 --> 00:20:57.940 and then they talk about John. 00:20:58.200 --> 00:20:58.600 So, 00:20:58.700 --> 00:21:00.220 we know there were four gospels. 00:21:00.420 --> 00:21:00.920 There was Luke, 00:21:01.020 --> 00:21:01.640 there was John 00:21:01.640 --> 00:21:02.560 and then the little 00:21:02.560 --> 00:21:03.300 half sentence 00:21:03.300 --> 00:21:04.600 really implies its mark. 00:21:04.660 --> 00:21:05.560 It doesn't have the name mark 00:21:05.560 --> 00:21:05.759 in it, 00:21:05.800 --> 00:21:07.300 but what it's talking about 00:21:07.300 --> 00:21:08.160 really implies mark. 00:21:08.520 --> 00:21:08.620 So, 00:21:08.680 --> 00:21:08.820 anyway, 00:21:08.880 --> 00:21:10.100 if we go through this document, 00:21:10.099 --> 00:21:11.319 we can chart out 00:21:11.319 --> 00:21:12.259 what their New Testament 00:21:12.259 --> 00:21:12.859 looked like 00:21:12.859 --> 00:21:13.639 and I have this 00:21:13.639 --> 00:21:15.319 on the screen here. 00:21:15.699 --> 00:21:17.099 I know this is small font, 00:21:17.719 --> 00:21:18.579 but I wanted to get 00:21:18.579 --> 00:21:19.679 the whole New Testament 00:21:19.679 --> 00:21:20.099 on here. 00:21:20.199 --> 00:21:21.219 On the left-hand side, 00:21:21.500 --> 00:21:22.219 you see a list 00:21:22.219 --> 00:21:23.480 of New Testament books 00:21:23.480 --> 00:21:24.399 in canonical order 00:21:24.399 --> 00:21:25.759 from Matthew down to Revelation 00:21:25.759 --> 00:21:27.619 and then in the second column, 00:21:28.139 --> 00:21:29.379 it's a chart 00:21:29.379 --> 00:21:31.219 of the Muratorian fragment 00:21:31.219 --> 00:21:32.199 and what documents 00:21:32.199 --> 00:21:33.879 this fragment includes 00:21:33.879 --> 00:21:35.000 as part of its New Testament 00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:37.379 and if it has the letter C 00:21:37.380 --> 00:21:39.220 in one of its rows, 00:21:39.360 --> 00:21:40.660 that means there's a direct 00:21:40.660 --> 00:21:42.520 citation of this document 00:21:42.520 --> 00:21:44.280 and you'll notice some things. 00:21:44.360 --> 00:21:44.860 First of all, 00:21:45.780 --> 00:21:48.200 they have a large chunk 00:21:48.200 --> 00:21:49.000 of our New Testament. 00:21:49.520 --> 00:21:49.640 Now, 00:21:49.720 --> 00:21:50.300 like I said, 00:21:50.340 --> 00:21:51.220 it's missing the beginning, 00:21:51.780 --> 00:21:53.380 but it's reasonable to think 00:21:53.380 --> 00:21:54.840 that they had Matthew and Mark. 00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:56.380 We can't be 100% sure, 00:21:56.760 --> 00:21:57.800 but they certainly had Luke, 00:21:57.920 --> 00:21:58.140 John, 00:21:58.260 --> 00:21:58.620 Acts, 00:21:58.660 --> 00:21:59.640 and the letters of Paul. 00:22:00.100 --> 00:22:01.520 They had 1st and 2nd John. 00:22:01.640 --> 00:22:02.860 They have Jude and Revelation. 00:22:03.460 --> 00:22:04.240 You'll notice that 00:22:04.240 --> 00:22:05.420 I've got some question marks here 00:22:05.420 --> 00:22:06.560 on 1st and 2nd Peter 00:22:06.559 --> 00:22:08.000 and we don't have anything 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:09.500 for Hebrews and James. 00:22:10.059 --> 00:22:11.039 This is because 00:22:11.039 --> 00:22:11.879 these documents 00:22:11.879 --> 00:22:13.679 are not mentioned, 00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:14.539 but remember, 00:22:14.720 --> 00:22:15.359 we're missing 00:22:15.359 --> 00:22:16.460 the whole document. 00:22:17.139 --> 00:22:18.440 So we don't have 00:22:18.440 --> 00:22:19.259 the whole list. 00:22:19.359 --> 00:22:20.619 We have part of the list 00:22:20.619 --> 00:22:22.240 and the document 00:22:22.240 --> 00:22:23.379 doesn't talk about 00:22:23.379 --> 00:22:24.740 the New Testament books 00:22:24.740 --> 00:22:25.899 in the same order 00:22:25.899 --> 00:22:27.119 that we have them today. 00:22:27.480 --> 00:22:28.019 For instance, 00:22:28.240 --> 00:22:29.819 it talks about 1st John 00:22:29.819 --> 00:22:31.240 with the Gospel of John. 00:22:31.559 --> 00:22:32.879 So there's a chance 00:22:32.879 --> 00:22:33.639 and I think a fairly 00:22:33.639 --> 00:22:34.279 reasonable one 00:22:34.279 --> 00:22:35.200 that it talked about 00:22:35.200 --> 00:22:36.059 1st Peter, 00:22:36.059 --> 00:22:37.039 maybe 2nd Peter 00:22:37.039 --> 00:22:38.039 when it was speaking 00:22:38.039 --> 00:22:38.960 about Mark 00:22:38.960 --> 00:22:40.539 because Mark 00:22:40.539 --> 00:22:41.759 was the interpreter 00:22:41.759 --> 00:22:42.200 of Peter 00:22:42.200 --> 00:22:43.779 and recorded Peter's statements. 00:22:44.319 --> 00:22:45.839 Same with Hebrews and James. 00:22:46.319 --> 00:22:47.559 Matthew is the Gospel 00:22:47.559 --> 00:22:48.299 that's often written. 00:22:48.419 --> 00:22:48.799 It's thought of 00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:49.679 as a Jewish Gospel. 00:22:49.819 --> 00:22:50.839 It's written for the Jews 00:22:50.839 --> 00:22:52.500 and Hebrews and James 00:22:52.500 --> 00:22:53.399 are the two letters 00:22:53.399 --> 00:22:54.279 that are written 00:22:54.279 --> 00:22:56.200 to Jews specifically. 00:22:56.779 --> 00:22:57.899 So it's possible 00:22:57.899 --> 00:23:00.179 that when it spoke 00:23:00.179 --> 00:23:00.759 about Matthew, 00:23:00.899 --> 00:23:01.720 it was also speaking 00:23:01.720 --> 00:23:02.579 about Hebrews and James. 00:23:02.779 --> 00:23:03.639 We're not sure. 00:23:03.640 --> 00:23:04.800 I have a question mark 00:23:04.800 --> 00:23:05.560 by 3rd John. 00:23:05.660 --> 00:23:06.060 That's because 00:23:06.060 --> 00:23:07.160 there's some ambiguity. 00:23:07.860 --> 00:23:09.420 It mentions multiple letters 00:23:09.420 --> 00:23:09.860 of John 00:23:09.860 --> 00:23:10.340 but it doesn't say 00:23:10.340 --> 00:23:10.860 how many. 00:23:11.480 --> 00:23:13.060 So is it 2? 00:23:13.259 --> 00:23:13.740 Is it 3? 00:23:13.920 --> 00:23:14.700 We don't really know. 00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:16.280 But what you can see 00:23:16.280 --> 00:23:17.800 is that this New Testament, 00:23:17.980 --> 00:23:19.400 the core of the New Testament 00:23:19.400 --> 00:23:20.140 of this community 00:23:20.140 --> 00:23:21.640 is exactly the same 00:23:21.640 --> 00:23:22.140 as ours 00:23:22.140 --> 00:23:24.280 and if we had 00:23:24.280 --> 00:23:25.020 the whole list, 00:23:25.220 --> 00:23:25.900 it might have been 00:23:25.900 --> 00:23:26.660 exactly the same. 00:23:26.840 --> 00:23:28.000 We don't know. 00:23:28.360 --> 00:23:29.300 There may be 00:23:29.300 --> 00:23:30.160 some extraneous 00:23:30.160 --> 00:23:31.180 minor differences 00:23:31.180 --> 00:23:32.640 but we're not sure. 00:23:33.380 --> 00:23:34.880 So we just peeked in 00:23:34.880 --> 00:23:35.700 one church 00:23:35.700 --> 00:23:37.160 around 175 in Rome 00:23:37.160 --> 00:23:39.140 but we can keep doing this. 00:23:39.480 --> 00:23:40.180 We can do this 00:23:40.180 --> 00:23:41.060 for 185 00:23:41.060 --> 00:23:41.940 with a theologian 00:23:41.940 --> 00:23:42.720 named Irenaeus. 00:23:42.799 --> 00:23:43.620 He wrote this wonderful 00:23:43.620 --> 00:23:44.940 book of theology. 00:23:45.340 --> 00:23:45.680 It's actually 00:23:45.680 --> 00:23:46.380 the first 00:23:46.380 --> 00:23:48.820 comprehensive theology, 00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:49.620 a book of theology 00:23:49.620 --> 00:23:50.360 that we have 00:23:50.360 --> 00:23:51.160 from a Christian 00:23:51.160 --> 00:23:52.160 and he's writing 00:23:52.160 --> 00:23:52.799 in France 00:23:52.799 --> 00:23:53.680 in 185 00:23:53.680 --> 00:23:54.860 and we can go through 00:23:54.860 --> 00:23:55.920 this book of theology 00:23:55.920 --> 00:23:56.680 and just see 00:23:56.680 --> 00:23:58.060 what does he cite 00:23:58.060 --> 00:23:58.820 from the New Testament 00:23:58.819 --> 00:24:00.460 and try and come up 00:24:00.460 --> 00:24:01.319 with what his New Testament 00:24:01.319 --> 00:24:01.799 looked like. 00:24:02.139 --> 00:24:03.019 So we have this list 00:24:03.019 --> 00:24:04.539 from the Muratorian fragment 00:24:04.539 --> 00:24:05.899 and we can add this one 00:24:05.899 --> 00:24:07.319 from Irenaeus 00:24:07.319 --> 00:24:08.480 and we'll see that 00:24:08.480 --> 00:24:10.019 he's got Matthew, Mark, Luke, 00:24:10.119 --> 00:24:10.939 John, Acts, Romans, 00:24:11.059 --> 00:24:12.059 all the letters of Paul 00:24:12.059 --> 00:24:13.179 except he doesn't mention 00:24:13.179 --> 00:24:13.700 Philemon. 00:24:14.759 --> 00:24:16.700 He also has 1 and 2 John, 00:24:16.879 --> 00:24:18.220 1 Peter, Revelation. 00:24:19.399 --> 00:24:20.460 You'll notice though, 00:24:20.519 --> 00:24:21.159 like I said, 00:24:21.200 --> 00:24:22.519 he doesn't mention Philemon, 00:24:22.779 --> 00:24:23.980 he doesn't mention 3 John, 00:24:24.059 --> 00:24:25.159 he doesn't mention Jude 00:24:25.160 --> 00:24:28.759 but remember that Irenaeus 00:24:28.759 --> 00:24:29.840 is not giving us 00:24:29.840 --> 00:24:31.040 a list of New Testament books. 00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:31.940 He's just writing 00:24:31.940 --> 00:24:32.840 a work of theology, 00:24:33.279 --> 00:24:34.340 citing the New Testament 00:24:34.340 --> 00:24:35.200 whenever it's relevant 00:24:35.200 --> 00:24:36.720 and you'll notice something 00:24:36.720 --> 00:24:37.420 about Philemon 00:24:37.420 --> 00:24:39.200 and 3 John and Jude 00:24:39.200 --> 00:24:40.100 is they're really, 00:24:40.360 --> 00:24:41.460 really tiny. 00:24:41.820 --> 00:24:43.100 They're only a paragraph 00:24:43.100 --> 00:24:43.960 or two long 00:24:43.960 --> 00:24:46.160 and you've got to write 00:24:46.160 --> 00:24:47.200 a lot of theology 00:24:47.200 --> 00:24:48.340 before you have 00:24:48.340 --> 00:24:49.220 an opportunity 00:24:49.220 --> 00:24:50.580 to mention these books. 00:24:50.740 --> 00:24:51.960 So it's not that 00:24:51.960 --> 00:24:53.100 we think these were 00:24:53.100 --> 00:24:54.360 out of his New Testament, 00:24:54.359 --> 00:24:55.599 they very well could have been 00:24:55.599 --> 00:24:56.359 in his New Testament, 00:24:56.779 --> 00:24:57.659 we just don't know. 00:24:57.799 --> 00:24:58.899 He didn't happen 00:24:58.899 --> 00:25:00.359 to cite them in this book. 00:25:00.839 --> 00:25:01.779 I've got a question mark 00:25:01.779 --> 00:25:02.379 with Hebrews. 00:25:02.899 --> 00:25:04.459 He definitely knows Hebrews 00:25:04.459 --> 00:25:06.019 but we're not sure 00:25:06.019 --> 00:25:07.139 if he included it 00:25:07.139 --> 00:25:08.419 in his New Testament 00:25:08.419 --> 00:25:09.179 or not 00:25:09.179 --> 00:25:10.500 but we know he's aware of it. 00:25:11.500 --> 00:25:12.379 I have a question mark 00:25:12.379 --> 00:25:13.879 with James and 2 Peter 00:25:13.879 --> 00:25:15.099 and that's because 00:25:15.099 --> 00:25:16.799 he seems to quote them 00:25:16.799 --> 00:25:17.859 but it's not certain. 00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:18.099 You know, 00:25:18.159 --> 00:25:19.139 sometimes people will just 00:25:19.139 --> 00:25:20.819 take a lot of language 00:25:20.819 --> 00:25:22.559 from a New Testament book 00:25:22.559 --> 00:25:23.379 but not say, 00:25:23.380 --> 00:25:24.280 oh, this is from James 00:25:24.280 --> 00:25:25.960 and that seems to be 00:25:25.960 --> 00:25:26.560 like he's doing 00:25:26.560 --> 00:25:27.480 what he's doing 00:25:27.480 --> 00:25:28.980 but we're not totally sure. 00:25:29.620 --> 00:25:30.020 Nevertheless, 00:25:30.820 --> 00:25:31.940 his New Testament 00:25:31.940 --> 00:25:33.720 looks an awful lot 00:25:33.720 --> 00:25:34.300 like ours. 00:25:34.560 --> 00:25:35.720 Maybe if we could have 00:25:35.720 --> 00:25:36.500 had him make a list 00:25:36.500 --> 00:25:36.980 it would have been 00:25:36.980 --> 00:25:37.920 exactly like ours. 00:25:38.060 --> 00:25:38.920 We just don't know. 00:25:39.680 --> 00:25:40.060 Also, 00:25:40.300 --> 00:25:41.580 Irenaeus is very clear. 00:25:41.700 --> 00:25:42.440 He says elsewhere 00:25:42.440 --> 00:25:43.260 that there are only 00:25:43.260 --> 00:25:43.960 four Gospels. 00:25:44.660 --> 00:25:45.520 He also says 00:25:45.520 --> 00:25:46.860 that New Testament documents 00:25:46.860 --> 00:25:47.560 need to come 00:25:47.560 --> 00:25:48.300 from the Apostles 00:25:48.300 --> 00:25:50.880 and be written 00:25:50.880 --> 00:25:51.860 under their supervision. 00:25:52.320 --> 00:25:53.080 So he gives us 00:25:53.080 --> 00:25:54.140 kind of this broad outline 00:25:54.140 --> 00:25:55.120 of what the New Testament 00:25:55.120 --> 00:25:56.540 should contain. 00:25:56.940 --> 00:25:58.040 But let's keep going. 00:25:58.160 --> 00:25:59.420 We can do this same project 00:25:59.420 --> 00:26:00.540 with a theologian 00:26:00.540 --> 00:26:01.340 named Tertullian 00:26:01.340 --> 00:26:02.900 in 200 A.D. 00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:04.080 in Northwest Africa 00:26:04.080 --> 00:26:04.920 writing in Latin. 00:26:05.080 --> 00:26:06.460 So we're on another continent now 00:26:06.460 --> 00:26:08.900 and his New Testament 00:26:08.900 --> 00:26:11.080 is very similar. 00:26:11.240 --> 00:26:11.660 Now remember, 00:26:11.800 --> 00:26:12.180 Tertullian, 00:26:12.260 --> 00:26:13.340 he's not giving us a list. 00:26:13.440 --> 00:26:14.100 He's just writing 00:26:14.100 --> 00:26:14.880 some theology 00:26:14.880 --> 00:26:16.060 but he's got 00:26:16.060 --> 00:26:17.160 most of 00:26:17.160 --> 00:26:18.440 what our New Testament 00:26:18.440 --> 00:26:19.220 has today. 00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:21.800 He has 1 Peter, 00:26:21.920 --> 00:26:22.740 he has 1 John, 00:26:22.840 --> 00:26:23.600 he has Jude, 00:26:23.700 --> 00:26:24.660 he does mention Jude, 00:26:24.780 --> 00:26:25.520 he mentions Revelation. 00:26:26.000 --> 00:26:26.760 He is missing 00:26:26.760 --> 00:26:27.660 some things 00:26:27.660 --> 00:26:28.460 like James 00:26:28.460 --> 00:26:29.240 and 2 Peter, 00:26:29.360 --> 00:26:30.100 2 and 3 John 00:26:30.100 --> 00:26:30.440 but again, 00:26:30.520 --> 00:26:31.020 we don't know 00:26:31.020 --> 00:26:32.500 if those were omitted 00:26:32.500 --> 00:26:33.480 or if he just 00:26:33.480 --> 00:26:34.740 never had reason 00:26:34.740 --> 00:26:35.760 to quote from them. 00:26:35.980 --> 00:26:37.380 We can't be sure. 00:26:38.220 --> 00:26:39.040 Let's keep going. 00:26:39.440 --> 00:26:39.880 We'll go to 00:26:39.880 --> 00:26:40.900 same time frame, 00:26:41.580 --> 00:26:43.340 200 A.D. 00:26:43.400 --> 00:26:43.920 in Egypt, 00:26:43.920 --> 00:26:44.900 a guy named Clement 00:26:44.900 --> 00:26:45.779 of Alexandria, 00:26:46.360 --> 00:26:47.279 another theologian. 00:26:47.380 --> 00:26:48.140 So this is thousands 00:26:48.140 --> 00:26:48.960 of miles away 00:26:48.960 --> 00:26:49.620 from Tertullian 00:26:49.620 --> 00:26:50.800 writing in a different language. 00:26:50.900 --> 00:26:51.680 What does he have? 00:26:52.200 --> 00:26:52.539 Well, 00:26:52.660 --> 00:26:53.440 if we add him, 00:26:53.759 --> 00:26:55.120 we see that he quotes 00:26:55.120 --> 00:26:56.720 from all 27 books 00:26:56.720 --> 00:26:57.500 of the New Testament 00:26:57.500 --> 00:27:00.440 and we see this again 00:27:00.440 --> 00:27:02.820 around 200, 00:27:03.180 --> 00:27:04.640 230 A.D. 00:27:04.800 --> 00:27:05.500 This is when 00:27:05.500 --> 00:27:07.120 the old Latin translation 00:27:07.120 --> 00:27:07.840 of the Bible 00:27:07.840 --> 00:27:08.840 was commissioned. 00:27:09.120 --> 00:27:10.140 We're not entirely sure 00:27:10.140 --> 00:27:10.680 of the date. 00:27:11.120 --> 00:27:11.980 I said 230 00:27:11.980 --> 00:27:13.100 to be conservative. 00:27:13.099 --> 00:27:13.899 It could easily 00:27:13.899 --> 00:27:15.119 be earlier than that. 00:27:15.199 --> 00:27:16.319 It could easily be 200 00:27:16.319 --> 00:27:17.579 or 180 or something. 00:27:18.019 --> 00:27:18.699 But this was, 00:27:18.819 --> 00:27:19.419 as far as we know, 00:27:19.500 --> 00:27:20.799 the first full-scale 00:27:20.799 --> 00:27:21.299 translation 00:27:21.299 --> 00:27:22.279 of the New Testament 00:27:22.279 --> 00:27:24.459 into another language. 00:27:24.839 --> 00:27:25.399 There certainly 00:27:25.399 --> 00:27:26.279 were smaller 00:27:26.279 --> 00:27:27.500 translations beforehand. 00:27:27.759 --> 00:27:27.859 You know, 00:27:27.919 --> 00:27:28.439 someone takes 00:27:28.439 --> 00:27:29.319 a quick letter 00:27:29.319 --> 00:27:30.119 and makes a translation 00:27:30.119 --> 00:27:30.459 of it. 00:27:30.719 --> 00:27:31.240 This seems to be 00:27:31.240 --> 00:27:32.279 the first full-scale 00:27:32.279 --> 00:27:33.419 one that we're aware of. 00:27:34.079 --> 00:27:35.359 And scholars 00:27:35.359 --> 00:27:36.379 have to do a lot of work 00:27:36.379 --> 00:27:37.480 to try and piece together 00:27:37.480 --> 00:27:38.679 what was included 00:27:38.680 --> 00:27:39.820 in this full-scale 00:27:39.820 --> 00:27:40.600 translation. 00:27:40.600 --> 00:27:42.000 And it seems 00:27:42.000 --> 00:27:44.000 like the Old Latin 00:27:44.000 --> 00:27:45.900 included all 27 books 00:27:45.900 --> 00:27:46.640 of the New Testament 00:27:46.640 --> 00:27:48.820 around 230 A.D. 00:27:49.580 --> 00:27:50.460 We've got one more guy 00:27:50.460 --> 00:27:51.180 we're going to check out. 00:27:51.740 --> 00:27:52.980 This is further east 00:27:52.980 --> 00:27:54.279 in Caesarea Palestine, 00:27:54.680 --> 00:27:55.460 a theologian named 00:27:55.460 --> 00:27:56.980 Origen in 245. 00:27:57.539 --> 00:27:58.539 Origen gives us 00:27:58.539 --> 00:28:00.220 the first complete list 00:28:00.220 --> 00:28:01.380 of New Testament books. 00:28:02.299 --> 00:28:02.660 Remember, 00:28:02.779 --> 00:28:03.600 we did have a list 00:28:03.600 --> 00:28:04.820 in the Muratorian fragment 00:28:04.820 --> 00:28:05.380 in 175, 00:28:05.740 --> 00:28:06.620 but it wasn't complete. 00:28:06.619 --> 00:28:07.659 We're missing part of it. 00:28:08.219 --> 00:28:09.059 Origen gives us 00:28:09.059 --> 00:28:09.839 the first list. 00:28:10.539 --> 00:28:11.379 And if you look 00:28:11.379 --> 00:28:11.939 at his list, 00:28:12.099 --> 00:28:13.199 his list includes 00:28:13.199 --> 00:28:14.459 all 27 books 00:28:14.459 --> 00:28:15.199 that we have 00:28:15.199 --> 00:28:17.000 in our New Testament. 00:28:17.779 --> 00:28:18.099 Now, 00:28:18.500 --> 00:28:20.259 some scholars debate 00:28:20.259 --> 00:28:21.279 if this list 00:28:21.279 --> 00:28:22.500 has been properly preserved, 00:28:22.699 --> 00:28:23.579 but what we can say 00:28:23.579 --> 00:28:24.519 for certain 00:28:24.519 --> 00:28:25.539 is that 00:28:25.539 --> 00:28:26.859 if we go manually 00:28:26.859 --> 00:28:28.159 through Origen's writings, 00:28:28.519 --> 00:28:29.500 he does mention 00:28:29.500 --> 00:28:30.559 all 27 books 00:28:30.559 --> 00:28:31.500 of the New Testament. 00:28:31.979 --> 00:28:33.479 So even if his list 00:28:33.479 --> 00:28:34.019 has been 00:28:34.019 --> 00:28:35.879 not preserved properly, 00:28:35.880 --> 00:28:36.660 we do know 00:28:36.660 --> 00:28:37.220 he was aware 00:28:37.220 --> 00:28:39.220 of all 27 books 00:28:39.220 --> 00:28:39.840 in the New Testament. 00:28:42.340 --> 00:28:42.660 So, 00:28:43.780 --> 00:28:51.040 all of those 00:28:51.040 --> 00:28:51.760 were in Latin 00:28:51.760 --> 00:28:52.440 or Greek. 00:28:53.480 --> 00:28:53.560 So, 00:28:56.200 --> 00:28:57.180 Irenaeus 00:28:57.180 --> 00:28:58.220 is writing in France, 00:28:58.300 --> 00:28:59.160 he's writing in Greek, 00:28:59.740 --> 00:29:00.180 Tertullian 00:29:00.180 --> 00:29:01.060 is writing in Latin, 00:29:01.660 --> 00:29:02.480 Clement is Greek, 00:29:02.680 --> 00:29:03.400 the Old Latin Bible 00:29:03.400 --> 00:29:03.860 is Latin, 00:29:03.859 --> 00:29:05.019 Origen is Greek, 00:29:05.439 --> 00:29:07.099 and the Muratorian fragment, 00:29:07.199 --> 00:29:07.839 it's in Latin. 00:29:07.979 --> 00:29:08.619 Some people think 00:29:08.619 --> 00:29:09.519 it was originally Greek 00:29:09.519 --> 00:29:10.240 and it was translated, 00:29:10.879 --> 00:29:11.719 but we only have it 00:29:11.719 --> 00:29:13.079 in Latin today. 00:29:13.319 --> 00:29:13.839 Were there any 00:29:13.839 --> 00:29:14.759 additional books 00:29:14.759 --> 00:29:15.359 that they mentioned? 00:29:15.459 --> 00:29:15.939 Oh, 00:29:16.199 --> 00:29:16.599 great. 00:29:16.959 --> 00:29:17.379 Yes, 00:29:17.479 --> 00:29:18.479 I'm going to be getting 00:29:18.479 --> 00:29:19.519 to that in a little bit. 00:29:19.599 --> 00:29:19.859 Yes, 00:29:19.959 --> 00:29:20.779 yes, 00:29:21.179 --> 00:29:21.500 yes, 00:29:21.539 --> 00:29:22.179 there were. 00:29:22.699 --> 00:29:23.939 And we'll talk about that 00:29:23.939 --> 00:29:25.240 in just a moment. 00:29:27.319 --> 00:29:27.759 Amos. 00:29:27.759 --> 00:29:28.159 I have a question. 00:29:28.579 --> 00:29:28.979 Are there, 00:29:28.979 --> 00:29:29.439 like, 00:29:29.500 --> 00:29:30.119 comparable lists 00:29:30.119 --> 00:29:30.839 from outside 00:29:30.839 --> 00:29:31.419 the Roman Empire? 00:29:31.420 --> 00:29:33.580 Not yet. 00:29:34.360 --> 00:29:35.500 Not yet at this point. 00:29:36.400 --> 00:29:37.779 Outside the Roman Empire. 00:29:37.960 --> 00:29:38.060 Now, 00:29:38.120 --> 00:29:38.400 remember, 00:29:38.580 --> 00:29:39.740 Christianity is still, 00:29:40.220 --> 00:29:40.860 at this point, 00:29:41.160 --> 00:29:42.240 a persecuted group. 00:29:42.840 --> 00:29:43.220 And so, 00:29:43.340 --> 00:29:44.840 there is no political authority 00:29:44.840 --> 00:29:46.779 to control the Bible. 00:29:46.980 --> 00:29:47.180 So, 00:29:47.640 --> 00:29:48.840 this is well before 00:29:48.840 --> 00:29:50.539 Christianity came to power 00:29:50.539 --> 00:29:51.160 in the Roman Empire. 00:29:51.320 --> 00:29:51.519 So, 00:29:51.620 --> 00:29:53.080 these are all happening 00:29:53.080 --> 00:29:54.920 somewhat independently 00:29:54.920 --> 00:29:55.580 of one another. 00:29:55.580 --> 00:29:56.420 And in fact, 00:29:56.539 --> 00:29:57.060 Tertullian, 00:29:57.560 --> 00:29:59.300 he ended up separating 00:29:59.299 --> 00:30:00.319 from the Roman Church 00:30:00.319 --> 00:30:02.240 over a matter 00:30:02.240 --> 00:30:03.619 of doctrine. 00:30:05.359 --> 00:30:06.059 Not a core 00:30:06.059 --> 00:30:07.319 theological doctrine, 00:30:07.440 --> 00:30:08.139 but he separated. 00:30:08.279 --> 00:30:08.379 So, 00:30:08.500 --> 00:30:09.099 some of these, 00:30:09.220 --> 00:30:10.419 some of these people 00:30:10.419 --> 00:30:11.759 are not even part 00:30:11.759 --> 00:30:12.579 of necessarily 00:30:12.579 --> 00:30:14.960 the same Christian community, 00:30:15.019 --> 00:30:15.519 even though 00:30:15.519 --> 00:30:16.139 they all have 00:30:16.139 --> 00:30:17.059 the same statement of faith. 00:30:17.159 --> 00:30:17.299 I mean, 00:30:17.339 --> 00:30:17.559 we would, 00:30:17.799 --> 00:30:18.819 if we read his confession 00:30:18.819 --> 00:30:19.899 of faith with these others, 00:30:19.940 --> 00:30:21.039 we would agree with them all. 00:30:22.139 --> 00:30:22.819 Does that help? 00:30:23.440 --> 00:30:23.819 So, 00:30:23.879 --> 00:30:24.279 at this point, 00:30:24.319 --> 00:30:25.220 we don't have a list 00:30:25.220 --> 00:30:26.339 outside of the Roman Empire 00:30:26.339 --> 00:30:26.779 yet. 00:30:26.779 --> 00:30:28.500 So, 00:30:28.700 --> 00:30:29.859 we could keep doing this 00:30:29.859 --> 00:30:31.000 over decades and centuries. 00:30:31.460 --> 00:30:32.139 And like I said, 00:30:32.220 --> 00:30:33.639 we would eventually see 00:30:33.639 --> 00:30:35.160 all the ancient churches 00:30:35.160 --> 00:30:35.680 clustering 00:30:35.680 --> 00:30:37.700 around 27 documents 00:30:37.700 --> 00:30:38.539 that we have today 00:30:38.539 --> 00:30:39.799 in our New Testament. 00:30:40.420 --> 00:30:40.680 And, 00:30:41.079 --> 00:30:42.099 like I said, 00:30:42.339 --> 00:30:43.740 there's two remarkable 00:30:43.740 --> 00:30:44.440 things about this. 00:30:44.559 --> 00:30:45.359 One is that 00:30:45.359 --> 00:30:46.660 there was very early 00:30:46.660 --> 00:30:47.420 agreement 00:30:47.420 --> 00:30:49.119 within the contents 00:30:49.119 --> 00:30:50.039 of the New Testament, 00:30:50.579 --> 00:30:51.259 as you can see 00:30:51.259 --> 00:30:51.899 on the screen. 00:30:52.579 --> 00:30:53.180 Secondly, 00:30:53.399 --> 00:30:54.079 is like I said, 00:30:54.180 --> 00:30:55.539 eventually all the churches 00:30:55.539 --> 00:30:56.879 with ancient roots 00:30:56.879 --> 00:30:57.759 came to agree 00:30:57.759 --> 00:30:59.779 on this 27-book New Testament. 00:31:00.039 --> 00:31:01.019 It did take 00:31:01.019 --> 00:31:02.279 a long time 00:31:02.279 --> 00:31:03.039 in some places, 00:31:03.159 --> 00:31:04.139 particularly the places 00:31:04.139 --> 00:31:05.559 that were farther flung 00:31:05.559 --> 00:31:07.119 from where the original 00:31:07.119 --> 00:31:08.500 locations of these documents 00:31:08.500 --> 00:31:09.000 were written. 00:31:10.059 --> 00:31:10.539 But, 00:31:10.680 --> 00:31:11.319 eventually, 00:31:11.460 --> 00:31:12.619 they all ended up agreeing. 00:31:13.279 --> 00:31:13.440 So, 00:31:13.680 --> 00:31:14.220 to sum up, 00:31:15.619 --> 00:31:15.960 the 00:31:15.960 --> 00:31:17.920 assembly of the New Testament, 00:31:18.639 --> 00:31:19.319 this New Testament 00:31:19.319 --> 00:31:20.359 did not fall out of heaven. 00:31:20.680 --> 00:31:21.920 There was no conspiracy theory. 00:31:22.220 --> 00:31:22.940 There was no single 00:31:22.940 --> 00:31:23.779 ecumenical council. 00:31:23.779 --> 00:31:25.079 There really was actually 00:31:25.079 --> 00:31:26.639 no single uniting factor 00:31:26.639 --> 00:31:28.059 other than the Holy Spirit. 00:31:29.059 --> 00:31:29.279 And, 00:31:29.379 --> 00:31:29.940 the Holy Spirit 00:31:29.940 --> 00:31:31.079 guided the apostles 00:31:31.079 --> 00:31:33.000 to write the New Testament 00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:34.500 and to begin assembling it. 00:31:34.819 --> 00:31:35.139 And then, 00:31:35.299 --> 00:31:36.160 their later churches 00:31:36.160 --> 00:31:37.099 they left behind, 00:31:37.579 --> 00:31:38.700 independently of one another, 00:31:38.839 --> 00:31:39.059 somewhat, 00:31:39.240 --> 00:31:40.339 investigated and tested 00:31:40.339 --> 00:31:41.039 which documents 00:31:41.039 --> 00:31:41.779 were apostolic. 00:31:41.879 --> 00:31:41.960 And, 00:31:42.019 --> 00:31:42.359 eventually, 00:31:42.879 --> 00:31:43.799 everyone arrived 00:31:43.799 --> 00:31:45.559 at the same 27-book New Testament, 00:31:45.980 --> 00:31:46.799 even if it took 00:31:46.799 --> 00:31:47.920 a long time 00:31:47.920 --> 00:31:48.779 in some places. 00:31:49.700 --> 00:31:50.220 So, 00:31:50.619 --> 00:31:51.839 some of you might still 00:31:51.839 --> 00:31:52.819 have some questions. 00:31:52.819 --> 00:31:54.139 Like, 00:31:54.559 --> 00:31:55.980 what New Testament books 00:31:55.980 --> 00:31:56.980 were controversial? 00:31:57.579 --> 00:31:58.460 Was there any books 00:31:58.460 --> 00:31:59.700 in the New Testament today 00:31:59.700 --> 00:32:00.939 that the ancient church 00:32:00.939 --> 00:32:01.879 maybe was a little 00:32:01.879 --> 00:32:02.619 uncomfortable about? 00:32:03.039 --> 00:32:03.319 Well, 00:32:03.599 --> 00:32:05.019 we could make a list of these 00:32:05.019 --> 00:32:05.960 and I've done that for you. 00:32:06.379 --> 00:32:06.619 And, 00:32:06.659 --> 00:32:07.579 these are the books 00:32:07.579 --> 00:32:08.439 that when you go back 00:32:08.439 --> 00:32:09.119 and you read 00:32:09.119 --> 00:32:10.139 the early debates, 00:32:10.779 --> 00:32:11.379 these are the books 00:32:11.379 --> 00:32:12.759 that are in our New Testament today 00:32:12.759 --> 00:32:14.220 that sometimes you'll find 00:32:14.220 --> 00:32:15.919 an ancient Christian 00:32:15.919 --> 00:32:16.819 disagreed with. 00:32:16.960 --> 00:32:17.099 And, 00:32:17.200 --> 00:32:18.099 I'm going to address 00:32:18.099 --> 00:32:19.079 each of these in turn. 00:32:19.559 --> 00:32:19.779 So, 00:32:20.200 --> 00:32:20.539 Hebrews. 00:32:20.539 --> 00:32:22.659 Hebrews was suspicious 00:32:22.659 --> 00:32:24.119 in the Latin church 00:32:24.119 --> 00:32:24.940 for a little bit. 00:32:25.039 --> 00:32:26.019 It was not suspicious 00:32:26.019 --> 00:32:26.920 in the Greek church. 00:32:27.379 --> 00:32:27.519 But, 00:32:27.579 --> 00:32:28.639 in the Latin church it was 00:32:28.639 --> 00:32:29.480 and it was because 00:32:29.480 --> 00:32:30.220 it was anonymous. 00:32:30.859 --> 00:32:31.639 They wanted to make sure 00:32:31.639 --> 00:32:32.619 that this was written 00:32:32.619 --> 00:32:33.940 under apostolic authority 00:32:33.940 --> 00:32:34.779 and so, 00:32:35.139 --> 00:32:36.440 some of them 00:32:36.440 --> 00:32:37.859 were a little suspicious 00:32:37.859 --> 00:32:38.319 of it. 00:32:38.879 --> 00:32:39.359 Interestingly, 00:32:39.659 --> 00:32:40.460 Hebrews actually has 00:32:40.460 --> 00:32:41.480 some of the earliest 00:32:41.480 --> 00:32:42.339 attestation 00:32:42.339 --> 00:32:43.200 of any 00:32:43.200 --> 00:32:44.639 New Testament document. 00:32:45.099 --> 00:32:45.839 There's a Christian 00:32:45.839 --> 00:32:47.599 writing in 96 A.D. 00:32:47.599 --> 00:32:49.299 who is aware 00:32:49.299 --> 00:32:50.059 of the letter 00:32:50.059 --> 00:32:50.539 of Hebrews. 00:32:50.919 --> 00:32:51.179 So, 00:32:51.319 --> 00:32:53.059 it has very early 00:32:53.059 --> 00:32:53.899 attestation. 00:32:54.579 --> 00:32:55.879 I'm actually encouraged 00:32:55.879 --> 00:32:56.919 that the early church 00:32:56.919 --> 00:32:58.279 took authorship 00:32:58.279 --> 00:32:59.059 so seriously 00:32:59.059 --> 00:32:59.859 that they didn't just 00:32:59.859 --> 00:33:00.719 want to throw everything 00:33:00.719 --> 00:33:01.279 in just because 00:33:01.279 --> 00:33:02.240 they liked it. 00:33:03.119 --> 00:33:04.079 James also 00:33:04.079 --> 00:33:05.059 took some time. 00:33:05.539 --> 00:33:05.719 Now, 00:33:06.099 --> 00:33:07.359 there's a good reason 00:33:07.359 --> 00:33:07.779 for this. 00:33:07.899 --> 00:33:08.819 If you read 00:33:08.819 --> 00:33:09.480 James, 00:33:10.299 --> 00:33:10.939 it's addressed 00:33:10.939 --> 00:33:12.619 to the 12 tribes 00:33:12.619 --> 00:33:13.059 of Israel, 00:33:13.619 --> 00:33:14.639 to the Jews. 00:33:14.640 --> 00:33:16.400 And the evidence 00:33:16.400 --> 00:33:16.920 we have from 00:33:16.920 --> 00:33:17.540 the early church 00:33:17.540 --> 00:33:18.520 is almost entirely 00:33:18.520 --> 00:33:20.300 from Gentile churches. 00:33:20.840 --> 00:33:21.280 The Romans, 00:33:21.540 --> 00:33:21.980 the Greeks, 00:33:22.140 --> 00:33:22.600 the Egyptians, 00:33:22.900 --> 00:33:23.740 the Northwest Africans. 00:33:24.340 --> 00:33:24.640 And so, 00:33:24.759 --> 00:33:25.160 in other words, 00:33:25.520 --> 00:33:25.960 this letter 00:33:25.960 --> 00:33:26.640 wasn't actually 00:33:26.640 --> 00:33:27.980 written to them 00:33:27.980 --> 00:33:28.700 initially. 00:33:29.120 --> 00:33:30.440 And it makes sense 00:33:30.440 --> 00:33:30.960 that it would just 00:33:30.960 --> 00:33:31.880 take some time 00:33:31.880 --> 00:33:32.680 to percolate 00:33:32.680 --> 00:33:33.120 and for them 00:33:33.120 --> 00:33:34.680 to come 00:33:34.680 --> 00:33:35.420 to accept it. 00:33:36.820 --> 00:33:38.160 The next letters, 00:33:38.420 --> 00:33:38.860 2 Peter, 00:33:38.980 --> 00:33:39.460 2 John, 00:33:39.580 --> 00:33:40.040 3 John, 00:33:40.160 --> 00:33:40.480 Jude, 00:33:40.920 --> 00:33:41.860 they all share 00:33:41.860 --> 00:33:42.520 the characteristic 00:33:42.519 --> 00:33:44.119 of being pretty short. 00:33:44.619 --> 00:33:45.539 They're very short. 00:33:46.119 --> 00:33:46.579 And so, 00:33:46.839 --> 00:33:47.879 some of, 00:33:47.960 --> 00:33:48.480 like that guy 00:33:48.480 --> 00:33:48.940 I mentioned, 00:33:49.059 --> 00:33:49.599 Eusebius, 00:33:49.680 --> 00:33:50.079 who's writing 00:33:50.079 --> 00:33:51.039 around the year 300, 00:33:51.599 --> 00:33:52.740 he's investigating 00:33:52.740 --> 00:33:53.460 these things 00:33:53.460 --> 00:33:54.639 and he reports, 00:33:54.759 --> 00:33:55.119 he's like, 00:33:55.180 --> 00:33:55.420 you know, 00:33:55.660 --> 00:33:56.200 2 Peter, 00:33:56.299 --> 00:33:56.660 2 John, 00:33:56.720 --> 00:33:57.039 3 John, 00:33:57.039 --> 00:33:57.240 Jude, 00:33:57.400 --> 00:33:58.359 they're not mentioned 00:33:58.359 --> 00:33:59.240 a whole lot 00:33:59.240 --> 00:34:00.240 in the super ancient 00:34:00.240 --> 00:34:01.160 Christian writings 00:34:01.160 --> 00:34:02.460 and we saw that 00:34:02.460 --> 00:34:03.500 in our chart. 00:34:04.139 --> 00:34:05.420 And the reason why 00:34:05.420 --> 00:34:06.740 may simply have just been 00:34:06.740 --> 00:34:07.519 that they were just 00:34:07.519 --> 00:34:08.239 so short. 00:34:09.079 --> 00:34:10.059 You've got to listen 00:34:10.059 --> 00:34:11.699 to a lot of sermons, 00:34:11.699 --> 00:34:12.579 you've got to read 00:34:12.579 --> 00:34:13.319 a lot of theology 00:34:13.319 --> 00:34:14.719 before you find citations 00:34:14.719 --> 00:34:15.399 of 3 John 00:34:15.399 --> 00:34:16.179 and 2 John 00:34:16.179 --> 00:34:17.019 and Jude. 00:34:17.779 --> 00:34:19.439 And we actually 00:34:19.439 --> 00:34:20.359 can test this 00:34:20.359 --> 00:34:21.139 if we look at 00:34:21.139 --> 00:34:22.379 Augustine's writings, 00:34:22.559 --> 00:34:23.159 Augustine, 00:34:23.519 --> 00:34:24.119 St. Augustine, 00:34:24.199 --> 00:34:24.759 he's writing around 00:34:24.759 --> 00:34:25.399 the year 400. 00:34:25.859 --> 00:34:26.579 We know what his 00:34:26.579 --> 00:34:27.500 New Testament contained 00:34:27.500 --> 00:34:28.379 because he tells us, 00:34:28.419 --> 00:34:29.179 he gives us a list. 00:34:29.439 --> 00:34:30.339 He also attended 00:34:30.339 --> 00:34:32.679 a council that he headed 00:34:32.679 --> 00:34:34.399 that also issued a list. 00:34:34.659 --> 00:34:35.619 He has a 27 book 00:34:35.619 --> 00:34:36.119 New Testament. 00:34:36.719 --> 00:34:37.419 Augustine wrote 00:34:37.419 --> 00:34:39.119 5 million words. 00:34:39.119 --> 00:34:42.000 He wrote an enormous amount. 00:34:42.179 --> 00:34:42.679 It's the equivalent 00:34:42.679 --> 00:34:44.500 of writing a 300 page book 00:34:44.500 --> 00:34:46.380 every year for 40 years. 00:34:47.699 --> 00:34:49.699 And if you go through 00:34:49.699 --> 00:34:51.039 his 5 million writings, 00:34:51.179 --> 00:34:53.639 you find that he only quotes 00:34:53.639 --> 00:34:55.059 from 2 and 3 John 00:34:55.059 --> 00:34:56.759 like once or twice, 00:34:57.099 --> 00:34:57.940 which means he's only 00:34:57.940 --> 00:34:58.619 quoting from them, 00:34:59.019 --> 00:34:59.319 you know, 00:34:59.500 --> 00:35:02.159 once every one or 2 million 00:35:02.159 --> 00:35:03.400 words that he writes. 00:35:03.739 --> 00:35:05.339 That's a lot of words. 00:35:05.340 --> 00:35:06.780 And in the early church, 00:35:06.900 --> 00:35:07.740 we don't even have 00:35:07.740 --> 00:35:08.539 5 million words 00:35:08.539 --> 00:35:09.300 from the early church 00:35:09.300 --> 00:35:09.980 when you combine it 00:35:09.980 --> 00:35:10.320 all together. 00:35:10.500 --> 00:35:12.120 So there's good reasons 00:35:12.120 --> 00:35:13.680 why these smaller documents 00:35:13.680 --> 00:35:14.920 may not have come up 00:35:14.920 --> 00:35:15.620 as much. 00:35:15.980 --> 00:35:16.720 The last one, 00:35:16.800 --> 00:35:17.160 Revelation, 00:35:17.680 --> 00:35:18.480 the last one 00:35:18.480 --> 00:35:20.059 was actually 00:35:20.059 --> 00:35:22.320 not controversial 00:35:22.320 --> 00:35:23.519 in the early church. 00:35:23.640 --> 00:35:24.380 The early church 00:35:24.380 --> 00:35:26.140 universally accepted this. 00:35:26.360 --> 00:35:27.820 It is quoted constantly 00:35:27.820 --> 00:35:29.320 in Latin and in Greek 00:35:29.320 --> 00:35:31.140 from the very beginning 00:35:31.140 --> 00:35:32.900 of the 2nd century 00:35:32.900 --> 00:35:34.700 and all throughout 00:35:34.700 --> 00:35:35.500 the 3rd century. 00:35:35.780 --> 00:35:36.960 The problem with Revelation 00:35:36.960 --> 00:35:38.079 is that in the 4th 00:35:38.079 --> 00:35:38.880 and 5th century, 00:35:39.460 --> 00:35:40.980 some Christians, 00:35:41.220 --> 00:35:42.180 it kind of fell out of favor 00:35:42.180 --> 00:35:42.820 to be honest. 00:35:43.220 --> 00:35:44.340 And some Christians 00:35:44.340 --> 00:35:45.480 started removing it 00:35:45.480 --> 00:35:46.480 from their New Testament. 00:35:46.920 --> 00:35:48.720 So it wasn't controversial 00:35:48.720 --> 00:35:49.700 in the early church. 00:35:49.940 --> 00:35:51.400 In the later church, 00:35:51.680 --> 00:35:52.960 it was controversial 00:35:52.960 --> 00:35:54.400 in certain churches, 00:35:54.579 --> 00:35:55.480 but then eventually 00:35:55.480 --> 00:35:56.340 came back in. 00:35:56.880 --> 00:35:59.500 So those were the books 00:35:59.500 --> 00:36:01.079 that are in our New Testament 00:36:01.079 --> 00:36:01.780 today that met 00:36:01.780 --> 00:36:02.660 with some controversy 00:36:02.660 --> 00:36:03.380 at some points. 00:36:04.400 --> 00:36:06.060 But what about books 00:36:06.060 --> 00:36:07.980 that almost made it 00:36:07.980 --> 00:36:08.500 into the Bible 00:36:08.500 --> 00:36:09.240 but didn't? 00:36:09.380 --> 00:36:10.120 What about those? 00:36:10.780 --> 00:36:11.940 I'm interested in those. 00:36:12.080 --> 00:36:15.660 Well, I guess in a way, 00:36:15.980 --> 00:36:17.240 I would say there's actually 00:36:17.240 --> 00:36:19.400 no book that almost made it in 00:36:19.400 --> 00:36:19.860 but didn't. 00:36:20.280 --> 00:36:21.820 There were some books, though, 00:36:21.880 --> 00:36:23.200 that some people thought 00:36:23.200 --> 00:36:24.519 should be in at some point, 00:36:24.960 --> 00:36:26.840 but many people didn't. 00:36:27.660 --> 00:36:28.640 And so in other words, 00:36:28.760 --> 00:36:30.019 there are some texts 00:36:30.019 --> 00:36:31.719 that some early Christian churches 00:36:31.719 --> 00:36:32.360 included, 00:36:33.139 --> 00:36:35.400 but I would not say 00:36:35.400 --> 00:36:36.199 most of them did. 00:36:36.259 --> 00:36:37.239 It was not like they almost 00:36:37.239 --> 00:36:38.199 made it in but didn't. 00:36:38.480 --> 00:36:39.960 It's just that maybe 00:36:39.960 --> 00:36:40.820 there'd be some churches 00:36:40.820 --> 00:36:41.699 that were reading this, 00:36:42.239 --> 00:36:43.980 but most weren't. 00:36:44.059 --> 00:36:44.699 And here they are. 00:36:45.219 --> 00:36:46.980 These are books like this, 00:36:47.079 --> 00:36:48.159 The Epistle of Barnabas. 00:36:48.219 --> 00:36:48.780 I'm going to talk about 00:36:48.780 --> 00:36:49.599 each one of these in turn. 00:36:50.039 --> 00:36:50.679 First Clement. 00:36:50.759 --> 00:36:51.199 It's a letter 00:36:51.199 --> 00:36:52.119 by a guy named Clement. 00:36:52.500 --> 00:36:53.019 A book called 00:36:53.019 --> 00:36:53.940 The Shepherd of Hermas. 00:36:54.420 --> 00:36:55.300 A document called 00:36:55.300 --> 00:36:56.300 The Gospel of the Hebrews. 00:36:56.300 --> 00:36:57.340 And another document 00:36:57.340 --> 00:36:59.000 called The Dietessaron. 00:36:59.220 --> 00:36:59.700 Now you're looking 00:36:59.700 --> 00:37:00.740 at the Epistle of Barnabas 00:37:00.740 --> 00:37:01.140 and you're like, 00:37:01.200 --> 00:37:02.320 I've heard that guy before. 00:37:02.900 --> 00:37:03.500 And that's because 00:37:03.500 --> 00:37:04.640 Barnabas is in the Bible. 00:37:04.800 --> 00:37:05.860 He's one of the early 00:37:05.860 --> 00:37:07.940 followers of the apostles. 00:37:08.519 --> 00:37:09.640 He's called an apostle 00:37:09.640 --> 00:37:10.280 sometimes. 00:37:10.780 --> 00:37:11.940 And this letter, 00:37:12.140 --> 00:37:13.140 it's a long letter. 00:37:13.260 --> 00:37:14.420 It's an early Christian letter. 00:37:14.539 --> 00:37:15.300 It probably comes 00:37:15.300 --> 00:37:17.140 from the year 100 or 120. 00:37:17.640 --> 00:37:19.360 But it's not by Barnabas. 00:37:19.720 --> 00:37:20.680 It doesn't claim 00:37:20.680 --> 00:37:22.019 to be by Barnabas either. 00:37:22.019 --> 00:37:24.159 But later Christians, 00:37:24.380 --> 00:37:25.519 some of them said 00:37:25.519 --> 00:37:26.159 he wrote it 00:37:26.159 --> 00:37:27.599 and some Christians, 00:37:27.719 --> 00:37:28.199 a minority, 00:37:28.800 --> 00:37:29.440 included it 00:37:29.440 --> 00:37:30.340 within their New Testament. 00:37:31.119 --> 00:37:33.639 But scholars are united today 00:37:33.639 --> 00:37:35.380 that Barnabas did not write this. 00:37:36.039 --> 00:37:36.780 It's not. 00:37:36.900 --> 00:37:38.340 It's post-70 AD, 00:37:39.079 --> 00:37:42.039 probably 100, 120 AD. 00:37:42.639 --> 00:37:43.860 And it's not from Barnabas. 00:37:44.500 --> 00:37:45.840 First Clement is another one. 00:37:45.880 --> 00:37:47.000 This is a letter of Clement. 00:37:47.139 --> 00:37:48.099 I mentioned it earlier 00:37:48.099 --> 00:37:49.519 where Clement mentions Hebrews 00:37:49.519 --> 00:37:50.320 and Clement wrote 00:37:50.320 --> 00:37:51.759 around 95 AD. 00:37:52.019 --> 00:37:53.280 And Clement was a disciple 00:37:53.280 --> 00:37:54.280 of the apostles. 00:37:54.699 --> 00:37:56.460 He was a priest in Rome. 00:37:56.800 --> 00:37:57.559 He writes a letter 00:37:57.559 --> 00:37:58.259 to the Corinthians. 00:37:58.559 --> 00:38:00.059 It's like a kind of a sequel 00:38:00.059 --> 00:38:01.400 to 1st and 2nd Corinthians. 00:38:01.800 --> 00:38:02.920 He writes a letter to them. 00:38:03.400 --> 00:38:04.699 And some Christians 00:38:04.699 --> 00:38:05.539 had his letter 00:38:05.539 --> 00:38:06.280 in their New Testament. 00:38:06.960 --> 00:38:07.599 They're like, 00:38:07.679 --> 00:38:07.840 you know, 00:38:07.920 --> 00:38:08.639 he was a disciple 00:38:08.639 --> 00:38:09.300 of the apostles. 00:38:09.579 --> 00:38:10.119 Mark and Luke 00:38:10.119 --> 00:38:11.199 were disciples of the apostles. 00:38:11.739 --> 00:38:13.139 It's a pretty good letter too. 00:38:13.259 --> 00:38:13.880 I like it. 00:38:14.340 --> 00:38:15.519 It's a good thing though 00:38:15.519 --> 00:38:16.139 that it's not 00:38:16.139 --> 00:38:16.960 in the New Testament. 00:38:17.860 --> 00:38:19.219 And that's because 00:38:19.219 --> 00:38:19.980 it was not written 00:38:19.980 --> 00:38:21.519 with apostolic oversight. 00:38:22.019 --> 00:38:22.940 It was written 00:38:22.940 --> 00:38:23.719 after the apostles 00:38:23.719 --> 00:38:24.619 had passed away. 00:38:25.679 --> 00:38:26.239 And by the way, 00:38:26.300 --> 00:38:27.519 Clement is not writing this 00:38:27.519 --> 00:38:28.759 as claiming it's scripture. 00:38:28.880 --> 00:38:30.159 He's just writing 00:38:30.159 --> 00:38:31.000 a letter to the Corinthians. 00:38:31.619 --> 00:38:32.900 And the Corinthians 00:38:32.900 --> 00:38:33.860 really liked it. 00:38:34.360 --> 00:38:35.039 They, for instance, 00:38:35.179 --> 00:38:36.280 seemed to have read it 00:38:36.280 --> 00:38:37.079 in their church services 00:38:37.079 --> 00:38:38.699 publicly for decades afterwards. 00:38:39.400 --> 00:38:40.259 But there were 00:38:40.259 --> 00:38:41.159 a few other communities 00:38:41.159 --> 00:38:42.119 that included it 00:38:42.119 --> 00:38:42.759 in their New Testament, 00:38:43.320 --> 00:38:44.460 but most didn't. 00:38:44.460 --> 00:38:47.179 Shepherd of Hermas. 00:38:47.960 --> 00:38:49.340 This is a weird one, guys. 00:38:49.900 --> 00:38:50.659 It's a weird one. 00:38:51.280 --> 00:38:52.000 There's a scholar 00:38:52.000 --> 00:38:53.019 who talks about, 00:38:53.139 --> 00:38:53.940 there's a few churches 00:38:53.940 --> 00:38:55.079 who would read this publicly 00:38:55.079 --> 00:38:56.179 and there's a scholar 00:38:56.179 --> 00:38:57.639 who said that he pitied them, 00:38:57.980 --> 00:38:59.500 that they had to listen to this. 00:39:00.039 --> 00:39:00.740 This is probably 00:39:00.740 --> 00:39:02.659 from the year like 150 AD. 00:39:02.860 --> 00:39:03.659 We still have it. 00:39:03.699 --> 00:39:04.420 You can read it. 00:39:04.980 --> 00:39:06.039 It's probably written 00:39:06.039 --> 00:39:06.900 around the year 150. 00:39:07.539 --> 00:39:08.579 For some reason, 00:39:08.579 --> 00:39:09.500 it really caught on 00:39:09.500 --> 00:39:10.220 in some churches. 00:39:10.219 --> 00:39:11.879 And for instance, 00:39:12.039 --> 00:39:12.799 Irenaeus, 00:39:13.119 --> 00:39:13.719 whom, 00:39:14.159 --> 00:39:14.539 whom, 00:39:14.739 --> 00:39:15.139 let's see, 00:39:15.219 --> 00:39:15.679 do I have a church? 00:39:15.739 --> 00:39:15.879 Yeah. 00:39:16.500 --> 00:39:16.939 Irenaeus, 00:39:17.299 --> 00:39:18.639 he liked it. 00:39:18.779 --> 00:39:19.579 He quotes from it. 00:39:19.659 --> 00:39:20.939 He might have even included it 00:39:20.939 --> 00:39:21.859 in his Bible. 00:39:21.980 --> 00:39:22.259 However, 00:39:22.739 --> 00:39:24.059 the Muratorian fragment 00:39:24.059 --> 00:39:24.980 and Tertullian 00:39:24.980 --> 00:39:25.779 both mention it 00:39:25.779 --> 00:39:26.500 and they both say, 00:39:26.619 --> 00:39:27.399 no, no, no, no, no. 00:39:27.559 --> 00:39:28.500 No, this is not part 00:39:28.500 --> 00:39:29.119 of the New Testament. 00:39:30.179 --> 00:39:31.279 And it eventually, 00:39:31.480 --> 00:39:33.199 it fell out. 00:39:33.799 --> 00:39:34.739 Gospel of Hebrews. 00:39:35.339 --> 00:39:35.779 Yes, 00:39:35.779 --> 00:39:36.919 Gospel of Hebrews 00:39:36.919 --> 00:39:39.000 was included 00:39:39.000 --> 00:39:39.919 by some Christians. 00:39:40.480 --> 00:39:41.879 Don't let that alarm you. 00:39:41.980 --> 00:39:42.679 The Gospel of Hebrews 00:39:42.679 --> 00:39:43.659 seems to be just 00:39:43.659 --> 00:39:44.799 a Hebrew version 00:39:44.799 --> 00:39:46.079 of the Gospel of Matthew. 00:39:46.500 --> 00:39:47.079 Remember I said 00:39:47.079 --> 00:39:47.859 that Matthew was written 00:39:47.859 --> 00:39:49.039 for the Jews 00:39:49.039 --> 00:39:50.480 and it seems to be 00:39:50.480 --> 00:39:51.579 a Hebrew version of Matthew 00:39:51.579 --> 00:39:52.419 that for whatever reason 00:39:52.419 --> 00:39:53.399 had some changes 00:39:53.399 --> 00:39:54.079 here and there. 00:39:54.459 --> 00:39:55.379 So like the man 00:39:55.379 --> 00:39:56.059 with the withered hand, 00:39:56.139 --> 00:39:57.139 the story of Jesus healing 00:39:57.139 --> 00:39:57.839 the man with the withered hand, 00:39:58.000 --> 00:39:58.939 it gives his name, 00:39:59.099 --> 00:39:59.539 for instance, 00:39:59.899 --> 00:40:01.679 or at least tells his trade. 00:40:01.799 --> 00:40:02.099 I can't remember 00:40:02.099 --> 00:40:02.599 if it's both. 00:40:03.079 --> 00:40:04.039 But little changes 00:40:04.039 --> 00:40:04.639 like that. 00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:05.439 So sometimes, 00:40:06.039 --> 00:40:07.819 so it seems to have been 00:40:07.819 --> 00:40:09.059 some version of Matthew, 00:40:09.059 --> 00:40:10.360 not all that different. 00:40:11.320 --> 00:40:12.039 The last one 00:40:12.039 --> 00:40:12.779 was the Diatessalon. 00:40:13.039 --> 00:40:15.159 This was a huge account 00:40:15.159 --> 00:40:16.360 of Jesus' life. 00:40:17.000 --> 00:40:18.239 Some of the Eastern churches 00:40:18.239 --> 00:40:20.799 had this in their New Testament. 00:40:21.239 --> 00:40:22.239 But the Diatessalon, 00:40:22.380 --> 00:40:23.679 it means through four. 00:40:24.099 --> 00:40:25.079 And what that was, 00:40:25.079 --> 00:40:26.179 was just the four Gospels, 00:40:26.299 --> 00:40:27.279 Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, 00:40:27.960 --> 00:40:28.940 knit together 00:40:28.940 --> 00:40:30.119 into a single narrative. 00:40:30.639 --> 00:40:32.019 So instead of the four 00:40:32.019 --> 00:40:33.360 separated Gospels, 00:40:33.699 --> 00:40:35.799 they had this one Gospel 00:40:35.800 --> 00:40:38.039 where a man named Tation 00:40:38.039 --> 00:40:39.019 took the four Gospels 00:40:39.019 --> 00:40:39.840 and put them all together. 00:40:40.580 --> 00:40:41.860 So in a way, 00:40:41.960 --> 00:40:42.460 it's different 00:40:42.460 --> 00:40:44.160 from what we have today. 00:40:44.240 --> 00:40:44.900 But in another way, 00:40:44.960 --> 00:40:46.060 it's like really similar. 00:40:46.560 --> 00:40:48.100 It's not this far off, 00:40:48.200 --> 00:40:49.600 outlandish kind of thing 00:40:49.600 --> 00:40:50.660 that gives a completely 00:40:50.660 --> 00:40:51.660 different picture of Jesus. 00:40:51.860 --> 00:40:52.420 Does that make sense? 00:40:53.440 --> 00:40:54.380 Okay, so those were 00:40:54.380 --> 00:40:56.940 the books that, 00:40:57.060 --> 00:40:57.260 you know, 00:40:57.300 --> 00:40:58.340 some Christians considered 00:40:58.340 --> 00:40:59.120 as authoritative, 00:40:59.220 --> 00:40:59.660 others didn't. 00:40:59.920 --> 00:41:00.680 Here's another question. 00:41:00.679 --> 00:41:03.659 How long until the 27 Book New Testament 00:41:03.659 --> 00:41:05.719 was universally accepted? 00:41:05.859 --> 00:41:06.839 How long did it take 00:41:06.839 --> 00:41:08.319 for the 27 Book New Testament 00:41:08.319 --> 00:41:10.199 to become universally accepted? 00:41:10.299 --> 00:41:11.199 Well, as I've showed, 00:41:11.779 --> 00:41:13.599 we do start having churches 00:41:13.599 --> 00:41:15.319 embracing a 27 Book New Testament 00:41:15.319 --> 00:41:16.460 very early on. 00:41:16.980 --> 00:41:19.279 And even in the earlier stages, 00:41:19.279 --> 00:41:20.279 it may have happened. 00:41:20.359 --> 00:41:20.619 Remember, 00:41:20.879 --> 00:41:22.179 we can't be sure 00:41:22.179 --> 00:41:23.259 that this is the complete 00:41:23.259 --> 00:41:23.779 New Testament 00:41:23.779 --> 00:41:26.940 of these earlier churches 00:41:26.940 --> 00:41:27.980 represented by the 00:41:27.980 --> 00:41:28.879 Muratorian Fragment 00:41:28.879 --> 00:41:30.139 or Irenaeus or Tertullian. 00:41:30.960 --> 00:41:33.960 We know that in 245, 00:41:34.059 --> 00:41:34.699 there were churches 00:41:34.699 --> 00:41:35.599 that seemed to have 00:41:35.599 --> 00:41:36.879 a 27 Book New Testament. 00:41:37.019 --> 00:41:37.480 There were many. 00:41:37.899 --> 00:41:39.519 But how long did this take 00:41:39.519 --> 00:41:41.159 to become universally accepted? 00:41:41.339 --> 00:41:42.699 Well, the answer to this 00:41:42.699 --> 00:41:43.440 is complicated. 00:41:43.980 --> 00:41:45.940 And it depends on what area 00:41:45.940 --> 00:41:47.500 of the world, 00:41:47.759 --> 00:41:48.539 the Christian world 00:41:48.539 --> 00:41:49.199 you're talking about. 00:41:49.279 --> 00:41:49.779 So for instance, 00:41:50.259 --> 00:41:51.000 in Rome, 00:41:51.519 --> 00:41:52.980 the 27 Book New Testament 00:41:52.980 --> 00:41:54.419 seems to have been embraced 00:41:54.419 --> 00:41:56.119 very early on in the 200s. 00:41:56.339 --> 00:41:58.139 Same with Western Europe, 00:41:58.619 --> 00:42:00.500 same with Northwest Africa, 00:42:00.679 --> 00:42:02.239 same with Egypt. 00:42:02.519 --> 00:42:04.019 We don't know a lot 00:42:04.019 --> 00:42:05.059 about Cyprus, 00:42:05.519 --> 00:42:07.159 but we do have a list 00:42:07.159 --> 00:42:08.259 of New Testament books 00:42:08.259 --> 00:42:10.960 from the mid to late 300s. 00:42:11.059 --> 00:42:12.000 It's 27 books. 00:42:12.500 --> 00:42:14.299 But then things are 00:42:14.299 --> 00:42:15.239 a little different 00:42:15.239 --> 00:42:16.519 in other parts of the world. 00:42:16.599 --> 00:42:17.399 In Asia Minor 00:42:17.399 --> 00:42:19.379 and in Palestine, 00:42:19.779 --> 00:42:21.000 we do have some evidence 00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:22.019 of 27 books, 00:42:22.019 --> 00:42:23.460 but we also have evidence 00:42:23.460 --> 00:42:24.339 that there were churches 00:42:24.339 --> 00:42:25.859 that were uncomfortable 00:42:25.860 --> 00:42:27.840 with the book of Revelation. 00:42:28.019 --> 00:42:28.800 This is where we first 00:42:28.800 --> 00:42:30.400 start seeing that discomfort. 00:42:31.140 --> 00:42:31.960 And what's ironic 00:42:31.960 --> 00:42:32.940 is that earlier 00:42:32.940 --> 00:42:33.700 in the history 00:42:33.700 --> 00:42:34.380 of these churches, 00:42:34.500 --> 00:42:35.640 in the 100s and 200s, 00:42:35.680 --> 00:42:36.760 they did accept Revelation. 00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:38.360 But then it kind of 00:42:38.360 --> 00:42:39.320 fell under suspicion. 00:42:40.320 --> 00:42:41.720 So those churches 00:42:41.720 --> 00:42:43.180 seem to have, 00:42:43.260 --> 00:42:43.460 I guess, 00:42:43.500 --> 00:42:43.940 what we'd call 00:42:43.940 --> 00:42:45.980 like a 26 book 00:42:45.980 --> 00:42:47.780 or 27 book New Testament. 00:42:47.920 --> 00:42:48.400 It depended 00:42:48.400 --> 00:42:49.860 what time you're talking about. 00:42:50.260 --> 00:42:51.220 Sometimes they had Revelation 00:42:51.220 --> 00:42:52.019 and sometimes they didn't. 00:42:52.019 --> 00:42:55.019 Things get more diverse 00:42:55.019 --> 00:42:56.920 as we go farther east, 00:42:57.320 --> 00:42:58.579 especially when we start 00:42:58.579 --> 00:43:00.320 getting to the area 00:43:00.320 --> 00:43:00.960 of the Roman Empire 00:43:00.960 --> 00:43:01.860 that's overlapping 00:43:01.860 --> 00:43:03.400 with the Syriac church. 00:43:03.599 --> 00:43:04.440 Syriac is a language 00:43:04.440 --> 00:43:05.940 that was anciently spoken 00:43:05.940 --> 00:43:06.719 around here 00:43:06.719 --> 00:43:08.019 in what is today 00:43:08.019 --> 00:43:09.039 Iraq and Syria. 00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:11.420 They had what I guess 00:43:11.420 --> 00:43:12.079 I would call 00:43:12.079 --> 00:43:13.860 a smaller New Testament 00:43:13.860 --> 00:43:15.380 in that those books 00:43:15.380 --> 00:43:17.259 that I put up on the screen 00:43:17.259 --> 00:43:18.759 that said they were controversial 00:43:18.759 --> 00:43:19.579 like 2 John, 00:43:19.699 --> 00:43:20.300 3 John, 00:43:20.460 --> 00:43:20.739 Jude, 00:43:20.739 --> 00:43:23.299 they excluded those 00:43:23.299 --> 00:43:24.419 from their New Testament 00:43:24.419 --> 00:43:25.299 originally. 00:43:25.979 --> 00:43:27.579 And they did that 00:43:27.579 --> 00:43:28.479 for hundreds of years. 00:43:29.039 --> 00:43:30.459 In around 500 AD, 00:43:31.179 --> 00:43:32.259 they commissioned 00:43:32.259 --> 00:43:33.599 a new translation 00:43:33.599 --> 00:43:34.599 of the scriptures 00:43:34.599 --> 00:43:35.519 into Syriac 00:43:35.519 --> 00:43:36.500 that did have 00:43:36.500 --> 00:43:37.419 all 27 books. 00:43:38.019 --> 00:43:40.019 And then in 600 AD, 00:43:40.199 --> 00:43:41.099 another translation 00:43:41.099 --> 00:43:41.859 into Syriac 00:43:41.859 --> 00:43:42.919 that also had 00:43:42.919 --> 00:43:43.919 all 27 books. 00:43:44.259 --> 00:43:46.199 But those translations 00:43:46.199 --> 00:43:47.859 didn't totally catch on 00:43:47.859 --> 00:43:48.899 for quite some time. 00:43:48.900 --> 00:43:51.480 It took a very long time 00:43:51.480 --> 00:43:53.220 for all the Syriac churches 00:43:53.220 --> 00:43:55.579 to eventually embrace 00:43:55.579 --> 00:43:57.539 this 27 book New Testament. 00:43:58.099 --> 00:43:59.200 We could go to Armenia 00:43:59.200 --> 00:43:59.720 and Georgia. 00:43:59.900 --> 00:44:00.920 They follow kind of 00:44:00.920 --> 00:44:01.740 a similar pattern, 00:44:01.820 --> 00:44:02.700 although they're more quick 00:44:02.700 --> 00:44:04.139 to get to the kind of 00:44:04.139 --> 00:44:06.660 26 slash 27 book New Testament. 00:44:07.139 --> 00:44:08.720 Revelation took the longest here 00:44:08.720 --> 00:44:11.340 in Armenia and Georgia. 00:44:11.900 --> 00:44:12.960 We go farther 00:44:12.960 --> 00:44:13.800 into Ethiopia, 00:44:13.800 --> 00:44:17.060 into the Persian 00:44:17.060 --> 00:44:18.080 and Parthian Empire. 00:44:18.620 --> 00:44:20.000 And things start 00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:21.300 taking longer. 00:44:22.519 --> 00:44:24.220 And for instance, 00:44:24.680 --> 00:44:26.180 this church here 00:44:26.180 --> 00:44:28.320 took hundreds 00:44:28.320 --> 00:44:28.680 and hundreds 00:44:28.680 --> 00:44:29.460 and hundreds of years 00:44:29.460 --> 00:44:30.480 to finally adopt 00:44:30.480 --> 00:44:32.720 a 27 book New Testament. 00:44:33.300 --> 00:44:33.740 Interestingly, 00:44:33.940 --> 00:44:34.539 they were a great 00:44:34.539 --> 00:44:35.500 missionary church 00:44:35.500 --> 00:44:36.500 and they had 00:44:36.500 --> 00:44:37.820 a large mission 00:44:37.820 --> 00:44:38.500 in China. 00:44:38.500 --> 00:44:39.699 and we have 00:44:39.699 --> 00:44:40.260 an inscription 00:44:40.260 --> 00:44:41.320 from this mission 00:44:41.320 --> 00:44:42.679 in the 700s. 00:44:43.099 --> 00:44:44.059 And they do have 00:44:44.059 --> 00:44:45.260 a 27 book New Testament, 00:44:45.380 --> 00:44:45.860 it looks like. 00:44:46.099 --> 00:44:47.039 But for some reason, 00:44:47.440 --> 00:44:48.239 this area 00:44:48.239 --> 00:44:49.760 took a very long time. 00:44:50.420 --> 00:44:51.360 So long 00:44:51.360 --> 00:44:51.940 that it took 00:44:51.940 --> 00:44:52.719 until basically 00:44:52.719 --> 00:44:53.579 the printing press 00:44:53.579 --> 00:44:53.920 for them 00:44:53.920 --> 00:44:54.519 to finally 00:44:54.519 --> 00:44:56.380 catch on to that. 00:44:56.900 --> 00:44:58.059 And that may be true, 00:44:58.119 --> 00:44:58.940 that seems to be true 00:44:58.940 --> 00:45:00.340 in Georgia also, 00:45:00.559 --> 00:45:01.360 the country of Georgia 00:45:01.360 --> 00:45:02.039 which is up here. 00:45:02.559 --> 00:45:03.380 But eventually, 00:45:03.860 --> 00:45:05.139 they all came 00:45:05.139 --> 00:45:06.380 to agree on this. 00:45:06.380 --> 00:45:07.579 Okay. 00:45:08.360 --> 00:45:08.940 So, 00:45:09.460 --> 00:45:10.740 I have another question. 00:45:12.360 --> 00:45:13.260 What about those 00:45:13.260 --> 00:45:14.680 heretics I hear about 00:45:14.680 --> 00:45:15.660 all the time? 00:45:17.680 --> 00:45:19.579 What about them? 00:45:21.200 --> 00:45:21.680 Well, 00:45:21.860 --> 00:45:24.320 that's a great question. 00:45:26.420 --> 00:45:27.539 Some of you hear 00:45:27.539 --> 00:45:28.300 about heretical 00:45:28.300 --> 00:45:29.160 early Christians 00:45:29.160 --> 00:45:30.519 that have a very different, 00:45:30.579 --> 00:45:30.980 they have other 00:45:30.980 --> 00:45:31.920 New Testament documents 00:45:31.920 --> 00:45:33.119 like the Gospel of Mary 00:45:33.119 --> 00:45:34.240 and the Gospel of Truth 00:45:34.240 --> 00:45:35.240 and the Gospel of Judas 00:45:35.240 --> 00:45:36.260 and the Gospel of Philip 00:45:36.260 --> 00:45:37.260 and the Gospel of so-and-so. 00:45:37.600 --> 00:45:39.400 What about them? 00:45:39.840 --> 00:45:41.100 What if they're right? 00:45:41.200 --> 00:45:42.140 What if we're wrong? 00:45:42.980 --> 00:45:43.700 That's important 00:45:43.700 --> 00:45:44.600 for us to figure out. 00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:45.340 And so, 00:45:45.680 --> 00:45:46.660 what I want to do 00:45:46.660 --> 00:45:48.280 is I want to examine 00:45:48.280 --> 00:45:49.540 early Christian 00:45:49.540 --> 00:45:50.760 heretical sects 00:45:50.760 --> 00:45:51.560 to see what 00:45:51.560 --> 00:45:53.200 their New Testament 00:45:53.200 --> 00:45:54.240 contained 00:45:54.240 --> 00:45:55.760 and see if it had 00:45:55.760 --> 00:45:56.500 big differences 00:45:56.500 --> 00:45:57.140 and maybe 00:45:57.140 --> 00:45:58.360 and if those differences 00:45:58.360 --> 00:45:59.000 are important 00:45:59.000 --> 00:45:59.720 and if they are, 00:46:00.080 --> 00:46:00.840 are they right? 00:46:00.840 --> 00:46:01.560 Are these other 00:46:01.560 --> 00:46:02.580 heretical Christian groups 00:46:02.580 --> 00:46:03.640 right and we're wrong? 00:46:03.940 --> 00:46:04.760 This is important 00:46:04.760 --> 00:46:05.360 to figure out. 00:46:05.360 --> 00:46:05.760 So, 00:46:05.760 --> 00:46:06.519 what we're going to do 00:46:06.519 --> 00:46:07.559 is we're going to examine 00:46:07.559 --> 00:46:08.420 some early Christian 00:46:08.420 --> 00:46:09.220 heretical sects 00:46:09.220 --> 00:46:09.920 to see what their 00:46:09.920 --> 00:46:10.860 New Testament contained 00:46:10.860 --> 00:46:12.640 and while we're doing that, 00:46:12.760 --> 00:46:14.320 we're also going to figure out 00:46:14.320 --> 00:46:15.200 on our own 00:46:15.200 --> 00:46:16.000 which writings 00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:17.039 we think 00:46:17.039 --> 00:46:17.960 come from 00:46:17.960 --> 00:46:19.300 an apostle 00:46:19.300 --> 00:46:19.680 because 00:46:19.680 --> 00:46:20.880 what if the early church 00:46:20.880 --> 00:46:21.480 was wrong? 00:46:21.740 --> 00:46:22.940 What if they made a mistake? 00:46:22.940 --> 00:46:23.380 So, 00:46:23.380 --> 00:46:23.940 we're going to try 00:46:23.940 --> 00:46:24.320 and do this 00:46:24.320 --> 00:46:25.039 for ourselves. 00:46:25.740 --> 00:46:26.460 We're going to go 00:46:26.460 --> 00:46:27.579 through some heretical 00:46:27.579 --> 00:46:28.619 writings, 00:46:28.800 --> 00:46:29.440 look at them 00:46:29.440 --> 00:46:30.599 and then we're going 00:46:30.599 --> 00:46:31.360 to come up 00:46:31.360 --> 00:46:33.240 with the 27 00:46:33.240 --> 00:46:34.139 or whatever number 00:46:34.139 --> 00:46:34.780 it is, 00:46:35.079 --> 00:46:36.320 books in a New Testament 00:46:36.320 --> 00:46:37.099 that come from 00:46:37.099 --> 00:46:38.179 an apostle. 00:46:38.679 --> 00:46:38.840 So, 00:46:38.920 --> 00:46:39.480 let's do this. 00:46:39.579 --> 00:46:40.200 First thing to know 00:46:40.200 --> 00:46:40.659 about some, 00:46:41.500 --> 00:46:43.240 about early Christian heretics 00:46:43.240 --> 00:46:44.000 is that 00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:46.980 early Christian heretical sects, 00:46:46.980 --> 00:46:47.460 they made up 00:46:47.460 --> 00:46:48.940 a small minority 00:46:48.940 --> 00:46:50.800 of Christians. 00:46:51.119 --> 00:46:52.280 The majority of Christians 00:46:52.280 --> 00:46:53.280 in the early centuries 00:46:53.280 --> 00:46:54.519 followed 00:46:54.519 --> 00:46:57.340 the mainstream church 00:46:57.340 --> 00:47:00.019 and this church 00:47:00.019 --> 00:47:01.400 spanned thousands of miles, 00:47:01.599 --> 00:47:02.280 dozens of cultures, 00:47:02.400 --> 00:47:02.980 many languages 00:47:02.980 --> 00:47:04.340 and it was directly linked 00:47:04.340 --> 00:47:04.900 to the apostles. 00:47:05.500 --> 00:47:05.760 So, 00:47:05.820 --> 00:47:06.659 there's good reasons 00:47:06.659 --> 00:47:07.559 why we want to trust 00:47:07.559 --> 00:47:08.159 those people 00:47:08.159 --> 00:47:09.300 instead of the other folks. 00:47:10.220 --> 00:47:10.659 But, 00:47:11.039 --> 00:47:11.340 let's, 00:47:11.340 --> 00:47:13.099 for sake of argument, 00:47:13.579 --> 00:47:14.280 let's just look at 00:47:14.280 --> 00:47:15.340 what the heretics 00:47:16.179 --> 00:47:16.720 believed about 00:47:16.720 --> 00:47:17.260 the New Testament 00:47:17.260 --> 00:47:18.280 and see what 00:47:18.280 --> 00:47:19.320 their New Testament 00:47:19.320 --> 00:47:19.780 looked like. 00:47:19.880 --> 00:47:20.019 So, 00:47:20.180 --> 00:47:21.600 the most prevalent 00:47:21.600 --> 00:47:22.940 heretical sects 00:47:22.940 --> 00:47:24.140 in the ancient church 00:47:24.140 --> 00:47:24.940 were as follows. 00:47:25.320 --> 00:47:26.280 You have the Montanists 00:47:26.280 --> 00:47:28.040 who were largely 00:47:28.040 --> 00:47:28.700 in Asia Minor, 00:47:29.200 --> 00:47:30.480 the Novationists 00:47:30.480 --> 00:47:32.040 in Italy, 00:47:32.560 --> 00:47:33.420 the Donatists 00:47:33.420 --> 00:47:34.440 in northwest Africa 00:47:34.440 --> 00:47:35.360 and then the Arians 00:47:35.360 --> 00:47:36.140 who were all over 00:47:36.140 --> 00:47:37.019 but they were largely 00:47:37.019 --> 00:47:37.600 in Germany 00:47:37.600 --> 00:47:38.680 and in Egypt. 00:47:39.200 --> 00:47:40.080 And when you look 00:47:40.080 --> 00:47:41.660 at these heretical groups, 00:47:41.780 --> 00:47:42.580 we have writings 00:47:42.580 --> 00:47:43.140 preserved 00:47:43.140 --> 00:47:44.540 from all of these 00:47:44.540 --> 00:47:46.160 and when you look 00:47:46.160 --> 00:47:46.600 at them 00:47:46.599 --> 00:47:48.000 and you try 00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:48.380 and see 00:47:48.380 --> 00:47:49.179 what their New Testament 00:47:49.179 --> 00:47:50.299 looked like, 00:47:50.619 --> 00:47:51.319 you'll discover 00:47:51.319 --> 00:47:52.599 that they accepted 00:47:52.599 --> 00:47:53.579 the very same 00:47:53.579 --> 00:47:54.279 New Testament 00:47:54.279 --> 00:47:55.219 that the mainstream 00:47:55.219 --> 00:47:56.099 church did. 00:47:56.619 --> 00:47:57.500 Their debates 00:47:57.500 --> 00:47:58.420 with the mainstream 00:47:58.420 --> 00:47:59.420 church had nothing 00:47:59.420 --> 00:48:00.079 to do with 00:48:00.079 --> 00:48:01.639 what scriptures 00:48:01.639 --> 00:48:02.299 were accepted 00:48:02.299 --> 00:48:03.000 and had everything 00:48:03.000 --> 00:48:03.460 to do with 00:48:03.460 --> 00:48:04.679 how to interpret 00:48:04.679 --> 00:48:05.319 the scriptures. 00:48:05.759 --> 00:48:06.460 And in fact, 00:48:06.839 --> 00:48:07.779 several of these groups, 00:48:07.880 --> 00:48:08.460 the Montanists, 00:48:08.539 --> 00:48:09.059 the Novationists, 00:48:09.099 --> 00:48:09.759 and the Donatists 00:48:09.759 --> 00:48:11.199 actually had this 00:48:11.199 --> 00:48:12.420 same confession 00:48:12.420 --> 00:48:13.139 of faith. 00:48:13.639 --> 00:48:14.579 Their split 00:48:14.579 --> 00:48:15.299 from the church 00:48:15.299 --> 00:48:16.819 wasn't really 00:48:16.819 --> 00:48:17.900 even theological. 00:48:18.199 --> 00:48:18.659 It was more 00:48:18.659 --> 00:48:19.279 practical 00:48:19.279 --> 00:48:20.880 or praxis related. 00:48:21.480 --> 00:48:22.019 They didn't want 00:48:22.019 --> 00:48:22.239 to be, 00:48:22.360 --> 00:48:22.980 the Novationists 00:48:22.980 --> 00:48:23.559 and the Donatists 00:48:23.559 --> 00:48:23.940 didn't want 00:48:23.940 --> 00:48:24.559 to be associated 00:48:24.559 --> 00:48:25.319 with an official 00:48:25.319 --> 00:48:27.179 church in Rome 00:48:27.179 --> 00:48:28.079 and the Montanists 00:48:28.079 --> 00:48:29.319 had a very high 00:48:29.319 --> 00:48:30.880 regard for the 00:48:30.880 --> 00:48:31.739 current inspiration 00:48:31.739 --> 00:48:32.380 of the Holy Spirit. 00:48:32.599 --> 00:48:33.420 They're like 00:48:33.420 --> 00:48:35.500 modern Pentecostals 00:48:35.500 --> 00:48:35.920 today, 00:48:36.420 --> 00:48:37.659 a very extreme 00:48:37.659 --> 00:48:38.880 form of Pentecostalism 00:48:38.880 --> 00:48:41.279 and the mainstream 00:48:41.279 --> 00:48:41.860 church thought 00:48:41.860 --> 00:48:42.659 they went too far 00:48:42.659 --> 00:48:43.819 but they're preaching 00:48:43.819 --> 00:48:45.159 the same core doctrines 00:48:45.159 --> 00:48:45.819 as the church. 00:48:46.219 --> 00:48:46.500 Question? 00:48:47.379 --> 00:48:47.779 Cathars, 00:48:47.940 --> 00:48:48.899 when did they go? 00:48:49.039 --> 00:48:49.879 Oh, the Cathars, 00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:50.579 they're much later. 00:48:50.679 --> 00:48:51.579 They're like 1100, 00:48:51.639 --> 00:48:51.920 1200. 00:48:52.579 --> 00:48:52.699 Yeah, 00:48:53.259 --> 00:48:54.239 they're much later. 00:48:54.359 --> 00:48:54.679 Unless, 00:48:54.940 --> 00:48:55.480 unless they're, 00:48:55.639 --> 00:48:56.599 some people argue 00:48:56.599 --> 00:48:57.099 there could be 00:48:57.099 --> 00:48:57.619 some kind of 00:48:57.619 --> 00:48:58.299 ancient link 00:48:58.299 --> 00:48:59.239 with the Donatists 00:48:59.239 --> 00:49:00.139 and the Novationists 00:49:00.139 --> 00:49:01.799 but they're much later. 00:49:02.779 --> 00:49:03.599 So, okay, 00:49:03.719 --> 00:49:04.159 but what about 00:49:04.159 --> 00:49:06.500 those heretics 00:49:06.500 --> 00:49:07.359 that had a different 00:49:07.359 --> 00:49:07.940 New Testament? 00:49:08.139 --> 00:49:08.259 Well, 00:49:08.359 --> 00:49:09.239 the group that was 00:49:09.239 --> 00:49:09.699 the largest 00:49:09.699 --> 00:49:10.379 that had a different 00:49:10.379 --> 00:49:10.879 New Testament 00:49:10.879 --> 00:49:12.139 is called the Marcionites. 00:49:12.139 --> 00:49:12.639 They were founded 00:49:12.639 --> 00:49:13.639 by a man named Marcion 00:49:13.639 --> 00:49:15.359 around the year 140. 00:49:15.819 --> 00:49:16.659 Their Bible was 00:49:16.659 --> 00:49:17.739 very different 00:49:17.739 --> 00:49:18.900 from our Bible 00:49:18.900 --> 00:49:20.339 and the reason why 00:49:20.339 --> 00:49:21.579 their Bible 00:49:21.579 --> 00:49:22.239 was very different 00:49:22.239 --> 00:49:23.000 was because 00:49:23.000 --> 00:49:24.099 they rejected 00:49:24.099 --> 00:49:25.359 every biblical writing 00:49:25.359 --> 00:49:26.799 that was Jewish 00:49:26.799 --> 00:49:27.839 and, 00:49:28.139 --> 00:49:29.659 if you think about it, 00:49:30.359 --> 00:49:31.259 that's almost everything. 00:49:31.799 --> 00:49:32.400 So, 00:49:32.599 --> 00:49:33.299 they rejected 00:49:33.299 --> 00:49:34.099 the entire 00:49:34.099 --> 00:49:34.779 Old Testament. 00:49:35.339 --> 00:49:35.940 They rejected 00:49:35.940 --> 00:49:37.460 almost the entire 00:49:37.460 --> 00:49:38.059 New Testament 00:49:38.059 --> 00:49:39.099 because these books 00:49:39.099 --> 00:49:40.219 were written by Jews 00:49:40.219 --> 00:49:41.219 and for Jews. 00:49:41.719 --> 00:49:42.819 The only books 00:49:42.819 --> 00:49:43.439 they accepted 00:49:43.439 --> 00:49:44.699 was the Gospel of Luke 00:49:44.699 --> 00:49:45.219 because Luke 00:49:45.219 --> 00:49:45.939 was a Gentile 00:49:45.939 --> 00:49:47.399 and they accepted 00:49:47.399 --> 00:49:48.459 most of the letters 00:49:48.459 --> 00:49:48.980 of Paul 00:49:48.980 --> 00:49:49.839 because even though 00:49:49.839 --> 00:49:50.519 Paul was Jewish, 00:49:50.779 --> 00:49:51.500 he was the apostle 00:49:51.500 --> 00:49:52.239 to the Gentiles. 00:49:52.599 --> 00:49:54.219 But if you read Luke 00:49:54.219 --> 00:49:55.379 and you read Paul's letters, 00:49:55.480 --> 00:49:56.519 they're constantly quoting 00:49:56.519 --> 00:49:57.339 from the Old Testament 00:49:57.339 --> 00:49:58.899 in an approving way, 00:49:59.019 --> 00:49:59.980 so they had to go through 00:49:59.980 --> 00:50:01.419 and edit all those things out. 00:50:01.420 --> 00:50:02.280 So, 00:50:02.480 --> 00:50:03.460 these folks 00:50:03.460 --> 00:50:04.980 don't seem 00:50:04.980 --> 00:50:06.079 to be a particularly 00:50:06.079 --> 00:50:07.139 reliable group 00:50:07.139 --> 00:50:08.780 about what we should have 00:50:08.780 --> 00:50:09.320 in our Bible. 00:50:09.780 --> 00:50:10.860 If we know anything 00:50:10.860 --> 00:50:11.440 about Jesus 00:50:11.440 --> 00:50:12.599 and the apostles at all, 00:50:12.860 --> 00:50:13.599 it was that 00:50:13.599 --> 00:50:14.480 they were Jewish 00:50:14.480 --> 00:50:15.740 and that they believed 00:50:15.740 --> 00:50:17.159 in the Jewish Old Testament. 00:50:17.639 --> 00:50:17.920 So, 00:50:18.099 --> 00:50:19.119 why would we trust 00:50:19.119 --> 00:50:19.980 a group that refuses 00:50:19.980 --> 00:50:20.559 to acknowledge 00:50:20.559 --> 00:50:21.159 one of the most 00:50:21.159 --> 00:50:22.420 fundamental facts 00:50:22.420 --> 00:50:23.360 of history 00:50:23.360 --> 00:50:24.440 concerning Jesus 00:50:24.440 --> 00:50:25.539 and the apostles? 00:50:25.700 --> 00:50:27.099 But even worse than this 00:50:27.099 --> 00:50:28.400 is that the Marcionites 00:50:28.400 --> 00:50:29.519 also have an inherently 00:50:29.519 --> 00:50:31.280 contradictory view. 00:50:31.420 --> 00:50:32.440 They believed 00:50:32.440 --> 00:50:33.480 that the God 00:50:33.480 --> 00:50:34.200 of the Old Testament 00:50:34.200 --> 00:50:34.840 in their words, 00:50:35.039 --> 00:50:35.480 Yahweh, 00:50:35.840 --> 00:50:36.800 was evil, 00:50:37.099 --> 00:50:38.539 yet they worship Jesus 00:50:38.539 --> 00:50:39.920 whose name means 00:50:39.920 --> 00:50:41.200 Yahweh saves. 00:50:42.059 --> 00:50:43.159 Yahweh is salvation. 00:50:43.539 --> 00:50:43.760 So, 00:50:43.840 --> 00:50:45.059 they're rejecting Yahweh 00:50:45.059 --> 00:50:46.519 while worshiping someone 00:50:46.519 --> 00:50:48.460 whose name confesses 00:50:48.460 --> 00:50:50.539 that Yahweh is salvation. 00:50:51.079 --> 00:50:51.320 So, 00:50:51.420 --> 00:50:52.559 totally contradictory group. 00:50:52.680 --> 00:50:52.820 So, 00:50:53.039 --> 00:50:53.980 I think we can safely 00:50:53.980 --> 00:50:54.900 dismiss the Marcionites 00:50:54.900 --> 00:50:55.720 from having some kind of 00:50:55.720 --> 00:50:57.740 more accurate Bible 00:50:57.740 --> 00:50:58.720 than we have today. 00:51:00.220 --> 00:51:01.260 There's another group 00:51:01.260 --> 00:51:03.420 that had a different Bible. 00:51:03.800 --> 00:51:04.820 These are the Ebionites. 00:51:05.220 --> 00:51:06.180 This is a kind of 00:51:06.180 --> 00:51:08.120 Jewish Christian group 00:51:08.120 --> 00:51:10.500 and unlike the Marcionites, 00:51:10.580 --> 00:51:12.120 they rejected writings 00:51:12.120 --> 00:51:12.900 in the New Testament 00:51:12.900 --> 00:51:15.240 that were too pro-Gentile. 00:51:15.940 --> 00:51:16.220 So, 00:51:16.340 --> 00:51:16.900 in other words, 00:51:17.280 --> 00:51:18.440 they didn't like Luke, 00:51:18.580 --> 00:51:18.800 they didn't, 00:51:19.160 --> 00:51:19.920 especially Paul. 00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:21.000 They did not like Paul 00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:21.760 at all. 00:51:21.920 --> 00:51:22.300 And so, 00:51:22.780 --> 00:51:23.740 what we see here 00:51:23.740 --> 00:51:24.480 with these two groups, 00:51:24.540 --> 00:51:25.040 the Marcionites 00:51:25.040 --> 00:51:25.600 and the Ebionites, 00:51:25.599 --> 00:51:26.460 is that these actually 00:51:26.460 --> 00:51:26.960 were kind of 00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:29.739 race-based groups. 00:51:30.139 --> 00:51:32.440 They had this kind of, 00:51:33.159 --> 00:51:34.119 for lack of a better term, 00:51:34.199 --> 00:51:34.940 this sort of racist 00:51:34.940 --> 00:51:35.819 view of theology. 00:51:35.940 --> 00:51:36.739 The Marcionites rejected 00:51:36.739 --> 00:51:37.400 anything Jewish. 00:51:37.759 --> 00:51:38.519 The Ebionites rejected 00:51:38.519 --> 00:51:39.799 anything to do with Gentiles. 00:51:39.800 --> 00:51:41.560 And if we know 00:51:41.560 --> 00:51:42.280 the Old Testament, 00:51:42.800 --> 00:51:45.019 right in Genesis chapter 12, 00:51:45.140 --> 00:51:46.140 what does God say to Abraham? 00:51:46.340 --> 00:51:47.240 That I will make your seed 00:51:47.240 --> 00:51:47.640 a blessing 00:51:47.640 --> 00:51:49.560 for all nations. 00:51:50.180 --> 00:51:51.300 And that promised seed 00:51:51.300 --> 00:51:52.220 is traced to the whole 00:51:52.220 --> 00:51:52.800 Old Testament, 00:51:52.940 --> 00:51:53.680 this promised seed 00:51:53.680 --> 00:51:55.019 for all nations, 00:51:55.140 --> 00:51:55.920 not just Jews. 00:51:56.140 --> 00:51:57.019 And that promised seed 00:51:57.019 --> 00:51:57.539 is Jesus. 00:51:58.400 --> 00:51:59.900 Jesus is the Savior 00:51:59.900 --> 00:52:01.220 of both Jews 00:52:01.220 --> 00:52:02.420 and Gentiles. 00:52:02.519 --> 00:52:02.680 So, 00:52:02.840 --> 00:52:03.740 they don't really seem 00:52:03.740 --> 00:52:04.480 to be a reliable 00:52:04.480 --> 00:52:05.840 guide either. 00:52:06.500 --> 00:52:06.660 But, 00:52:07.000 --> 00:52:09.880 what about those Gnostics 00:52:09.880 --> 00:52:10.680 we hear about? 00:52:10.960 --> 00:52:12.360 That's the final group 00:52:12.360 --> 00:52:12.940 I'm going to mention. 00:52:13.500 --> 00:52:14.340 The Gnostics, 00:52:15.079 --> 00:52:16.539 they had all sorts of 00:52:16.539 --> 00:52:17.820 additional New Testament 00:52:17.820 --> 00:52:18.380 documents. 00:52:18.760 --> 00:52:19.300 They had things like 00:52:19.300 --> 00:52:20.140 the Gospel of Thomas 00:52:20.140 --> 00:52:20.980 and the Gospel of Peter 00:52:20.980 --> 00:52:21.820 and the Gospel of Philip 00:52:21.820 --> 00:52:22.620 and Mary and Judas 00:52:22.620 --> 00:52:23.059 and Truth 00:52:23.059 --> 00:52:23.940 and the Acts of John 00:52:23.940 --> 00:52:24.740 and Paul and whoever. 00:52:25.200 --> 00:52:26.820 And they had other documents 00:52:26.820 --> 00:52:28.000 with crazy names 00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:28.700 like Thunder, 00:52:28.920 --> 00:52:29.820 the Perfect Mind, 00:52:30.280 --> 00:52:31.519 which sounds kind of 00:52:31.519 --> 00:52:32.519 like a video game title. 00:52:33.200 --> 00:52:34.820 And they claimed 00:52:34.820 --> 00:52:36.140 that these were written 00:52:36.140 --> 00:52:37.059 by the apostles. 00:52:37.880 --> 00:52:38.300 But, 00:52:38.380 --> 00:52:39.100 what's interesting 00:52:39.100 --> 00:52:41.140 is that the Gnostics 00:52:41.140 --> 00:52:41.980 acknowledged 00:52:41.980 --> 00:52:43.620 the New Testament 00:52:43.620 --> 00:52:45.000 of the mainstream church. 00:52:45.500 --> 00:52:47.600 They just added to it. 00:52:47.600 --> 00:52:48.160 So, 00:52:48.480 --> 00:52:49.940 they acknowledged 00:52:49.940 --> 00:52:51.460 the mainstream New Testament 00:52:51.460 --> 00:52:52.880 but then added 00:52:52.880 --> 00:52:54.960 these other documents. 00:52:56.860 --> 00:52:57.539 So, 00:52:57.860 --> 00:52:58.840 what about 00:52:58.840 --> 00:52:59.980 these Gnostic documents? 00:52:59.980 --> 00:53:03.360 what if 00:53:03.360 --> 00:53:04.940 they're accurate? 00:53:05.199 --> 00:53:05.320 Like, 00:53:05.360 --> 00:53:06.059 what if they really are 00:53:06.059 --> 00:53:06.659 from the apostles? 00:53:06.880 --> 00:53:07.079 Well, 00:53:07.500 --> 00:53:08.940 we want to figure this out. 00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:09.579 We want to figure out 00:53:09.579 --> 00:53:11.000 if these other Gospels 00:53:11.000 --> 00:53:12.219 by Thomas and Philip 00:53:12.219 --> 00:53:12.559 and whoever 00:53:12.559 --> 00:53:13.639 really do come 00:53:13.639 --> 00:53:14.199 from the apostles 00:53:14.199 --> 00:53:16.639 and if we should trust them. 00:53:16.679 --> 00:53:16.820 Well, 00:53:16.840 --> 00:53:17.340 we can do this 00:53:17.340 --> 00:53:17.860 in a certain 00:53:17.860 --> 00:53:19.780 ways. 00:53:20.219 --> 00:53:21.260 One thing we can try 00:53:21.260 --> 00:53:21.579 and do 00:53:21.579 --> 00:53:22.480 is we can try 00:53:22.480 --> 00:53:23.920 and verify 00:53:23.920 --> 00:53:26.240 the historical contents 00:53:26.240 --> 00:53:28.119 of these Gnostic Gospels 00:53:28.119 --> 00:53:29.079 to see if they're accurate, 00:53:29.219 --> 00:53:30.119 to see if they reflect 00:53:30.119 --> 00:53:32.299 history as it happened. 00:53:32.619 --> 00:53:33.739 And when we do this, 00:53:34.099 --> 00:53:34.779 we see that 00:53:34.779 --> 00:53:36.000 we cannot verify 00:53:36.000 --> 00:53:37.339 the historical contents 00:53:37.339 --> 00:53:38.159 of these 00:53:38.159 --> 00:53:39.819 additional documents. 00:53:39.940 --> 00:53:40.980 Not only that, 00:53:41.239 --> 00:53:41.920 these documents 00:53:41.920 --> 00:53:43.219 seem totally 00:53:43.219 --> 00:53:44.119 disconnected 00:53:44.119 --> 00:53:45.579 from Judaism. 00:53:46.480 --> 00:53:47.339 They have a whole lot 00:53:47.339 --> 00:53:47.880 more in common 00:53:47.880 --> 00:53:48.839 with Greek philosophy 00:53:48.839 --> 00:53:49.739 and Greek mythology 00:53:49.739 --> 00:53:50.599 and Greek culture 00:53:50.599 --> 00:53:51.559 and if there's anything 00:53:51.559 --> 00:53:52.420 we know about Jesus 00:53:52.420 --> 00:53:53.940 is that he was Jewish, 00:53:54.239 --> 00:53:54.980 he lived in 00:53:54.980 --> 00:53:56.000 first century Palestine, 00:53:56.380 --> 00:53:57.380 he was a rabbi, 00:53:57.380 --> 00:53:58.440 but these documents 00:53:58.440 --> 00:53:59.760 have little to no knowledge 00:53:59.760 --> 00:54:00.599 of that at all 00:54:00.599 --> 00:54:01.300 and that is 00:54:01.300 --> 00:54:02.280 in great contrast 00:54:02.280 --> 00:54:03.180 to the four Gospels 00:54:03.180 --> 00:54:03.920 which are embedded 00:54:03.920 --> 00:54:04.860 in Jewish culture 00:54:04.860 --> 00:54:05.460 and society 00:54:05.460 --> 00:54:07.460 in first century Israel. 00:54:08.619 --> 00:54:09.680 On top of that, 00:54:09.860 --> 00:54:10.980 these Gnostic documents, 00:54:11.099 --> 00:54:12.360 they contain all sorts 00:54:12.360 --> 00:54:14.200 of ridiculous things. 00:54:14.480 --> 00:54:14.720 Like, 00:54:14.900 --> 00:54:15.860 one of them talks about 00:54:15.860 --> 00:54:18.079 this giant walking cross 00:54:18.079 --> 00:54:19.039 that comes out 00:54:19.039 --> 00:54:20.019 of Jesus' tomb 00:54:20.019 --> 00:54:20.579 and then starts 00:54:20.579 --> 00:54:21.539 talking to people. 00:54:22.059 --> 00:54:23.660 There's other documents 00:54:23.660 --> 00:54:24.260 that talk about 00:54:24.260 --> 00:54:24.880 the apostles 00:54:24.880 --> 00:54:26.340 resurrecting fish 00:54:26.340 --> 00:54:28.180 or taming bedbugs. 00:54:28.460 --> 00:54:29.019 One of them 00:54:29.019 --> 00:54:31.120 has Simon the Magician 00:54:31.120 --> 00:54:32.000 flying around 00:54:32.000 --> 00:54:32.500 in the air 00:54:32.500 --> 00:54:33.380 mocking Peter 00:54:33.380 --> 00:54:33.840 in some kind 00:54:33.840 --> 00:54:35.079 of glorified wizard's duel 00:54:35.079 --> 00:54:35.940 where people 00:54:35.940 --> 00:54:36.860 are paying money 00:54:36.860 --> 00:54:37.559 to watch 00:54:37.559 --> 00:54:38.880 like it's a sporting event. 00:54:39.240 --> 00:54:40.920 I'm not exaggerating. 00:54:41.019 --> 00:54:42.000 It's crazy. 00:54:42.940 --> 00:54:43.100 And, 00:54:43.240 --> 00:54:44.120 in fact, 00:54:44.460 --> 00:54:45.120 this stuff 00:54:45.120 --> 00:54:46.340 totally lacks 00:54:46.340 --> 00:54:47.660 verisimilitude, 00:54:47.820 --> 00:54:48.800 historical veracity, 00:54:49.000 --> 00:54:49.420 authenticity. 00:54:49.800 --> 00:54:51.000 It strains credulity. 00:54:51.000 --> 00:54:53.320 And all these factors 00:54:53.320 --> 00:54:54.920 point to the idea 00:54:54.920 --> 00:54:55.920 that these authors 00:54:55.920 --> 00:54:57.179 were not embedded 00:54:57.179 --> 00:54:58.199 in first century 00:54:58.199 --> 00:54:59.480 Jewish life. 00:54:59.820 --> 00:55:00.179 Instead, 00:55:00.360 --> 00:55:01.099 they're being influenced 00:55:01.099 --> 00:55:02.420 by later Greek philosophy 00:55:02.420 --> 00:55:03.699 and Greek mythological 00:55:03.699 --> 00:55:04.980 contours. 00:55:05.280 --> 00:55:07.059 But this is not the case 00:55:07.059 --> 00:55:08.780 with the 27 documents 00:55:08.780 --> 00:55:09.619 of the New Testament. 00:55:09.780 --> 00:55:10.519 These are anchored 00:55:10.519 --> 00:55:11.000 in history. 00:55:11.159 --> 00:55:11.599 They're steeped 00:55:11.599 --> 00:55:12.320 in Jewish background. 00:55:12.519 --> 00:55:13.659 And we can verify this 00:55:13.659 --> 00:55:14.320 from many angles, 00:55:14.380 --> 00:55:15.340 which we will do next 00:55:15.340 --> 00:55:17.119 class, by the way. 00:55:17.119 --> 00:55:19.460 But we have another reason 00:55:19.460 --> 00:55:20.179 for rejecting 00:55:20.179 --> 00:55:21.000 the Gnostic writings. 00:55:21.119 --> 00:55:21.719 And this is because 00:55:21.719 --> 00:55:22.460 none of them 00:55:22.460 --> 00:55:23.519 can be reliably dated 00:55:23.519 --> 00:55:24.400 to the first century. 00:55:24.599 --> 00:55:25.659 Every single one of them 00:55:25.659 --> 00:55:27.019 is most likely dated 00:55:27.019 --> 00:55:27.599 to the second 00:55:27.599 --> 00:55:28.619 or third centuries 00:55:28.619 --> 00:55:29.259 or later. 00:55:29.679 --> 00:55:30.440 None of them 00:55:30.440 --> 00:55:31.279 can be placed 00:55:31.279 --> 00:55:32.699 within a first century context. 00:55:33.119 --> 00:55:33.920 Every once in a while, 00:55:34.239 --> 00:55:35.219 you hear a scholar claim 00:55:35.219 --> 00:55:36.000 the Gospel of Thomas 00:55:36.000 --> 00:55:37.059 comes from the first century. 00:55:37.239 --> 00:55:37.839 But if you look 00:55:37.839 --> 00:55:38.420 at the evidence, 00:55:38.759 --> 00:55:39.639 there's really no evidence 00:55:39.639 --> 00:55:40.440 in favor of this. 00:55:40.539 --> 00:55:41.460 There's a lot of evidence 00:55:41.460 --> 00:55:42.199 against it. 00:55:42.779 --> 00:55:43.579 But nevertheless, 00:55:43.900 --> 00:55:45.159 all 27 documents 00:55:45.159 --> 00:55:45.880 of the New Testament 00:55:45.880 --> 00:55:46.699 can be dated 00:55:46.699 --> 00:55:47.579 to the first century 00:55:47.579 --> 00:55:49.579 with great certainty 00:55:49.579 --> 00:55:50.139 or at least 00:55:50.139 --> 00:55:50.799 a great amount 00:55:50.799 --> 00:55:52.219 of plausibility. 00:55:53.199 --> 00:55:54.199 And this gives us 00:55:54.199 --> 00:55:55.179 our final reason 00:55:55.179 --> 00:55:56.000 to reject 00:55:56.000 --> 00:55:57.259 the Gnostic writings. 00:55:57.439 --> 00:55:58.019 And it's that 00:55:58.019 --> 00:55:59.500 none of these Gnostic writings 00:55:59.500 --> 00:56:00.899 can be reliably attributed 00:56:00.899 --> 00:56:03.019 to apostolic authorship 00:56:03.019 --> 00:56:04.699 or apostolic oversight. 00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:05.579 There is not 00:56:05.579 --> 00:56:06.919 a single scholar 00:56:06.919 --> 00:56:08.359 that I'm aware of 00:56:08.359 --> 00:56:10.019 who actually believes 00:56:10.019 --> 00:56:11.039 that the Gnostic writings 00:56:11.039 --> 00:56:12.500 come from the apostles. 00:56:12.759 --> 00:56:13.659 No one believes 00:56:13.659 --> 00:56:14.819 Thomas actually wrote Thomas 00:56:14.819 --> 00:56:16.399 or Judas actually wrote Judas 00:56:16.400 --> 00:56:17.380 or Mary actually wrote 00:56:17.380 --> 00:56:18.059 the Gospel of Mary. 00:56:18.900 --> 00:56:20.720 And like I said, 00:56:20.800 --> 00:56:21.940 it's not just 00:56:21.940 --> 00:56:23.059 the early church 00:56:23.059 --> 00:56:23.700 that gives us 00:56:23.700 --> 00:56:24.639 evidence from this. 00:56:25.280 --> 00:56:27.119 Even the ancient heretics 00:56:27.119 --> 00:56:28.139 agree with this. 00:56:28.539 --> 00:56:30.360 Those heretical groups 00:56:30.360 --> 00:56:31.099 I showed you, 00:56:31.180 --> 00:56:31.880 the Donatists, 00:56:32.000 --> 00:56:32.579 the Novatians, 00:56:32.660 --> 00:56:33.460 they all rejected 00:56:33.460 --> 00:56:34.559 the Gnostic documents. 00:56:35.180 --> 00:56:36.900 And if that's not enough 00:56:36.900 --> 00:56:37.240 for you, 00:56:37.380 --> 00:56:38.920 even ancient 00:56:38.920 --> 00:56:40.760 non-Christian writers 00:56:40.760 --> 00:56:42.000 agree with this. 00:56:42.360 --> 00:56:43.780 There's an ancient 00:56:43.780 --> 00:56:44.420 philosopher, 00:56:44.639 --> 00:56:45.099 Porphyry. 00:56:45.099 --> 00:56:46.000 He's not a Christian. 00:56:46.099 --> 00:56:47.420 He actually hated Christians. 00:56:48.099 --> 00:56:50.199 And he explicitly 00:56:50.199 --> 00:56:52.099 accuses the Gnostics 00:56:52.099 --> 00:56:53.900 of forging documents. 00:56:54.139 --> 00:56:55.279 But when he turns 00:56:55.279 --> 00:56:55.719 his attention 00:56:55.719 --> 00:56:56.199 to attack 00:56:56.199 --> 00:56:57.159 the mainstream church, 00:56:57.579 --> 00:56:59.279 he seems to acknowledge 00:56:59.279 --> 00:57:00.960 that their documents 00:57:00.960 --> 00:57:01.940 did come from 00:57:01.940 --> 00:57:02.839 the disciples of Jesus. 00:57:03.299 --> 00:57:03.519 Now, 00:57:03.659 --> 00:57:05.119 Porphyry doesn't believe 00:57:05.119 --> 00:57:06.099 that the apostles 00:57:06.099 --> 00:57:07.460 are being truthful. 00:57:07.599 --> 00:57:08.719 He still rejects them, 00:57:08.980 --> 00:57:10.239 but he's totally fine, 00:57:10.420 --> 00:57:10.739 seemingly, 00:57:11.159 --> 00:57:12.099 accepting that they actually 00:57:12.099 --> 00:57:12.799 come from the disciples 00:57:12.800 --> 00:57:13.200 of Jesus. 00:57:13.400 --> 00:57:15.400 But for the Gnostics, 00:57:15.900 --> 00:57:17.100 he mentions how 00:57:17.100 --> 00:57:18.400 they were forging stuff 00:57:18.400 --> 00:57:19.100 and things like that. 00:57:19.260 --> 00:57:21.220 So we have multiple avenues 00:57:21.220 --> 00:57:23.080 to verify this 00:57:23.080 --> 00:57:24.660 about these Gnostic documents 00:57:24.660 --> 00:57:25.900 that they do not 00:57:25.900 --> 00:57:26.680 actually come from 00:57:26.680 --> 00:57:27.120 the apostles. 00:57:27.580 --> 00:57:28.920 So let me summarize. 00:57:30.080 --> 00:57:31.840 None of the documents 00:57:31.840 --> 00:57:33.519 that come from 00:57:33.519 --> 00:57:34.340 the Gnostics 00:57:34.340 --> 00:57:35.560 can be historically verified. 00:57:36.000 --> 00:57:36.500 None of them 00:57:36.500 --> 00:57:36.880 are connected 00:57:36.880 --> 00:57:37.440 with Judaism. 00:57:37.800 --> 00:57:38.200 None of them 00:57:38.200 --> 00:57:39.100 can be reliably dated 00:57:39.100 --> 00:57:39.920 to the first century. 00:57:40.340 --> 00:57:40.900 Many of them 00:57:40.900 --> 00:57:41.920 have ridiculous content. 00:57:41.920 --> 00:57:42.920 None of them 00:57:42.920 --> 00:57:44.079 can be reliably attributed 00:57:44.079 --> 00:57:45.700 to apostolic authorship 00:57:45.700 --> 00:57:46.340 or oversight. 00:57:46.740 --> 00:57:48.579 And even ancient heretics 00:57:48.579 --> 00:57:49.860 and non-Christian writers 00:57:49.860 --> 00:57:52.019 agreed on this matter. 00:57:53.099 --> 00:57:55.019 But the 27 books 00:57:55.019 --> 00:57:55.740 of the New Testament, 00:57:56.059 --> 00:57:57.800 they can be historically verified, 00:57:57.960 --> 00:57:59.200 which we'll see in two weeks 00:57:59.200 --> 00:57:59.940 when I'm with you again. 00:58:00.200 --> 00:58:01.519 They can be reliably dated 00:58:01.519 --> 00:58:02.300 to the first century. 00:58:02.639 --> 00:58:04.159 They can be indexed back 00:58:04.159 --> 00:58:05.420 to an apostle. 00:58:05.599 --> 00:58:06.800 And they're the only documents 00:58:06.800 --> 00:58:07.340 in existence 00:58:07.340 --> 00:58:08.680 that can be linked 00:58:08.680 --> 00:58:09.240 to an apostle. 00:58:09.239 --> 00:58:10.719 And the ancient 00:58:10.719 --> 00:58:11.679 mainstream church, 00:58:12.019 --> 00:58:12.379 heretics, 00:58:12.559 --> 00:58:13.699 and even non-Christians 00:58:13.699 --> 00:58:15.239 agreed with this. 00:58:15.859 --> 00:58:17.919 And these 27 books, 00:58:18.339 --> 00:58:19.559 it also matches 00:58:19.559 --> 00:58:20.539 the earliest complete 00:58:20.539 --> 00:58:21.359 New Testament list 00:58:21.359 --> 00:58:21.919 that we have 00:58:21.919 --> 00:58:22.959 from Origin of Alexandria 00:58:22.959 --> 00:58:23.779 in 245. 00:58:23.939 --> 00:58:25.179 It matches the earliest 00:58:25.179 --> 00:58:26.399 full-scale New Testament 00:58:26.399 --> 00:58:27.019 translation, 00:58:27.159 --> 00:58:27.759 the Old Latin, 00:58:28.159 --> 00:58:29.099 that was made sometime 00:58:29.099 --> 00:58:30.859 in the third century, 00:58:30.979 --> 00:58:32.399 maybe as early as 200. 00:58:32.819 --> 00:58:33.699 And like I said, 00:58:33.799 --> 00:58:34.899 every church eventually 00:58:34.899 --> 00:58:36.279 chose to put these 00:58:36.279 --> 00:58:37.279 in their New Testaments. 00:58:37.280 --> 00:58:38.680 Most of them did so 00:58:38.680 --> 00:58:39.540 at a very early date. 00:58:40.000 --> 00:58:41.180 Some of them did so 00:58:41.180 --> 00:58:42.140 at a very late date. 00:58:42.480 --> 00:58:44.580 So if we were going 00:58:44.580 --> 00:58:45.880 to go and make 00:58:45.880 --> 00:58:46.820 our own New Testament 00:58:46.820 --> 00:58:47.700 that only had 00:58:47.700 --> 00:58:48.780 apostolic documents, 00:58:49.180 --> 00:58:50.600 we would choose 00:58:50.600 --> 00:58:51.260 the same 27 00:58:51.260 --> 00:58:51.960 that we find 00:58:51.960 --> 00:58:52.820 in the New Testament 00:58:52.820 --> 00:58:53.519 today. 00:58:55.300 --> 00:58:55.940 All right. 00:58:56.019 --> 00:58:57.060 But if you're like me, 00:58:57.260 --> 00:58:58.500 you might be wanting 00:58:58.500 --> 00:58:59.180 a bit more. 00:58:59.280 --> 00:58:59.860 You might be wanting 00:58:59.860 --> 00:59:00.760 more assurances, 00:59:00.960 --> 00:59:01.580 more guarantees. 00:59:01.780 --> 00:59:02.060 In fact, 00:59:02.140 --> 00:59:03.019 why stop 00:59:03.019 --> 00:59:04.160 with the apostles 00:59:04.160 --> 00:59:04.920 and their writings? 00:59:04.920 --> 00:59:06.000 I'll tell you 00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:06.720 what I really wish 00:59:06.720 --> 00:59:07.559 that we had 00:59:07.559 --> 00:59:08.240 in our New Testament. 00:59:08.539 --> 00:59:09.599 I would like to have 00:59:09.599 --> 00:59:11.360 a letter directly 00:59:11.360 --> 00:59:12.900 from Jesus himself 00:59:12.900 --> 00:59:14.740 delivered by the apostles. 00:59:15.159 --> 00:59:16.000 That's what I would 00:59:16.000 --> 00:59:16.720 like to have 00:59:16.720 --> 00:59:17.880 in my New Testament 00:59:17.880 --> 00:59:18.920 and I'd like to know 00:59:18.920 --> 00:59:20.000 why we don't have 00:59:20.000 --> 00:59:20.500 it in there. 00:59:21.200 --> 00:59:21.579 Well, 00:59:21.639 --> 00:59:22.139 if you're wondering 00:59:22.139 --> 00:59:22.760 about this, 00:59:22.860 --> 00:59:23.619 then I invite you 00:59:23.619 --> 00:59:24.700 to read the New Testament 00:59:24.700 --> 00:59:25.960 for yourself 00:59:25.960 --> 00:59:27.260 and you'll find 00:59:27.260 --> 00:59:27.760 your answer. 00:59:28.800 --> 00:59:29.440 Paul writes 00:59:29.440 --> 00:59:30.019 to the Corinthians. 00:59:30.260 --> 00:59:30.700 He says, 00:59:30.840 --> 00:59:31.880 you are a letter 00:59:31.880 --> 00:59:32.660 from Christ 00:59:32.660 --> 00:59:34.480 delivered by us, 00:59:35.000 --> 00:59:36.140 written not with ink, 00:59:36.260 --> 00:59:37.280 but with the spirit 00:59:37.280 --> 00:59:38.119 of the living God, 00:59:38.200 --> 00:59:39.720 not on tablets of stone, 00:59:39.920 --> 00:59:40.980 but on tablets 00:59:40.980 --> 00:59:42.480 of the human heart. 00:59:43.119 --> 00:59:44.340 So if you are looking 00:59:44.340 --> 00:59:45.640 for a letter by Jesus, 00:59:45.760 --> 00:59:46.820 we do have one. 00:59:47.760 --> 00:59:48.559 It's a letter 00:59:48.559 --> 00:59:49.260 from Jesus 00:59:49.260 --> 00:59:50.880 delivered by the apostles, 00:59:51.119 --> 00:59:51.860 but it's written 00:59:51.860 --> 00:59:52.680 on something better 00:59:52.680 --> 00:59:53.260 than paper 00:59:53.260 --> 00:59:54.680 and with something better 00:59:54.680 --> 00:59:56.000 than pen and ink. 00:59:56.180 --> 00:59:56.800 It's written 00:59:56.800 --> 00:59:57.519 on your heart 00:59:57.519 --> 00:59:59.260 and it's written 00:59:59.260 --> 01:00:00.059 by the spirit. 01:00:00.059 --> 01:00:02.320 What a wonderful privilege 01:00:02.320 --> 01:00:03.019 and gift 01:00:03.019 --> 01:00:03.880 that this is. 01:00:04.239 --> 01:00:05.139 A few verses later, 01:00:05.539 --> 01:00:06.599 Paul explains something 01:00:06.599 --> 01:00:07.759 truly profound 01:00:07.759 --> 01:00:08.820 about this letter 01:00:08.820 --> 01:00:09.699 and the nature 01:00:09.699 --> 01:00:10.320 of this letter 01:00:10.320 --> 01:00:10.779 and the nature 01:00:10.779 --> 01:00:11.440 of the New Testament. 01:00:11.779 --> 01:00:12.480 He writes this. 01:00:12.579 --> 01:00:12.900 He says, 01:00:13.259 --> 01:00:14.980 God has made us sufficient 01:00:14.980 --> 01:00:16.440 to be ministers 01:00:16.440 --> 01:00:17.480 of a new covenant, 01:00:18.019 --> 01:00:19.239 not of the letter, 01:00:19.559 --> 01:00:20.380 but of the spirit. 01:00:20.739 --> 01:00:21.699 That phrase, 01:00:21.799 --> 01:00:22.320 new covenant, 01:00:22.820 --> 01:00:23.340 in Greek, 01:00:23.519 --> 01:00:24.719 it's kine diatheke. 01:00:24.820 --> 01:00:25.779 That can be translated 01:00:25.779 --> 01:00:27.659 as New Testament, 01:00:28.440 --> 01:00:29.239 synonymous terms. 01:00:29.239 --> 01:00:30.500 God has made us sufficient 01:00:30.500 --> 01:00:31.159 to be ministers 01:00:31.159 --> 01:00:32.959 of a new testament, 01:00:33.639 --> 01:00:34.759 not of the letter, 01:00:35.239 --> 01:00:36.319 but of the spirit. 01:00:36.500 --> 01:00:37.119 Paul here 01:00:37.119 --> 01:00:38.059 is making a statement 01:00:38.059 --> 01:00:39.339 about the very nature 01:00:39.339 --> 01:00:40.239 of the New Testament. 01:00:40.599 --> 01:00:41.159 He's saying 01:00:41.159 --> 01:00:42.059 that it's not 01:00:42.059 --> 01:00:42.819 limited 01:00:42.819 --> 01:00:43.919 only 01:00:43.919 --> 01:00:44.759 to what 01:00:44.759 --> 01:00:45.719 is written 01:00:45.719 --> 01:00:46.679 in pen and ink. 01:00:46.959 --> 01:00:48.119 It also includes 01:00:48.119 --> 01:00:48.519 what's written 01:00:48.519 --> 01:00:49.199 by the spirit. 01:00:49.579 --> 01:00:50.339 And all this points 01:00:50.339 --> 01:00:50.799 to the fact 01:00:50.799 --> 01:00:51.519 that the New Testament 01:00:51.519 --> 01:00:52.919 is more than just pen and ink 01:00:52.919 --> 01:00:54.039 and a bunch of words 01:00:54.039 --> 01:00:54.539 on paper. 01:00:54.659 --> 01:00:55.399 It's spiritual 01:00:55.399 --> 01:00:56.319 and of the spirit. 01:00:56.719 --> 01:00:57.519 And what this means 01:00:57.519 --> 01:00:58.619 is that for you 01:00:58.619 --> 01:01:00.079 to have a complete 01:01:00.079 --> 01:01:00.799 New Testament, 01:01:01.339 --> 01:01:02.440 you need more 01:01:02.440 --> 01:01:04.039 than just the pen and ink 01:01:04.039 --> 01:01:05.679 apostolic documents 01:01:05.679 --> 01:01:06.139 and letters. 01:01:06.359 --> 01:01:07.279 You also need 01:01:07.279 --> 01:01:08.380 that spiritual letter 01:01:08.380 --> 01:01:09.319 of Jesus Christ 01:01:09.319 --> 01:01:10.719 written on the tablet 01:01:10.719 --> 01:01:11.440 of your heart. 01:01:11.799 --> 01:01:13.679 And if you're missing 01:01:13.679 --> 01:01:14.500 that letter, 01:01:14.679 --> 01:01:16.179 then you don't really 01:01:16.179 --> 01:01:16.980 have the whole 01:01:16.980 --> 01:01:17.579 New Testament. 01:01:18.579 --> 01:01:19.679 But when you put 01:01:19.679 --> 01:01:20.679 that spiritual letter 01:01:20.679 --> 01:01:21.460 from Jesus 01:01:21.460 --> 01:01:22.679 together with the 01:01:22.679 --> 01:01:23.659 writings of the apostles, 01:01:23.659 --> 01:01:24.699 then you do 01:01:24.699 --> 01:01:25.359 have a complete 01:01:25.359 --> 01:01:25.940 New Testament. 01:01:26.879 --> 01:01:30.039 And these components 01:01:30.039 --> 01:01:30.699 are like 01:01:30.699 --> 01:01:32.859 self-authenticating 01:01:32.859 --> 01:01:33.319 witnesses 01:01:33.319 --> 01:01:33.940 that declare 01:01:33.940 --> 01:01:34.599 the truthfulness 01:01:34.599 --> 01:01:35.759 of one another. 01:01:36.179 --> 01:01:36.920 I remember 01:01:36.920 --> 01:01:38.679 when I was 18 years old 01:01:38.679 --> 01:01:39.940 and I was tangled up 01:01:39.940 --> 01:01:40.619 in my sins 01:01:40.619 --> 01:01:42.339 and Jesus caught me up 01:01:42.339 --> 01:01:43.460 and he cleaned me up 01:01:43.460 --> 01:01:44.339 and he wrote me up 01:01:44.339 --> 01:01:46.239 this living letter 01:01:46.239 --> 01:01:47.059 on my heart 01:01:47.059 --> 01:01:47.899 that just said, 01:01:48.399 --> 01:01:48.819 forgiven. 01:01:50.099 --> 01:01:51.039 And then the remarkable 01:01:51.039 --> 01:01:51.659 thing for me 01:01:51.659 --> 01:01:52.319 was that for the first 01:01:52.320 --> 01:01:53.019 time in my life, 01:01:53.080 --> 01:01:53.539 the scriptures 01:01:53.539 --> 01:01:54.580 came alive for me. 01:01:54.680 --> 01:01:55.680 I'd been going to church 01:01:55.680 --> 01:01:57.519 every week for 18 years 01:01:57.519 --> 01:01:58.760 but once Jesus 01:01:58.760 --> 01:01:59.500 wrote that letter, 01:01:59.600 --> 01:02:00.420 then every word 01:02:00.420 --> 01:02:00.940 of scripture 01:02:00.940 --> 01:02:02.559 had this new 01:02:02.559 --> 01:02:04.220 and profound meaning 01:02:04.220 --> 01:02:05.280 for me. 01:02:05.840 --> 01:02:06.320 And you know, 01:02:06.580 --> 01:02:07.700 this is similar 01:02:07.700 --> 01:02:08.539 to the way 01:02:08.539 --> 01:02:09.360 that the apostolic 01:02:09.360 --> 01:02:10.220 documents in our 01:02:10.220 --> 01:02:10.720 New Testament 01:02:10.720 --> 01:02:11.760 were independently 01:02:11.760 --> 01:02:12.940 gathered in various 01:02:12.940 --> 01:02:13.940 churches throughout history. 01:02:14.360 --> 01:02:14.940 People filled 01:02:14.940 --> 01:02:15.900 with the Spirit of God 01:02:15.900 --> 01:02:16.680 carrying that letter 01:02:16.680 --> 01:02:17.900 of Jesus in their hearts. 01:02:18.260 --> 01:02:18.760 They met with 01:02:18.760 --> 01:02:20.000 these apostolic documents 01:02:20.000 --> 01:02:21.260 and those documents 01:02:21.260 --> 01:02:21.980 fit together 01:02:21.980 --> 01:02:22.519 with that letter 01:02:22.519 --> 01:02:23.000 of Jesus 01:02:23.000 --> 01:02:24.159 and each witness 01:02:24.159 --> 01:02:24.800 to one another. 01:02:26.699 --> 01:02:28.300 And the remarkable 01:02:28.300 --> 01:02:29.079 thing about this 01:02:29.079 --> 01:02:29.920 is that long ago 01:02:29.920 --> 01:02:31.119 Jeremiah the prophet 01:02:31.119 --> 01:02:33.039 foretold this 01:02:33.039 --> 01:02:34.360 in 600 BC. 01:02:34.619 --> 01:02:35.179 He writes in 01:02:35.179 --> 01:02:36.039 Jeremiah 31, 01:02:36.420 --> 01:02:37.099 the days are coming 01:02:37.099 --> 01:02:37.880 declares the Lord 01:02:37.880 --> 01:02:38.840 when I will make 01:02:38.840 --> 01:02:39.519 a new covenant. 01:02:39.760 --> 01:02:40.320 We could also 01:02:40.320 --> 01:02:41.039 translate that 01:02:41.039 --> 01:02:41.900 New Testament 01:02:41.900 --> 01:02:43.139 with the house of Israel 01:02:43.139 --> 01:02:43.840 and the house of Judah 01:02:43.840 --> 01:02:44.820 not like the testament 01:02:44.820 --> 01:02:45.400 that I made 01:02:45.400 --> 01:02:46.139 with their fathers 01:02:46.139 --> 01:02:47.139 on the day 01:02:47.139 --> 01:02:47.719 when I took them 01:02:47.719 --> 01:02:48.199 by the hand 01:02:48.199 --> 01:02:48.579 to bring them 01:02:48.579 --> 01:02:49.059 out of the land 01:02:49.059 --> 01:02:49.420 of Egypt. 01:02:49.420 --> 01:02:50.340 My testament 01:02:50.340 --> 01:02:51.240 that they broke 01:02:51.239 --> 01:02:51.979 though I was 01:02:51.979 --> 01:02:52.459 their husband 01:02:52.459 --> 01:02:53.239 declares the Lord. 01:02:53.579 --> 01:02:54.559 For this is the testament 01:02:54.559 --> 01:02:55.299 that I will make 01:02:55.299 --> 01:02:56.179 with the house of Israel 01:02:56.179 --> 01:02:57.059 after those days. 01:02:57.219 --> 01:02:58.279 I will put my law 01:02:58.279 --> 01:02:58.799 within them 01:02:58.799 --> 01:03:00.059 and I will write it 01:03:00.059 --> 01:03:00.719 on their hearts 01:03:00.719 --> 01:03:02.379 and I will be their God 01:03:02.379 --> 01:03:03.779 and they shall be 01:03:03.779 --> 01:03:04.319 my people. 01:03:05.279 --> 01:03:06.179 So Christians, 01:03:06.319 --> 01:03:07.299 this is how we are 01:03:07.299 --> 01:03:08.439 to read our New Testament. 01:03:09.099 --> 01:03:10.199 We're supposed to bring 01:03:10.199 --> 01:03:11.000 that letter that Jesus 01:03:11.000 --> 01:03:12.019 has written on our hearts 01:03:12.019 --> 01:03:13.579 and bring it together 01:03:13.579 --> 01:03:15.079 with those apostolic documents 01:03:15.079 --> 01:03:16.299 and let them minister 01:03:16.299 --> 01:03:16.819 to us 01:03:16.819 --> 01:03:17.299 and through us 01:03:17.299 --> 01:03:17.919 to other people. 01:03:18.679 --> 01:03:19.699 Let's pause there. 01:03:19.699 --> 01:03:20.879 I'm going to pray 01:03:20.879 --> 01:03:21.359 real quick 01:03:21.359 --> 01:03:22.339 and then we'll have time 01:03:22.339 --> 01:03:23.119 for some Q&A. 01:03:24.599 --> 01:03:25.199 Father in heaven, 01:03:25.279 --> 01:03:25.939 we thank you 01:03:25.939 --> 01:03:26.719 that you saw fit 01:03:26.719 --> 01:03:27.279 to assemble 01:03:27.279 --> 01:03:27.919 your New Testament 01:03:27.919 --> 01:03:28.460 for us. 01:03:28.539 --> 01:03:29.000 We thank you 01:03:29.000 --> 01:03:30.159 for your faithful apostles 01:03:30.159 --> 01:03:31.199 who wrote that 01:03:31.199 --> 01:03:32.039 and all the Christians 01:03:32.039 --> 01:03:33.099 who have preserved it 01:03:33.099 --> 01:03:34.199 and those 01:03:34.199 --> 01:03:35.759 who have taught it, 01:03:35.839 --> 01:03:36.779 some of whom we know. 01:03:37.299 --> 01:03:37.619 And Lord, 01:03:37.699 --> 01:03:38.439 we ask that you 01:03:38.439 --> 01:03:39.199 would illuminate us 01:03:39.199 --> 01:03:40.079 as we read your word. 01:03:40.179 --> 01:03:40.859 You would guide us 01:03:40.859 --> 01:03:41.539 in your truth. 01:03:41.659 --> 01:03:42.119 You would help us 01:03:42.119 --> 01:03:43.359 to submit to it, 01:03:43.719 --> 01:03:45.000 to understand it, 01:03:45.259 --> 01:03:46.239 to preach it 01:03:46.239 --> 01:03:47.039 and teach it 01:03:47.039 --> 01:03:48.920 and to follow it, 01:03:48.980 --> 01:03:50.199 to be filled with joy, 01:03:50.380 --> 01:03:50.820 with love, 01:03:50.900 --> 01:03:51.380 with humility, 01:03:51.539 --> 01:03:52.039 with peace 01:03:52.039 --> 01:03:52.920 and gracefulness 01:03:52.920 --> 01:03:53.880 and thankfulness. 01:03:55.199 --> 01:03:55.400 Lord, 01:03:55.440 --> 01:03:55.699 above all, 01:03:55.739 --> 01:03:56.079 we thank you 01:03:56.079 --> 01:03:56.559 for the forgiveness 01:03:56.559 --> 01:03:57.159 of sins 01:03:57.159 --> 01:03:57.739 that was wrought 01:03:57.739 --> 01:03:58.159 on the cross 01:03:58.159 --> 01:03:58.980 by your son Jesus. 01:03:59.559 --> 01:04:00.279 And we pray this 01:04:00.279 --> 01:04:01.079 in his mighty name. 01:04:01.400 --> 01:04:01.579 Amen. 01:04:02.719 --> 01:04:03.079 Okay, 01:04:03.199 --> 01:04:04.159 I went a little bit over 01:04:04.159 --> 01:04:05.099 but we do have time 01:04:05.099 --> 01:04:05.639 for Q&A. 01:04:05.739 --> 01:04:06.559 If you do have to go, 01:04:06.679 --> 01:04:07.199 feel free. 01:04:07.599 --> 01:04:07.840 Otherwise, 01:04:08.340 --> 01:04:09.420 raise hands, 01:04:09.519 --> 01:04:10.119 ask questions. 01:04:10.239 --> 01:04:11.039 I'm happy to stick around. 01:04:11.039 --> 01:04:16.079 Yes, 01:04:16.199 --> 01:04:16.480 Ralph. 01:04:17.619 --> 01:04:19.400 You use the phrase 01:04:19.400 --> 01:04:21.480 apostolic authorship 01:04:21.480 --> 01:04:22.659 or oversight. 01:04:22.900 --> 01:04:23.039 Yeah. 01:04:23.259 --> 01:04:24.119 Why do you have 01:04:24.119 --> 01:04:25.079 oversight? 01:04:25.320 --> 01:04:25.840 Great question. 01:04:25.920 --> 01:04:26.440 The question is, 01:04:26.579 --> 01:04:28.639 I mentioned apostolic documents 01:04:28.639 --> 01:04:29.539 or documents 01:04:29.539 --> 01:04:30.719 that have apostolic oversight 01:04:30.719 --> 01:04:32.239 and that's because 01:04:32.239 --> 01:04:33.920 there are documents 01:04:33.920 --> 01:04:34.619 in the New Testament 01:04:34.619 --> 01:04:36.900 that were not written 01:04:36.900 --> 01:04:38.639 by the immediate 01:04:38.639 --> 01:04:39.480 disciples of Jesus. 01:04:39.480 --> 01:04:40.059 They were written 01:04:40.059 --> 01:04:43.559 by their contemporary disciples, 01:04:43.719 --> 01:04:44.779 the disciples of the disciples, 01:04:44.880 --> 01:04:45.279 so to speak. 01:04:45.400 --> 01:04:46.239 So documents like 01:04:46.239 --> 01:04:47.619 the Gospel of Mark, 01:04:48.079 --> 01:04:48.880 Gospel of Luke, 01:04:49.099 --> 01:04:49.460 Acts, 01:04:49.559 --> 01:04:50.659 because Luke wrote Acts. 01:04:51.259 --> 01:04:51.679 And so, 01:04:52.219 --> 01:04:53.960 but those were not 01:04:53.960 --> 01:04:54.719 just written, 01:04:55.059 --> 01:04:55.619 you know, 01:04:55.719 --> 01:04:56.759 far after the fact, 01:04:57.139 --> 01:04:58.079 apart from the apostles. 01:04:58.219 --> 01:04:59.099 They seem to have 01:04:59.099 --> 01:05:00.679 apostolic supervision. 01:05:01.320 --> 01:05:01.539 So, 01:05:01.940 --> 01:05:02.519 for instance, 01:05:02.799 --> 01:05:04.440 there's good early 01:05:04.440 --> 01:05:05.179 historical evidence 01:05:05.179 --> 01:05:06.219 that when Mark wrote Mark, 01:05:06.500 --> 01:05:07.360 he was transcribing 01:05:07.360 --> 01:05:08.179 Peter's teachings, 01:05:08.179 --> 01:05:09.340 he was putting it down 01:05:09.340 --> 01:05:10.559 that Peter approved 01:05:10.559 --> 01:05:11.079 of this. 01:05:11.559 --> 01:05:12.380 Same with Luke, 01:05:12.500 --> 01:05:13.280 is that there's evidence 01:05:13.280 --> 01:05:15.240 that Paul affirmed 01:05:15.240 --> 01:05:16.180 and approved 01:05:16.180 --> 01:05:17.620 Luke's ministry 01:05:17.620 --> 01:05:19.100 and the Gospel of Luke. 01:05:19.800 --> 01:05:20.320 So, 01:05:20.440 --> 01:05:21.440 that's why I said 01:05:21.440 --> 01:05:22.480 apostolic oversight. 01:05:23.000 --> 01:05:23.780 We do have some 01:05:23.780 --> 01:05:25.000 early Christian documents 01:05:25.000 --> 01:05:26.800 outside of the New Testament 01:05:26.800 --> 01:05:28.320 that were written 01:05:28.320 --> 01:05:29.120 by disciples 01:05:29.120 --> 01:05:30.340 of the apostles, 01:05:30.340 --> 01:05:32.600 but those were written 01:05:32.600 --> 01:05:33.200 much later. 01:05:33.380 --> 01:05:34.180 They were not written 01:05:34.180 --> 01:05:35.840 under apostolic oversight. 01:05:35.840 --> 01:05:36.360 So, 01:05:36.559 --> 01:05:37.559 those are things like 01:05:37.559 --> 01:05:38.600 Clement of Rome 01:05:38.600 --> 01:05:39.720 writing in 95 AD, 01:05:40.280 --> 01:05:41.340 Ignatius of Antioch, 01:05:41.380 --> 01:05:42.220 he wrote seven letters 01:05:42.220 --> 01:05:42.940 around 105, 01:05:43.180 --> 01:05:43.740 107, 01:05:44.280 --> 01:05:45.160 Polycarp of Smyrna, 01:05:45.260 --> 01:05:45.780 he wrote a letter 01:05:45.780 --> 01:05:46.380 at the same time. 01:05:46.640 --> 01:05:48.120 Those were disciples 01:05:48.120 --> 01:05:48.760 of the disciples. 01:05:49.300 --> 01:05:50.240 They wrote letters, 01:05:50.420 --> 01:05:51.220 but they weren't written 01:05:51.220 --> 01:05:53.320 under apostolic oversight. 01:05:54.059 --> 01:05:57.480 I would say timing, 01:05:57.620 --> 01:05:58.180 but also, 01:05:58.400 --> 01:05:58.840 I think, 01:05:59.380 --> 01:06:00.360 they need to be 01:06:00.360 --> 01:06:02.019 associates of the apostles. 01:06:02.180 --> 01:06:02.320 I mean, 01:06:02.340 --> 01:06:03.059 if we did find 01:06:03.059 --> 01:06:04.199 an early Christian document 01:06:04.199 --> 01:06:04.920 that came from like 01:06:04.920 --> 01:06:05.619 45 AD, 01:06:06.380 --> 01:06:06.960 but it's just 01:06:06.960 --> 01:06:08.940 a person in the church, 01:06:08.940 --> 01:06:09.659 that wouldn't 01:06:09.659 --> 01:06:11.440 necessarily qualify. 01:06:11.440 --> 01:06:11.880 Okay. 01:06:13.099 --> 01:06:14.360 In Bauckham's book, 01:06:14.519 --> 01:06:15.039 it talks about, 01:06:15.139 --> 01:06:16.219 the Pius talks about, 01:06:16.860 --> 01:06:18.440 what you were just talking about, 01:06:18.799 --> 01:06:20.279 this oral tradition 01:06:20.279 --> 01:06:21.980 and oral history. 01:06:22.679 --> 01:06:23.320 Can you 01:06:23.320 --> 01:06:26.599 elaborate on the difference? 01:06:27.360 --> 01:06:28.219 The difference between 01:06:28.219 --> 01:06:29.000 oral tradition, 01:06:29.099 --> 01:06:29.639 oral history. 01:06:30.279 --> 01:06:30.480 So, 01:06:30.619 --> 01:06:31.279 oral tradition. 01:06:31.280 --> 01:06:33.140 when Pope Pius was writing, 01:06:33.260 --> 01:06:34.000 he was getting it 01:06:34.000 --> 01:06:35.640 from the last two 01:06:35.640 --> 01:06:37.880 living people, 01:06:38.420 --> 01:06:39.920 but that before him 01:06:39.920 --> 01:06:41.680 it was oral history 01:06:41.680 --> 01:06:42.980 being handed down, 01:06:43.080 --> 01:06:43.620 like you said, 01:06:43.680 --> 01:06:44.480 from Mark. 01:06:45.140 --> 01:06:45.580 Yes, 01:06:45.740 --> 01:06:46.000 so, 01:06:46.000 --> 01:06:47.820 Raul's bringing up 01:06:47.820 --> 01:06:49.560 another early Christian writer 01:06:49.560 --> 01:06:50.840 named Papias, 01:06:51.260 --> 01:06:51.600 who, 01:06:51.820 --> 01:06:54.160 we don't have his books, 01:06:54.700 --> 01:06:55.540 they've been lost, 01:06:55.620 --> 01:06:56.400 except we do have 01:06:56.400 --> 01:06:57.700 some large quotations 01:06:57.700 --> 01:06:58.560 from his books 01:06:58.560 --> 01:06:59.500 that are found 01:06:59.500 --> 01:07:00.560 in other early Christian writers, 01:07:00.559 --> 01:07:02.840 and he seems to have known 01:07:02.840 --> 01:07:04.139 some of the disciples of Jesus 01:07:04.139 --> 01:07:06.239 and he records some things 01:07:06.239 --> 01:07:06.820 that he learned. 01:07:06.900 --> 01:07:07.599 He talks about 01:07:07.599 --> 01:07:09.199 how Mark wrote Mark, 01:07:09.279 --> 01:07:09.679 for instance. 01:07:09.880 --> 01:07:10.659 He mentions Matthew, 01:07:10.739 --> 01:07:11.340 writing Matthew. 01:07:12.340 --> 01:07:14.840 This idea of oral tradition 01:07:14.840 --> 01:07:15.799 and oral history, 01:07:16.699 --> 01:07:17.360 there was, 01:07:17.460 --> 01:07:17.579 I mean, 01:07:17.599 --> 01:07:18.679 when you read the New Testament, 01:07:19.000 --> 01:07:21.579 Paul says to the churches, 01:07:21.719 --> 01:07:22.119 he says, 01:07:22.860 --> 01:07:24.539 be faithful to the traditions 01:07:24.539 --> 01:07:26.460 we handed down to you. 01:07:26.460 --> 01:07:27.420 And by that, 01:07:27.480 --> 01:07:28.199 what he means is 01:07:28.199 --> 01:07:29.780 he's giving them 01:07:29.780 --> 01:07:30.980 the gospel message 01:07:30.980 --> 01:07:32.260 that Jesus gave to him. 01:07:32.679 --> 01:07:34.039 Jesus entrusted this to Paul. 01:07:34.440 --> 01:07:35.519 Paul is now entrusting it 01:07:35.519 --> 01:07:36.000 to others. 01:07:36.599 --> 01:07:38.039 And in the early church, 01:07:38.079 --> 01:07:39.599 it wasn't always written down. 01:07:39.780 --> 01:07:40.159 Today, 01:07:40.720 --> 01:07:41.720 I believe, 01:07:42.000 --> 01:07:42.720 when we talk about 01:07:42.720 --> 01:07:43.740 apostolic tradition, 01:07:43.900 --> 01:07:45.119 what we're now talking about 01:07:45.119 --> 01:07:47.019 is the 27 book New Testament. 01:07:47.579 --> 01:07:49.579 But in the ancient church, 01:07:49.619 --> 01:07:50.800 before all these documents 01:07:50.800 --> 01:07:51.559 were written down, 01:07:52.079 --> 01:07:52.239 you know, 01:07:52.300 --> 01:07:53.179 you would have someone 01:07:53.179 --> 01:07:54.199 who knew the apostles 01:07:54.199 --> 01:07:56.920 tell you what's going on 01:07:56.920 --> 01:07:57.860 about the gospel, 01:07:58.000 --> 01:07:58.619 things like that. 01:07:58.780 --> 01:07:59.159 And so, 01:07:59.579 --> 01:08:00.599 that's probably what 01:08:00.599 --> 01:08:01.239 they're getting at. 01:08:01.579 --> 01:08:02.800 This is not like 01:08:02.800 --> 01:08:03.820 a game of telephone. 01:08:03.960 --> 01:08:04.719 Sometimes you see 01:08:04.719 --> 01:08:06.340 a characterization of this 01:08:06.340 --> 01:08:06.820 where, you know, 01:08:07.199 --> 01:08:08.259 someone whispers something 01:08:08.259 --> 01:08:08.840 in someone's ear 01:08:08.840 --> 01:08:09.759 who whispers another ear 01:08:09.759 --> 01:08:10.539 and it just gets 01:08:10.539 --> 01:08:11.440 horribly distorted. 01:08:11.800 --> 01:08:13.000 This is a very public, 01:08:13.460 --> 01:08:14.980 open proclamation 01:08:14.980 --> 01:08:16.220 that is checked 01:08:16.220 --> 01:08:17.199 all the time. 01:08:17.560 --> 01:08:18.539 If you look at 01:08:18.539 --> 01:08:19.420 the ancient church, 01:08:19.840 --> 01:08:19.979 you know, 01:08:20.060 --> 01:08:20.760 Paul writes, 01:08:20.880 --> 01:08:21.699 is it to the Colossians 01:08:21.699 --> 01:08:22.359 or the Ephesians 01:08:22.359 --> 01:08:24.119 and he writes to them 01:08:24.119 --> 01:08:24.880 and he says, 01:08:25.220 --> 01:08:25.460 you know, 01:08:25.520 --> 01:08:26.960 make sure you read my letter 01:08:26.960 --> 01:08:28.340 from the church of Laodicea. 01:08:28.399 --> 01:08:29.340 Make sure you read that 01:08:29.340 --> 01:08:30.699 and make sure you read 01:08:30.699 --> 01:08:31.760 this letter publicly 01:08:31.760 --> 01:08:32.819 in your church. 01:08:32.899 --> 01:08:33.659 He's telling them, 01:08:33.960 --> 01:08:34.960 you need to read this publicly. 01:08:35.100 --> 01:08:36.140 You need to distribute it 01:08:36.140 --> 01:08:37.119 and circulate it. 01:08:37.520 --> 01:08:38.100 And so, 01:08:38.539 --> 01:08:40.039 there was a lot of 01:08:40.039 --> 01:08:41.619 checks and balances going on. 01:08:42.199 --> 01:08:42.880 It wasn't like 01:08:42.880 --> 01:08:44.020 a free for all, 01:08:44.239 --> 01:08:44.760 so to speak. 01:08:44.979 --> 01:08:45.059 Yeah. 01:08:46.739 --> 01:08:47.139 Yes? 01:08:47.419 --> 01:08:48.539 What about the 01:08:48.539 --> 01:08:51.199 Douay version? 01:08:51.399 --> 01:08:52.059 Don't they have that 01:08:52.059 --> 01:08:53.039 like Apocrypha 01:08:53.039 --> 01:08:53.859 or whatever it is? 01:08:53.859 --> 01:08:54.099 Oh, 01:08:54.459 --> 01:08:54.799 so, 01:08:55.219 --> 01:08:57.339 the New Testament, 01:08:57.799 --> 01:08:59.379 the 27 book New Testament 01:08:59.379 --> 01:09:00.299 is the same 01:09:00.299 --> 01:09:00.939 in every single 01:09:00.939 --> 01:09:01.959 Christian church. 01:09:02.539 --> 01:09:03.739 The Old Testament 01:09:03.739 --> 01:09:04.799 is a little different. 01:09:05.179 --> 01:09:05.199 So, 01:09:05.579 --> 01:09:06.439 the Old Testament, 01:09:07.199 --> 01:09:08.159 yes, 01:09:08.379 --> 01:09:08.639 yes. 01:09:08.719 --> 01:09:08.859 So, 01:09:08.919 --> 01:09:09.919 they call the Apocrypha 01:09:09.919 --> 01:09:10.839 or Catholic churches. 01:09:11.359 --> 01:09:12.459 What happens is that 01:09:12.460 --> 01:09:13.960 the Apocrypha 01:09:13.960 --> 01:09:16.000 is additional books 01:09:16.000 --> 01:09:16.720 of the Old Testament 01:09:16.720 --> 01:09:19.279 that are usually 01:09:19.279 --> 01:09:20.260 originally written 01:09:20.260 --> 01:09:20.800 in Greek, 01:09:20.899 --> 01:09:21.739 not Hebrew, 01:09:22.460 --> 01:09:23.279 and, 01:09:23.600 --> 01:09:24.399 or Aramaic. 01:09:24.659 --> 01:09:25.000 And, 01:09:25.460 --> 01:09:26.500 they were written, 01:09:26.899 --> 01:09:27.760 our Old Testament 01:09:27.760 --> 01:09:29.460 stops around 400 B.C. 01:09:29.460 --> 01:09:31.659 and these Apocryphal documents 01:09:31.659 --> 01:09:33.180 fill in that 01:09:33.180 --> 01:09:34.239 intermediate period 01:09:34.239 --> 01:09:34.659 between 01:09:34.659 --> 01:09:35.739 the 01:09:35.739 --> 01:09:37.239 end of the 01:09:37.239 --> 01:09:37.600 Hebrew, 01:09:37.800 --> 01:09:38.260 Aramaic, 01:09:38.300 --> 01:09:38.880 Old Testament 01:09:38.880 --> 01:09:40.000 and the beginning 01:09:40.000 --> 01:09:40.779 of the New Testament. 01:09:41.739 --> 01:09:42.579 The Malachi. 01:09:42.579 --> 01:09:42.819 Malachi. 01:09:43.539 --> 01:09:43.800 So, 01:09:43.920 --> 01:09:44.039 yeah, 01:09:44.100 --> 01:09:44.640 we have Malachi 01:09:44.640 --> 01:09:45.279 and then 01:09:45.279 --> 01:09:45.899 they have like 01:09:45.899 --> 01:09:46.979 1st and 2nd Maccabees 01:09:46.979 --> 01:09:47.859 and things like that. 01:09:48.199 --> 01:09:48.220 And, 01:09:48.680 --> 01:09:49.359 you know, 01:09:49.439 --> 01:09:49.920 if you read 01:09:49.920 --> 01:09:50.880 1st and 2nd Maccabees, 01:09:51.059 --> 01:09:51.739 they're good reads 01:09:51.739 --> 01:09:52.600 and I, 01:09:52.819 --> 01:09:53.699 I think 01:09:53.699 --> 01:09:54.739 God clearly was 01:09:54.739 --> 01:09:55.880 working amongst 01:09:55.880 --> 01:09:56.680 the Jewish people 01:09:56.680 --> 01:09:57.519 in the story 01:09:57.519 --> 01:09:58.079 of the Maccabees. 01:09:58.760 --> 01:09:59.239 Remarkable, 01:09:59.420 --> 01:10:00.159 miraculous things 01:10:00.159 --> 01:10:00.659 are happening. 01:10:01.300 --> 01:10:02.059 I don't think 01:10:02.059 --> 01:10:02.760 Maccabees is 01:10:02.760 --> 01:10:03.659 inspired scripture 01:10:03.659 --> 01:10:04.420 but it doesn't mean 01:10:04.420 --> 01:10:04.979 that it's not 01:10:04.979 --> 01:10:05.720 talking about 01:10:05.720 --> 01:10:06.380 God's 01:10:06.380 --> 01:10:07.960 working in history, 01:10:08.239 --> 01:10:09.000 so to speak. 01:10:09.519 --> 01:10:09.720 So, 01:10:10.260 --> 01:10:10.600 but, 01:10:10.600 --> 01:10:12.200 but that apocryphal 01:10:12.200 --> 01:10:12.700 section 01:10:12.700 --> 01:10:13.880 that the Catholics 01:10:13.880 --> 01:10:14.440 add, 01:10:15.020 --> 01:10:15.840 the Orthodox, 01:10:16.160 --> 01:10:16.720 the Eastern Orthodox, 01:10:16.920 --> 01:10:17.760 they also have it 01:10:17.760 --> 01:10:18.539 but it's a slightly 01:10:18.539 --> 01:10:19.160 different version 01:10:19.160 --> 01:10:19.740 and then you go 01:10:19.740 --> 01:10:20.280 to other 01:10:20.280 --> 01:10:21.680 ancient churches 01:10:21.680 --> 01:10:23.520 like the Ethiopian 01:10:23.520 --> 01:10:24.300 Orthodox Church 01:10:24.300 --> 01:10:25.260 or the Coptic 01:10:25.260 --> 01:10:25.840 Orthodox Church 01:10:25.840 --> 01:10:26.560 and they also 01:10:26.560 --> 01:10:27.320 have this apocryphal 01:10:27.320 --> 01:10:27.700 but again, 01:10:27.780 --> 01:10:28.420 they're all slightly 01:10:28.420 --> 01:10:29.160 different between 01:10:29.160 --> 01:10:29.600 themselves. 01:10:29.780 --> 01:10:30.460 They don't agree 01:10:30.460 --> 01:10:32.000 on which ones 01:10:32.000 --> 01:10:32.440 are in there. 01:10:33.100 --> 01:10:33.920 This debate 01:10:33.920 --> 01:10:34.660 about whether 01:10:34.660 --> 01:10:35.360 to include 01:10:35.360 --> 01:10:35.980 these books, 01:10:36.140 --> 01:10:36.800 the early church 01:10:36.800 --> 01:10:37.500 had many debates 01:10:37.500 --> 01:10:38.060 about this 01:10:38.060 --> 01:10:39.480 and most 01:10:39.480 --> 01:10:40.160 of the, 01:10:40.159 --> 01:10:42.599 great scholars 01:10:42.599 --> 01:10:43.680 of the ancient church 01:10:43.680 --> 01:10:44.739 like Saint Jerome, 01:10:45.119 --> 01:10:45.579 he was the one 01:10:45.579 --> 01:10:46.079 who translated 01:10:46.079 --> 01:10:46.500 the Bible 01:10:46.500 --> 01:10:47.079 into Latin. 01:10:47.559 --> 01:10:48.559 He was very clear, 01:10:48.639 --> 01:10:48.819 he's like, 01:10:48.880 --> 01:10:49.739 I think it really 01:10:49.739 --> 01:10:50.279 should only be 01:10:50.279 --> 01:10:51.239 the Hebrew books 01:10:51.239 --> 01:10:52.399 that are included. 01:10:52.840 --> 01:10:53.439 The earliest 01:10:53.439 --> 01:10:54.500 Jewish lists 01:10:54.500 --> 01:10:56.199 of their Bible, 01:10:56.359 --> 01:10:56.960 the Old Testament, 01:10:57.340 --> 01:10:58.720 seem to not 01:10:58.720 --> 01:11:00.460 include the apocryphal books 01:11:00.460 --> 01:11:01.899 so I think 01:11:01.899 --> 01:11:03.180 the firmest ground 01:11:03.180 --> 01:11:03.819 is 01:11:03.819 --> 01:11:05.019 the, 01:11:06.019 --> 01:11:07.639 an Old Testament canon 01:11:07.639 --> 01:11:08.880 that is based 01:11:08.880 --> 01:11:09.420 on the Hebrew 01:11:09.420 --> 01:11:10.359 and Aramaic documents. 01:11:10.720 --> 01:11:11.260 These also 01:11:11.260 --> 01:11:12.300 seem to be, 01:11:12.539 --> 01:11:13.119 that seems to 01:11:13.119 --> 01:11:14.000 reflect the 01:11:14.000 --> 01:11:15.239 Old Testament 01:11:15.239 --> 01:11:16.000 of the apostles 01:11:16.000 --> 01:11:16.699 and of Jesus 01:11:16.699 --> 01:11:17.520 also. 01:11:18.060 --> 01:11:18.300 But, 01:11:18.940 --> 01:11:20.940 that's a whole 01:11:20.940 --> 01:11:21.199 other, 01:11:21.319 --> 01:11:21.960 whole other bit. 01:11:22.119 --> 01:11:22.319 Matt? 01:11:22.319 --> 01:11:23.699 Am I right 01:11:23.699 --> 01:11:24.179 in thinking 01:11:24.179 --> 01:11:25.199 that the 01:11:25.199 --> 01:11:26.119 Protestant 01:11:26.119 --> 01:11:27.099 Old Testament, 01:11:27.340 --> 01:11:27.920 what we use, 01:11:28.239 --> 01:11:28.979 is the same 01:11:28.979 --> 01:11:30.639 group of scriptures 01:11:30.639 --> 01:11:31.699 that Jews 01:11:31.699 --> 01:11:33.439 use today 01:11:33.439 --> 01:11:34.920 and we have used 01:11:34.920 --> 01:11:35.519 throughout history? 01:11:35.520 --> 01:11:36.480 It's certainly 01:11:36.480 --> 01:11:37.620 the same one 01:11:37.620 --> 01:11:38.320 that if you go back 01:11:38.320 --> 01:11:38.840 to the very 01:11:38.840 --> 01:11:40.240 earliest Jewish lists, 01:11:40.580 --> 01:11:41.940 it seems to match up 01:11:41.940 --> 01:11:42.360 with the very 01:11:42.360 --> 01:11:43.300 earliest Jewish lists 01:11:43.300 --> 01:11:45.420 and it's part 01:11:45.420 --> 01:11:45.980 of the, 01:11:46.560 --> 01:11:47.460 when you get 01:11:47.460 --> 01:11:48.220 a Hebrew Bible 01:11:48.220 --> 01:11:48.660 today, 01:11:49.320 --> 01:11:51.220 it has the same 01:11:51.220 --> 01:11:51.920 books that we have. 01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:52.320 They have them 01:11:52.320 --> 01:11:53.020 in a different order 01:11:53.020 --> 01:11:54.940 but it's the same, 01:11:55.640 --> 01:11:56.380 it's the same. 01:11:58.360 --> 01:11:59.260 Other questions? 01:11:59.260 --> 01:12:02.600 We have, 01:12:02.680 --> 01:12:03.300 we have gone 01:12:03.300 --> 01:12:04.060 well over time 01:12:04.060 --> 01:12:05.739 so feel free to go. 01:12:05.880 --> 01:12:06.500 Thank you so much. 01:12:06.560 --> 01:12:06.820 Amos? 01:12:07.840 --> 01:12:08.420 I've heard, 01:12:08.539 --> 01:12:09.539 I've heard some people 01:12:09.539 --> 01:12:10.239 say that they think 01:12:10.239 --> 01:12:10.800 there might be 01:12:10.800 --> 01:12:11.980 a total of four letters 01:12:11.980 --> 01:12:12.659 to the Corinthians. 01:12:13.579 --> 01:12:14.000 Yeah, 01:12:14.060 --> 01:12:14.579 there might have been. 01:12:15.020 --> 01:12:15.880 So what I'm wondering 01:12:15.880 --> 01:12:16.460 is, 01:12:17.900 --> 01:12:18.480 where are the, 01:12:19.020 --> 01:12:19.880 That's a great question. 01:12:20.480 --> 01:12:21.079 I don't know how 01:12:21.079 --> 01:12:21.900 to phrase it but, 01:12:22.539 --> 01:12:23.680 so we know, 01:12:23.800 --> 01:12:24.199 there might have been 01:12:24.199 --> 01:12:25.060 more than 27 01:12:25.060 --> 01:12:27.180 and maybe God 01:12:27.180 --> 01:12:27.640 just said, 01:12:27.760 --> 01:12:27.900 okay, 01:12:28.020 --> 01:12:28.579 yes, 01:12:28.579 --> 01:12:29.079 so, 01:12:29.319 --> 01:12:29.979 so, 01:12:30.119 --> 01:12:31.319 remember that 01:12:31.319 --> 01:12:32.840 the apostles 01:12:32.840 --> 01:12:34.119 clearly wrote more 01:12:34.119 --> 01:12:35.199 than the 27 books 01:12:35.199 --> 01:12:35.800 of the New Testament 01:12:35.800 --> 01:12:36.500 because they're going 01:12:36.500 --> 01:12:37.260 to be writing letters 01:12:37.260 --> 01:12:37.840 to one another, 01:12:37.939 --> 01:12:38.380 they're going to be 01:12:38.380 --> 01:12:39.619 signing tax receipts, 01:12:39.760 --> 01:12:39.960 I mean, 01:12:40.159 --> 01:12:40.619 they're going to be 01:12:40.619 --> 01:12:41.359 doing all sorts of stuff 01:12:41.359 --> 01:12:42.680 and when you read, 01:12:42.739 --> 01:12:43.619 and we know they did 01:12:43.619 --> 01:12:44.559 because when you read 01:12:44.559 --> 01:12:45.300 1 Corinthians, 01:12:45.539 --> 01:12:46.220 Paul mentions 01:12:46.220 --> 01:12:47.059 in 1 Corinthians 01:12:47.059 --> 01:12:48.539 a previous letter 01:12:48.539 --> 01:12:49.159 he'd written to them 01:12:49.159 --> 01:12:51.039 and so we know 01:12:51.039 --> 01:12:51.760 there was something 01:12:51.760 --> 01:12:52.640 before 1 Corinthians. 01:12:52.920 --> 01:12:54.399 He also seems to mention 01:12:54.399 --> 01:12:55.479 another one 01:12:55.479 --> 01:12:56.779 in 2 Corinthians maybe 01:12:56.779 --> 01:12:58.140 and so there's some theories 01:12:58.140 --> 01:12:58.900 that maybe there's actually 01:12:58.900 --> 01:13:00.680 two lost letters. 01:13:01.400 --> 01:13:02.820 He mentions an epistle 01:13:02.820 --> 01:13:04.260 to the Laodiceans 01:13:04.260 --> 01:13:05.619 in one of his letters 01:13:05.619 --> 01:13:06.860 that we don't have. 01:13:07.940 --> 01:13:08.900 There are theories 01:13:08.900 --> 01:13:09.480 about that. 01:13:09.760 --> 01:13:10.579 Some people think 01:13:10.579 --> 01:13:11.060 that that letter 01:13:11.060 --> 01:13:11.980 is actually the letter 01:13:11.980 --> 01:13:12.700 to the Ephesians 01:13:12.700 --> 01:13:14.060 because Ephesians 01:13:14.060 --> 01:13:14.700 seems to be 01:13:14.700 --> 01:13:15.800 a circular letter 01:13:15.800 --> 01:13:16.940 that included Ephesus 01:13:16.940 --> 01:13:18.940 but was a larger number 01:13:18.940 --> 01:13:19.500 of cities 01:13:19.500 --> 01:13:20.640 than just Ephesus 01:13:20.640 --> 01:13:23.300 and that could have been 01:13:23.300 --> 01:13:23.700 the letter 01:13:23.700 --> 01:13:24.520 to the Laodiceans. 01:13:24.520 --> 01:13:25.760 There is an ancient 01:13:25.760 --> 01:13:26.880 letter to the Laodiceans 01:13:26.880 --> 01:13:27.660 that you can go 01:13:27.660 --> 01:13:28.380 and look up and read. 01:13:28.500 --> 01:13:29.520 It's like a paragraph long. 01:13:30.660 --> 01:13:32.260 Most people don't think 01:13:32.260 --> 01:13:33.280 that's actually Paul's letter 01:13:33.280 --> 01:13:34.080 to the Laodiceans 01:13:34.080 --> 01:13:36.460 but as to like 01:13:36.460 --> 01:13:37.440 what do we do with that? 01:13:37.560 --> 01:13:38.360 Like what do we do 01:13:38.360 --> 01:13:38.980 with the idea 01:13:38.980 --> 01:13:40.180 that the apostles 01:13:40.180 --> 01:13:41.660 wrote other stuff 01:13:41.660 --> 01:13:43.220 and we don't have it? 01:13:43.460 --> 01:13:44.440 Well, the Old Testament 01:13:44.440 --> 01:13:45.140 is the same way. 01:13:45.240 --> 01:13:45.800 I mean the Old Testament 01:13:45.800 --> 01:13:47.140 will say go read this book 01:13:47.140 --> 01:13:47.920 and we don't have it. 01:13:48.420 --> 01:13:49.280 It'll say go read 01:13:49.280 --> 01:13:50.340 the Wars of Yahweh 01:13:50.340 --> 01:13:50.800 or something 01:13:50.800 --> 01:13:52.780 or the Book of Jasher 01:13:52.779 --> 01:13:53.519 or something like that 01:13:53.519 --> 01:13:56.019 and those are lost to us 01:13:56.019 --> 01:13:59.679 and so practically 01:13:59.679 --> 01:14:00.920 there's really nothing 01:14:00.920 --> 01:14:01.960 we can do at this point. 01:14:02.079 --> 01:14:03.420 It'll become a live issue 01:14:03.420 --> 01:14:04.159 if we find 01:14:04.159 --> 01:14:05.179 one of these documents. 01:14:06.019 --> 01:14:06.899 That will become 01:14:06.899 --> 01:14:08.880 like a really live issue 01:14:08.880 --> 01:14:09.859 of what do we do with this? 01:14:10.219 --> 01:14:11.300 I think though 01:14:11.300 --> 01:14:12.359 I don't think 01:14:12.359 --> 01:14:13.119 we're going to find 01:14:13.119 --> 01:14:15.239 a New Testament document 01:14:15.239 --> 01:14:16.159 and the reason why 01:14:16.159 --> 01:14:16.679 is because 01:14:16.679 --> 01:14:18.539 in the early church 01:14:18.539 --> 01:14:20.460 they didn't talk 01:14:20.460 --> 01:14:22.420 about documents 01:14:22.420 --> 01:14:23.659 that were from the apostles 01:14:23.659 --> 01:14:24.800 that we think 01:14:24.800 --> 01:14:25.979 actually were from the apostles 01:14:25.979 --> 01:14:26.939 that we no longer have. 01:14:28.140 --> 01:14:28.819 They didn't 01:14:28.819 --> 01:14:30.979 there's nothing out there 01:14:30.979 --> 01:14:31.899 that they're like 01:14:31.899 --> 01:14:32.500 well that church 01:14:32.500 --> 01:14:33.019 was reading 01:14:33.019 --> 01:14:33.319 you know 01:14:33.319 --> 01:14:34.079 3 Peter 01:14:34.079 --> 01:14:35.300 and we don't have this. 01:14:35.640 --> 01:14:37.000 That doesn't come up. 01:14:38.039 --> 01:14:39.019 I would think 01:14:39.019 --> 01:14:39.880 the closest 01:14:39.880 --> 01:14:41.579 that we could get to it 01:14:41.579 --> 01:14:42.600 is that Gospel 01:14:42.600 --> 01:14:43.300 of the Hebrews 01:14:43.300 --> 01:14:44.420 which seems to be 01:14:44.420 --> 01:14:45.380 the Hebrew version 01:14:45.380 --> 01:14:46.000 of Matthew 01:14:46.000 --> 01:14:48.819 and there's a debate 01:14:48.819 --> 01:14:49.699 we're missing 01:14:49.699 --> 01:14:50.680 we have quotations 01:14:50.680 --> 01:14:51.319 of this gospel 01:14:51.319 --> 01:14:52.260 but we don't have 01:14:52.260 --> 01:14:52.840 the whole thing 01:14:52.840 --> 01:14:54.220 and from the quotations 01:14:54.220 --> 01:14:55.640 it seems like 01:14:55.640 --> 01:14:56.359 it was basically 01:14:56.359 --> 01:14:57.180 the Gospel of Matthew 01:14:57.180 --> 01:14:57.819 but it had some 01:14:57.819 --> 01:14:59.000 additional information 01:14:59.000 --> 01:14:59.659 in it 01:14:59.659 --> 01:15:00.600 at certain points 01:15:00.600 --> 01:15:03.399 and the debate is 01:15:03.399 --> 01:15:05.819 is this from Matthew? 01:15:06.000 --> 01:15:07.079 Did he write this 01:15:07.079 --> 01:15:08.380 and then translate 01:15:08.380 --> 01:15:09.300 his into Greek 01:15:09.300 --> 01:15:10.579 or what happened? 01:15:10.979 --> 01:15:11.899 And we know 01:15:11.899 --> 01:15:12.720 when you read 01:15:12.720 --> 01:15:13.279 the New Testament 01:15:13.279 --> 01:15:14.520 we know that 01:15:14.520 --> 01:15:15.699 the apostles 01:15:15.699 --> 01:15:16.899 just like any author 01:15:16.899 --> 01:15:17.859 just like any ancient 01:15:17.859 --> 01:15:18.479 author as well 01:15:18.479 --> 01:15:19.800 they did edit 01:15:19.800 --> 01:15:20.519 their documents 01:15:20.519 --> 01:15:21.139 they didn't just 01:15:21.139 --> 01:15:21.539 sit down 01:15:21.539 --> 01:15:22.479 do stream of consciousness 01:15:22.479 --> 01:15:23.239 and just send it 01:15:23.239 --> 01:15:24.279 I mean they went over it 01:15:24.279 --> 01:15:25.179 and you see this 01:15:25.179 --> 01:15:25.840 with Paul 01:15:25.840 --> 01:15:26.819 in Romans 01:15:26.819 --> 01:15:28.479 where his scribe 01:15:28.479 --> 01:15:29.859 just inserts a line 01:15:29.859 --> 01:15:30.460 from himself 01:15:30.460 --> 01:15:30.840 he says 01:15:30.840 --> 01:15:31.800 oh and I tertius 01:15:31.800 --> 01:15:32.559 who wrote this letter 01:15:32.559 --> 01:15:33.039 greet you 01:15:33.039 --> 01:15:34.579 which it's not Paul 01:15:34.579 --> 01:15:35.220 writing that 01:15:35.220 --> 01:15:36.439 it's the scribe 01:15:36.439 --> 01:15:38.220 or in the 01:15:38.220 --> 01:15:39.679 Gospel of John 01:15:39.679 --> 01:15:41.019 John is writing 01:15:41.019 --> 01:15:41.920 but then there's 01:15:41.920 --> 01:15:42.579 a couple points 01:15:42.579 --> 01:15:43.319 where it switches 01:15:43.319 --> 01:15:44.579 to third person 01:15:44.579 --> 01:15:45.019 where it says 01:15:45.019 --> 01:15:45.659 we know 01:15:45.659 --> 01:15:46.539 the disciple 01:15:46.539 --> 01:15:47.220 who wrote this 01:15:47.220 --> 01:15:47.800 and we know 01:15:47.800 --> 01:15:48.420 that what he says 01:15:48.420 --> 01:15:48.859 is true 01:15:48.859 --> 01:15:49.760 and what seems 01:15:49.760 --> 01:15:50.340 to be happening 01:15:50.340 --> 01:15:50.920 is that 01:15:50.920 --> 01:15:52.039 and we have 01:15:52.039 --> 01:15:53.019 early Christian 01:15:53.019 --> 01:15:53.659 evidence of this 01:15:53.659 --> 01:15:54.079 is that when 01:15:54.079 --> 01:15:54.880 John was writing 01:15:54.880 --> 01:15:55.899 he had some 01:15:55.899 --> 01:15:56.439 companions 01:15:56.439 --> 01:15:56.979 some of whom 01:15:56.979 --> 01:15:57.460 may have also 01:15:57.460 --> 01:15:58.000 been disciples 01:15:58.000 --> 01:15:58.479 of Jesus 01:15:58.479 --> 01:16:00.100 who he's writing 01:16:00.100 --> 01:16:00.699 this down 01:16:00.699 --> 01:16:02.140 and they 01:16:02.140 --> 01:16:03.140 then add 01:16:03.140 --> 01:16:03.979 this kind of 01:16:03.979 --> 01:16:04.899 little epilogue 01:16:04.899 --> 01:16:05.479 to it 01:16:05.479 --> 01:16:07.239 John almost 01:16:07.239 --> 01:16:07.960 certainly was there 01:16:07.960 --> 01:16:08.460 for that 01:16:08.460 --> 01:16:09.819 but this process 01:16:09.819 --> 01:16:10.460 of writing 01:16:10.460 --> 01:16:11.260 maybe something 01:16:11.260 --> 01:16:11.819 happened with 01:16:11.819 --> 01:16:12.319 the Gospel 01:16:12.319 --> 01:16:12.679 of Matthew 01:16:12.679 --> 01:16:13.079 like that 01:16:13.079 --> 01:16:13.279 too 01:16:13.279 --> 01:16:13.979 maybe Matthew 01:16:13.979 --> 01:16:14.799 is writing 01:16:14.799 --> 01:16:15.439 these things 01:16:15.439 --> 01:16:16.519 and maybe 01:16:16.519 --> 01:16:16.880 that's what 01:16:16.880 --> 01:16:17.239 the Gospel 01:16:17.239 --> 01:16:17.579 of Hebrews 01:16:17.579 --> 01:16:17.840 is 01:16:17.840 --> 01:16:18.899 that's the 01:16:18.899 --> 01:16:20.500 closest I think 01:16:20.500 --> 01:16:21.119 we could get 01:16:21.119 --> 01:16:21.880 to something 01:16:21.880 --> 01:16:24.019 that the 01:16:24.019 --> 01:16:24.539 apostles 01:16:24.539 --> 01:16:26.500 may have written 01:16:26.500 --> 01:16:27.299 and published 01:16:27.299 --> 01:16:28.319 that we somehow 01:16:28.319 --> 01:16:29.380 don't have anymore 01:16:29.380 --> 01:16:30.699 we might find it 01:16:30.699 --> 01:16:31.319 and realize 01:16:31.319 --> 01:16:32.019 actually all the 01:16:32.019 --> 01:16:32.759 quotations we have 01:16:32.759 --> 01:16:33.259 cover all the 01:16:33.259 --> 01:16:33.759 different stuff 01:16:33.759 --> 01:16:34.639 so we never 01:16:34.639 --> 01:16:35.340 really lost it 01:16:35.340 --> 01:16:36.239 we might find 01:16:36.239 --> 01:16:37.000 this is just 01:16:37.000 --> 01:16:37.500 some later 01:16:37.500 --> 01:16:38.359 Hebrew translation 01:16:38.359 --> 01:16:39.000 of the Greek 01:16:39.000 --> 01:16:40.060 that it's just 01:16:40.060 --> 01:16:41.220 a later 01:16:41.220 --> 01:16:42.100 Christian translation 01:16:42.100 --> 01:16:42.479 where someone 01:16:42.479 --> 01:16:43.020 added something 01:16:43.020 --> 01:16:43.239 in 01:16:43.239 --> 01:16:44.100 I don't know 01:16:44.100 --> 01:16:44.439 but that would 01:16:44.439 --> 01:16:45.819 be the only 01:16:45.819 --> 01:16:46.180 one 01:16:46.180 --> 01:16:48.060 if there's some 01:16:48.060 --> 01:16:48.420 amazing 01:16:48.420 --> 01:16:48.899 archaeological 01:16:48.899 --> 01:16:49.680 discovery 01:16:49.680 --> 01:16:50.560 in Corinth 01:16:50.560 --> 01:16:51.260 and they come 01:16:51.260 --> 01:16:51.800 up with four 01:16:51.800 --> 01:16:52.300 letters of the 01:16:52.300 --> 01:16:52.979 Apostle Paul 01:16:52.979 --> 01:16:54.279 I gotta say 01:16:54.279 --> 01:16:55.159 I would love 01:16:55.159 --> 01:16:55.520 that 01:16:55.520 --> 01:16:56.060 I think it'd 01:16:56.060 --> 01:16:56.479 be like the 01:16:56.479 --> 01:16:56.979 greatest thing 01:16:56.979 --> 01:16:57.220 ever 01:16:57.220 --> 01:16:58.039 I don't think 01:16:58.039 --> 01:16:58.399 we should be 01:16:58.399 --> 01:16:58.880 threatened by 01:16:58.880 --> 01:16:59.079 that 01:16:59.079 --> 01:16:59.619 I'd be so 01:16:59.619 --> 01:17:00.199 excited by 01:17:00.199 --> 01:17:00.479 that 01:17:00.479 --> 01:17:00.760 it'd be 01:17:00.760 --> 01:17:01.239 great 01:17:01.239 --> 01:17:03.359 the apostles 01:17:03.359 --> 01:17:04.380 they were 01:17:04.380 --> 01:17:05.020 sinners too 01:17:05.020 --> 01:17:05.399 I mean 01:17:05.399 --> 01:17:06.100 they clearly 01:17:06.100 --> 01:17:06.739 commit sins 01:17:06.739 --> 01:17:07.220 left and right 01:17:07.220 --> 01:17:07.539 throughout the 01:17:07.539 --> 01:17:07.939 New Testament 01:17:07.939 --> 01:17:08.699 they're not 01:17:08.699 --> 01:17:09.300 perfect 01:17:09.300 --> 01:17:11.099 so would 01:17:11.099 --> 01:17:11.880 these documents 01:17:11.880 --> 01:17:13.760 be part of 01:17:13.760 --> 01:17:14.199 the word of 01:17:14.199 --> 01:17:14.539 God 01:17:14.539 --> 01:17:15.760 we'd have to 01:17:15.760 --> 01:17:16.019 see 01:17:16.019 --> 01:17:16.420 I mean 01:17:16.420 --> 01:17:17.979 clearly not 01:17:17.979 --> 01:17:18.659 everything 01:17:18.659 --> 01:17:19.159 you know 01:17:19.159 --> 01:17:19.760 when Peter 01:17:19.760 --> 01:17:20.359 is writing a 01:17:20.359 --> 01:17:20.779 letter to his 01:17:20.779 --> 01:17:21.220 wife about 01:17:21.220 --> 01:17:21.679 something about 01:17:21.679 --> 01:17:22.099 groceries 01:17:22.099 --> 01:17:23.059 like we're 01:17:23.059 --> 01:17:23.300 not gonna 01:17:23.300 --> 01:17:23.880 expect that 01:17:23.880 --> 01:17:24.439 that's inspired 01:17:24.439 --> 01:17:25.059 by God 01:17:25.059 --> 01:17:26.840 so you know 01:17:26.840 --> 01:17:29.579 we just have to 01:17:29.579 --> 01:17:30.500 see what 01:17:30.500 --> 01:17:30.760 happens 01:17:30.760 --> 01:17:31.119 I think it'd 01:17:31.119 --> 01:17:31.359 be really 01:17:31.359 --> 01:17:31.659 cool 01:17:31.659 --> 01:17:36.460 all right 01:17:36.460 --> 01:17:36.779 thank you 01:17:36.779 --> 01:17:37.039 guys 01:17:37.039 --> 01:17:37.659 thank you 01:17:37.659 --> 01:17:38.300 so much 01:17:38.300 --> 01:17:38.760 thanks 01:17:38.760 --> 01:17:50.020 me 01:17:50.020 --> 01:17:50.739 you 01:17:50.739 --> 01:17:50.820 you 01:17:50.820 --> 01:17:50.900 you